Gloss |
Proto-Chimakuan
|
generalizing base connoting existence |
*ʔá-
|
chief |
*ʔák̍ʷit
|
mountain |
*ʔáʔaxit
|
naked |
*ʔaláq̍ʷa
|
to make, to do |
*ʔali-
|
food, to feed |
*ʔalit-
|
my sibling |
*ʔáliʔs
|
waves, choppy sea |
*ʔl̍-
|
my grandparent |
*ʔamáʔas
|
to leave, abandon |
*ʔilax̣a-
|
to sweep |
*ʔiq̍ʷ
|
many, much |
*ʔixʷ-(i)
|
generalizing base yielding locatives and partitives |
*ʔó-
|
house |
*ʔot̍i-tikʷ(i)
|
nose |
*-os
|
to bleed, blood |
*can-
|
to move, run around |
*caw-
|
to dig |
*caqʷ-
|
egg |
*cickʷa-
|
gum |
*ci̇́xaʔ
|
it's straight |
*ci̇́xaʔV
|
waterfall |
*ci̇́x̣aʔ
|
move, go |
*cots-
|
when |
*-c̍
|
negation, 'no, not' |
*c̍a-
|
clothes, blanket |
*-c̍a
|
diminutive suffix, 'a little, small' |
*-c̍a
|
I cry |
*c̍aksaʔli
|
shut tight, covered |
*c̍ap-
|
water |
*-c̍i, *-c̍o
|
to dive |
*c̍ilak̍-
|
up, above |
*c̍ilV́ w̍á
|
ground, world, universe |
*c̍iq̍át-
|
high, above |
*c̍ixiɬV
|
ground, floor |
*-c̍o
|
hewn wood |
*c̍okʷ-
|
come |
*hakʷo-
|
good, well, pretty, handsome, delicious |
*hak̍ʷi-
|
tree |
*hám̍aʔa
|
to cover |
*hap̍il
|
tired |
*haq̍a-
|
to pack, carry on back |
*haq̍ʷ-
|
to fall down, go down |
*haw-
|
deer |
*hawayisqa (?)
|
to breathe |
*hax̣ál
|
generalizing base connoting identification or particularity |
*hi-
|
stem connoting kinship |
*hi̇́c-
|
grouse |
*himhi̇́m
|
pigeon |
*him̍o
|
father |
*hi̇́na
|
daughter-in-law |
*hóqɬ
|
to finish |
*hoya-
|
hook |
*kam̍-
|
to hang |
*kan-
|
to hide |
*kan̍-
|
parent's sister, aunt |
*káy̍is-
|
to kick, dance |
*kici̇́lV
|
to say, tell |
*-kina
|
dog (probably wool-bearing type) |
*kináno
|
across |
*kita-
|
legend, story |
*kixti-
|
to help |
*ki̇́y̍a-
|
I hit, beat |
*k̍ác̍illi (?)
|
stone |
*k̍áλ̍a, k̍át̍ia
|
my younger sibling |
*k̍an̍i̇́s
|
to be ashamed |
*k̍asa-
|
snow |
*k̍i̇́ʔ-
|
belly |
*-k̍i
|
Roosevelt elk |
*ki̇́kiɬ
|
lazy |
*k̍ik̍iti-
|
every |
*k̍itaʔ-
|
to tie up, bind |
*k̍iy̍a-
|
finger |
*kʷant
|
adopted |
*kʷas-
|
demonstrative |
*kʷiʔV
|
having an eye open |
*kʷikʷ-i-
|
to lie down |
*kʷikʷ-i-c̍óʔti-
|
large |
*kʷikʷo-
|
six |
*kʷi̇́ɬas
|
down, below |
*kʷiyó w̍á
|
moving water |
*kʷiw̍a
|
warm, cooked |
*kʷyaɬa-
|
father's brother, uncle |
*kʷyaq-
|
canoe |
*-kʷo
|
full |
*kʷok̍ʷi-
|
dead, gravely ill |
*kʷol-
|
down, blow |
*kʷoló w̍á
|
my wife |
*kʷoɬis
|
spruce cone (?) |
*kʷoyóqʷos
|
leg |
*k̍ʷiɬ
|
to die, dead, to smite dead |
*k̍ʷiq-
|
to steal |
*k̍ʷot-
|
certain, truth, really |
*k̍ʷóys-
|
dry |
*k̍ʷoyxʷa
|
deceased |
*-k̍ʷyayi
|
to lick |
*lakʷi-
|
to travel |
*laq̍a
|
slimy |
*laqʷa-
|
to walk, foot |
*law̍-
|
to eat |
*-lax̣
|
song, to sound like something |
*-layo
|
face |
*-li
|
to forget |
*limi-
|
I go ashore |
*liti̇́ʔ-
|
dizzy, spinning around |
*li̇́xʷa-
|
canoe |
*-lo
|
general possessive and ordinal suffix |
*-lo
|
hole, cave, tunnel |
*loq̍ʷa-
|
to shake |
*l̍aq̍ʷo-
|
near, toward |
*l̍ay̍-
|
intensifying particle, 'indeed' |
*ɬa
|
in the woords |
*ɬálow̍wto
|
hair, feathers |
*ɬap-
|
eye |
*ɬaq̍ʷo (?)
|
behind |
*ɬawo-
|
two |
*ɬaw̍
|
face, leaf |
*-ɬi
|
to tie |
*ɬikʷi-
|
trail, road |
*-ɬimt
|
tongue |
*-ɬito
|
child |
*-ɬk̍ʷa
|
strong |
*ɬomi-
|
to spit |
*ɬoxʷ
|
warrior |
*ɬóxʷa
|
fish scales |
*λ̍act-
|
nettle(s) |
*λ̍álap, t̍ɬálap
|
bed |
*λ̍ap-
|
swell up |
*λ̍aqʷ-
|
to get up |
*λ̍axʷ-
|
to sit down |
*λ̍ay̍-
|
hard |
*λ̍i̇́ka-
|
(blue) green |
*λ̍i̇́q̍aʔ-
|
feathers |
*λ̍óʔot-
|
break |
*λ̍oq̍ʷ-
|
hard |
*λ̍óx̣ʷa
|
wet |
*maʔi
|
chipmunk |
*mácmac
|
I'm thirsty |
*mác̍il?li
|
to meet |
*maq̍ʷo-
|
four |
*máy̍as
|
hair |
*mi̇́ɬkʷ
|
large, great |
*mitsk̍a
|
thin, fine |
*moc-
|
sleep |
*m̍aɬ-
|
to smell, nose |
*m̍as-
|
to lift, heavy |
*m̍as-
|
beyond |
*m̍aq-
|
to boil |
*m̍óʔal (?)
|
to fetch fire |
*naʔso
|
buttocks (female) |
*-nac
|
prepare |
*nikʷa
|
bird |
*ni̇́noʔs
|
bark |
*niq̍-
|
skin |
*-nis
|
arrow |
*-nis
|
tail, back |
*-nosq̍ʷa
|
flat |
*paɬ-
|
mouth, speak |
*pil-
|
to know, understand |
*piɬ-
|
light, moon, sun, sky |
*pit̍-, *p̍it-, *p̍ikʷi-
|
white |
*pix-
|
person, Indian |
*póʔoqʷo
|
to blow |
*poxʷ-
|
braids |
*p̍acix̣V
|
pipe |
*p̍aq-
|
to float |
*p̍ax̣ʷa-
|
to fill, full |
*p̍iλ̍a- (p̍it̍ɬa- ʔ)
|
seeː *pit̍- |
*p̍it-, *p̍ikʷ-
|
to fall apart |
*p̍oλ̍-
|
in front |
*qal-
|
people in a canoe |
*-qal
|
paddle |
*qam̍-
|
just now, and then |
*qati-
|
medicine |
*qátil
|
grandchild |
*qáxʷoli-
|
rapids |
*-qc̍
|
in a manner |
*-qɬ
|
day, season |
*-qtiya
|
bone |
*q̍a-
|
pull in a direction |
*q̍aɬ-
|
white |
*q̍am-
|
circular |
*q̍an-
|
to bite, spit out (?) |
*q̍aq-
|
to cut off square |
*q̍atsi-
|
to swallow |
*q̍aw-
|
to tie a knot |
*q̍i-
|
berry, fruit |
*q̍i̇́c̍a
|
hand hurts |
*q̍ist̍ay-
|
broken down |
*q̍iy-
|
made for a purpose |
*-qʷa
|
three |
*qʷál̍V
|
roast, cook |
*qʷaɬ-
|
summer |
*qʷáy̍ato
|
how many |
*qʷóʔoc
|
where |
*qʷóʔokʷ
|
instrument |
*-qʷoɬ
|
to hear (?) |
*-qʷoq̍ʷa-
|
to tear, split |
*q̍ʷiq-
|
to extend |
*q̍ʷay-
|
back |
*-q̍ʷay
|
seeː *xʷaq̍ʷ- |
*q̍ʷixʷa-
|
neck |
*-q̍ʷos
|
to pursue |
*sak-
|
to fell a tree |
*sam̍i-
|
to laugh |
*saya-
|
sleep |
*-si
|
cedar bark |
*sik̍ʷó-
|
face |
*-sil
|
water |
*-sina
|
mosquito |
*sinakʷiqʷoɬ
|
hair |
*-sini
|
wing |
*-skiyit
|
fire |
*-so
|
roof |
*sów̍at
|
bladder |
*sóxʷal-
|
sour |
*soyóxʷ-
|
fire |
*-spa
|
remainder |
*-stik
|
nominalizer |
*-t
|
day |
*-ta
|
female |
*taɬ-
|
a long time |
*taɬ
|
heart, intelligence |
*taɬ
|
half |
*taɬ-
|
who |
*taqa, taqi-
|
to chop |
*taqʷó
|
to kill |
*táti-
|
contiguous day |
*táwiɬ-
|
in front |
*taw̍
|
bow |
*táxʷ-ɬ-
|
to jump |
*tik̍-
|
to kindle a fire |
*tik̍a-
|
heavy, full |
*ti̇́la
|
instrument |
*-tin, -tan
|
to do |
*-tis
|
winter |
*ti̇́tat
|
to carry |
*tixʷi-
|
in the house |
*tiwa-
|
man, male |
*tiy̍aɬ-
|
dull |
*tom̍-
|
to bind up |
*topa-
|
possessive for body parts |
*-tot
|
fire drill, drill |
*tots-
|
canoe |
*-tq
|
heart |
*-tqay̍
|
to shake |
*tsosa-
|
to buy, sell |
*t̍akʷi-, *takʷo-
|
middle, half |
*t̍akʷi-
|
missing, crave, want |
*t̍aɬ-
|
straighten up, out |
*t̍am-
|
tail |
*-t̍an̍aq
|
to crawl |
*t̍aqal
|
to miss one's aim |
*t̍aq-
|
hot |
*t̍ax̣-
|
hand |
*-t̍ay
|
to cut |
*-t̍ay
|
to feel, taste, smell, sense |
*t̍ik-
|
to jump |
*t̍ik̍-
|
rope |
*t̍ikʷ-
|
taste, good-tasting |
*-t̍ina
|
head |
*-t̍ikʷ
|
name |
*t̍i̇́soqʷoɬ
|
young |
*t̍sin-
|
negation, 'no, not' |
*wa
|
to split |
*wakʷi-
|
one |
*waɬ-, *wiɬ-, *wi̇́-
|
woman |
*wisac̍opat
|
in that place |
*w̍á
|
to whistle |
*xʷapáʔa
|
dry |
*xʷaq̍ʷ- (?)
|
relative by marriage after the link is dead |
*xʷixʷi-
|
low in pressure, easy |
*xʷónaʔV
|
to carve |
*xʷopa-
|
to freeze, ice |
*x̣ákaʔ
|
to make an incision |
*x̣al-
|
to eat, drink |
*-x̣axʷi
|
shoulder |
*-x̣ay̍it
|
parent-in-law |
*x̣ʷayislo-
|
tree, wood |
*ya-
|
my niece, nephew |
*yápilitis
|
prairie |
*yáqʷo
|
snake |
*yáyw̍a (?)
|
out on the beach, in front |
*yáxʷoɬV
|
attenutive infix, 'a little' |
*-yi-
|
dead, ghost |
*yil-, *-yil
|
dollar |
*-yixit
|
to look for, get, collect |
*-ʔalixʷi-
|
chest |
*-camɬ-
|
hum, noise |
*c̍an-
|
old |
*-c̍ayi
|
to fish with a pole |
*c̍ayoq
|
onomatopoetic term, 'squeal' |
*c̍inikʷa
|
female (having to do with reproduction) |
*-c̍o
|
to shake |
*c̍oxʷ-
|
weave (?), materials for weaving (?) |
*hokʷ-
|
to hammer |
*k̍ax-
|
heel |
*-k̍iɬ-
|
to be crooked, have a protuberance |
*k̍opaʔ-
|
weak from sickness or hunger (?) |
*kʷica-
|
stomach |
*kʷiqin (?)
|
to arrive by canoe |
*kʷol-
|
to fly |
*kʷyakʷya-
|
get lost, go wrong |
*liko-, *lika- (?)
|
to flow from the source |
*lól̍o
|
outside |
*lot-
|
to run |
*l̍ita- (?)
|
old |
*ɬim- (?)
|
alder |
*λ̍ic-, *λixic (?)
|
breast (female) |
*máqas (?)
|
claw, fingernail |
*m̍aɬ-
|
to bob, nod |
*naq- (?)
|
frighten |
*naw-a
|
enough |
*pan- (?)
|
hole |
*paxʷ (?)
|
tears, to cry |
*qaʔt-
|
snuggled inside |
*qap-
|
stream (?) |
*q̍a-
|
hair |
*q̍a-, q̍a (?)
|
to peep |
*q̍a-
|
small |
*q̍at̍in- (?)
|
chew |
*q̍ik̍ʷo-, q̍ikʷi-
|
grey with age |
*q̍ʷáyti-
|
stomach |
*siq̍ʷo-
|
to vanquish |
*tip-
|
throat, upper chest |
*tomi-
|
having to do with the mind and perceiving (?) |
*t̍akʷi-
|
to hit a target |
*t̍akʷi-
|
to sit on |
*t̍aq-
|
mist, fog |
*xʷaʔ
|
to hit |
*xʷac-
|
cold |
*xʷiy-, *xʷoy-
|
movement |
*-x̣ (?)
|
to bite |
*-x̣ic-
|
go out and return |
*yakʷi-
|