| No.
|
Proto-Sahaptian
|
Nez Perce
|
Sahaptin
|
Columbia River Sahaptin
|
Northeast Sahaptin
|
other Sahaptin dialects
|
notes
|
| 1
|
*kí
|
kíi /kí/ ‘this’
|
čí
|
|
|
|
|
| 2
|
*kút
|
kúut /kut/ ‘going, doing’
|
kút
|
|
|
|
|
| 3
|
|
táhay /tahay/ ‘hardened snow’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 4
|
|
téhey /tehey/ ‘fur’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5
|
*pké
|
pke /pke/
|
pčá ‘mother’
|
|
|
|
|
| 6
|
*skáwn
|
cikáawn /ckáwn/
|
skáwn ‘fear’
|
|
|
|
|
| 7
|
*pohóš
|
póhos, pohós- /pohos/ ‘mountain mahogany, Cercocarpus ledifolius’
|
púuš ‘juniper, Juniperus occidentalis’
|
|
puʔúš
|
|
|
| 8
|
*puhúš
|
púhs , puhús- /puhs/ ‘inner side of hide’
|
púuš
|
|
puʔúš
|
|
|
| 9
|
*núšnu
|
núusnu, nusnúu- /nusnu/ ‘nose’
|
núšnu
|
|
|
|
|
| 10
|
*tam̓ám
|
táam̓am, tam̓áam- /tam̓am/ ‘egg’
|
tamám
|
|
|
|
|
| 11
|
|
súʔum, suʔúm- /suʔum/ ‘master, pet’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 12
|
|
tóhon, tohón- /tohon/ ‘leggings’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 13
|
|
kúy /ku-y/ ‘go!’ or ‘do!’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. kúuse /ku-sen-s/ ‘I am going’
|
| 14
|
|
hiʔníye /hi-ʔni-e/ ‘he gave’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. ʔin̓ise /ʔni-sen-s/ ‘I am giving’
|
| 15
|
|
hiinúʔ /hi-hn-úʔ/ ‘he will say’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 16
|
|
peepúʔ /pe-hp-úʔ/ ‘we shall eat’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 17
|
*kéweš
|
kúus ‘water’
|
|
čúuš
|
čúuš
|
K čáwaš
|
|
| 18
|
*miyáwax̣(ato)
|
miyóox̣at ‘chief’
|
|
miyúux̣
|
miyúux̣
|
NW miyáwax̣
|
|
| 19
|
*k̓ʷalalí
|
|
|
k̓ʷalalí
|
|
NW k̓ʷaalí ‘dangerous being’
|
|
| 20
|
*-twenen
|
|
|
-twana ‘together with’
|
-twaa
|
|
|
| 21
|
*kkéye
|
kikéeye /kkeye/
|
ččáa ‘serviceberry’
|
|
|
Y ččáya
|
|
| 22
|
*x̣̓ayamá
|
|
|
x̣ʷaamá ‘golden eagle’
|
|
WS & N x̣̓ayamá
|
|
| 23
|
|
weecéeye /weyece-e/ ‘I danced’; weyéeces /weyece-s/ ‘I have danced’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 24
|
*naʔámn
|
/laʔámn/
|
|
náamn ‘wear out, fade away’
|
naʔámn
|
|
|
| 25
|
*kuʔúš
|
kuʔús /kuʔús/
|
|
kúuš ‘thusly’
|
kuʔúš
|
|
|
| 26
|
*yeʔémeš
|
yeʔémes /yeʔemes/ ‘black-tailed doe’
|
yáamaš ‘mule deer doe’
|
|
|
|
|
| 27
|
|
ʔeexnúʔ /ʔe-hekn-úʔ/ ‘I will see it’; ʔehékin /ʔe-hekn-s/ ‘I have seen it’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 28
|
|
hitoosíca /hi-tohosn-sen-s/ ‘the fire is dying down’; hitohósin /hi-tohosn-s/ ‘the fire has died down’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 29
|
*páhap
|
páhap /pahap/
|
páp ‘man’s daughter’
|
|
|
|
|
| 30
|
*pínepehem
|
pilepáhem /pilepehem/
|
pínapam ‘four times’
|
|
|
|
|
| 31
|
*tenén
|
|
|
tanán
|
|
NW tíin ‘person’
|
|
| 32
|
*kéweš
|
|
|
|
|
K čáwaš; Y číiš ‘water’
|
|
| 33
|
*x̣ʷeyémi
|
|
|
x̣ʷáami
|
x̣ʷayám
|
NW x̣ʷíimi ‘up, above, high, up high’
|
|
| 34
|
*wéseʔes (< *wése ‘ride’ + purpose nominalizer *-ʔes)
|
|
|
wásas
|
|
Y wásiis ‘canoe’
|
|
| 35
|
|
|
čmáakʷ ‘very black’ (čmɨ́kʷ < čmúk ‘black’)
|
|
|
|
cf. NP símux /smuk/ ‘charcoal’
|
| 36
|
|
|
šáatɨm ‘all summer’ (šɨ́tɨm < šátɨm ‘summer’)
|
|
|
|
|
| 37
|
|
tehéem ‘dark, empty (of a house)’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. /tehémn/ ‘be dark (from smoke, fog)’
|
| 38
|
|
tohóos ‘dim, dimming (of fire)’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. /tohosn/ ‘be extinguished (of fire)’
|
| 39
|
|
|
qaʔáan (NP /qaʔán̓is/) ‘respectful, well behaved’
|
|
|
|
cf. S qaʔánn (NP /qaʔánn/) ‘respect, treat respectfully’
|
| 40
|
|
/tehéem/ ‘dark, empty (of a house)’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. NP /tehémn/ ‘be cloudy’.
|
| 41
|
|
/x̣ʷysn/ ‘slip on the ice’; x̣uysx̣úys /x̣ʷysx̣ʷ´ys/ ‘slippery’
|
x̣ʷiʔíił ‘slippery’
|
|
|
|
cf. S x̣ʷíiłn (NE x̣ʷiʔíłn) ‘slip on the ice’
|
| 42
|
|
/tohóos/ ‘dim’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. NP /tohosn/ ‘die out (of fire)’
|
| 43
|
|
|
puʔúuł ‘blind’
|
|
|
|
cf. S púułn (NE puʔúłn) ‘be blind’
|
| 44
|
|
péeʔniye /pé-ʔni-e/ ‘he gave it to him’; hiʔníyuʔ /hi-ʔni-uʔ/ ‘he will give it’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 45
|
|
páamc̓iya /pé-mc̓i-e/ ‘he heard him’; hi-mc̓íyoʔ /hi-mc̓i-uʔ/ ‘he will hear’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 46
|
|
|
wáaličanwi ‘run downhill’ < *weyélikenwi
|
|
|
|
|
| 47
|
|
|
wáalikalwi ‘sled downhill’ < *wayálikanwi
|
|
|
|
|
| 48
|
|
|
|
łamtɨ́x̣ ‘head’; łamtx̣mí ‘of the head’
|
|
NW łamtɨ́x̣ ‘head’
|
|
| 49
|
|
|
|
|
ʔɨníkaaš ‘I put it away’; paʔníka ‘they put it away’
|
|
|
| 50
|
*pnéy
|
píley /pley/ ‘pestle’
|
pnáy
|
|
|
|
|
| 51
|
*šwé
|
síwe /swe/ ‘forehead’
|
šwá
|
|
|
|
|
| 52
|
*ʔɨmá
|
ʔáma /ʔma/ ‘island’
|
ɨmá
|
|
|
|
|
| 53
|
*pyóš
|
páyos /pyos/ ‘snake’
|
pyúš
|
|
|
|
|
| 54
|
*mɨ́qeʔ
|
méqeʔ /mqeʔ/ ‘paternal uncle!’
|
mɨ́x̣a
|
|
mɨ́x̣aʔ
|
|
|
| 55
|
*qɨpqɨ́p
|
qápqap /qpqp/ ‘cottonwood’
|
x̣px̣ɨ́p
|
|
|
|
|
| 56
|
|
núkt /nkʷt/ ‘meat’
|
nɨkʷɨ́t
|
|
|
|
|
| 57
|
|
súqu /squ/ ‘river bank’
|
šx̣ú
|
|
|
|
|
| 58
|
|
k̓ócac /k̓ʷcc/ ‘pointed’
|
k̓ʷsɨ́s
|
|
|
|
|
| 59
|
|
tók̓o /tk̓o/ ‘tule’
|
tk̓ú
|
|
|
|
|
| 60
|
*skáwn ‘fear, be afraid’
|
cikáawn /ckáwn/
|
skáwn
|
|
|
|
|
| 61
|
*ky̓éwnu ‘gill, salmon gill’
|
kiy̓éewnu /ky̓ewnu/
|
čyáwnu
|
|
|
|
|
| 62
|
*pawáy ‘niece!’ (‘woman’s brother’s daughter’)
|
póoy /póoy/
|
pawáy
|
|
|
|
|
| 63
|
*ʔéyq ‘white salmon’
|
ʔéeyx̣ /ʔeyq/
|
|
|
áyx̣
|
|
|
| 64
|
*ʔíwš ‘urine’
|
ʔíiws /ʔíws/
|
íwš
|
|
|
|
|
| 65
|
*tɨmšóy/*tamšóy ‘ant’
|
támsoy, tamsóoy- /tmsoy/
|
tamšúy
|
|
|
|
|
| 66
|
*ʔúykn̓ik ‘further, yet more’
|
ʔúykin̓ix /ʔúykn̓ik/
|
|
úykni
|
|
N úyknik
|
|
| 67
|
*tuy̓é
|
tuy̓é, tuy̓ée- /tuy̓é/ ‘blue grouse, Dendragapus obscurus’
|
|
tuyá
|
tuyá
|
|
|
| 68
|
*yákaʔ
|
yáakaʔ, yáakaʔ- /yákaʔ/ ‘black bear, Ursus americanus’
|
yáka
|
|
|
|
|
| 69
|
*núšnu
|
núusnu, nusnúu- /nusnu/ ‘nose’
|
núšnu
|
|
|
|
|
| 70
|
*tam̓ám
|
táam̓am, tam̓áam- /tam̓am/ ‘egg’
|
tamám
|
|
|
|
|
| 71
|
*pyóš
|
páyos, payóos- /pyos/ ‘snake’
|
pyúš
|
|
|
|
|
| 72
|
*x̣ɨ́x̣uš
|
x̣áx̣us, x̣ex̣úus- /x̣x̣us/ ‘green’
|
x̣ɨ́x̣uš
|
|
|
|
|
| 73
|
*twé
|
tíwe, tiwée- /twe/ ‘tepee pole’
|
twá
|
|
|
|
|
| 74
|
*tk̓ó
|
tók̓o, tok̓óo- /tk̓o/ ‘tule, Schoenoplectus acutus’
|
tk̓ú
|
|
|
|
|
| 75
|
*šqú
|
súqu, suqúu- /squ/ ‘river bank’
|
šx̣ú
|
|
|
|
|
| 76
|
|
ʔaláwa, ʔalwáa- /ʔalwa/ ‘bison yearling’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 77
|
|
siléq̓is, silq̓íis- /silq̓is/ ‘wet’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 78
|
|
himíyu, himyúu- /himyu/ ‘relative’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 79
|
*hat̓ɨ́kʷ(-ʔic)
|
hatók̓ic, hatk̓íic- /hatk̓ʷic/ ‘difficult’
|
at̓úk
|
|
|
|
|
| 80
|
|
ʔistúk̓es, ʔistuk̓ées- /ʔistk̓ʷes/ ‘guest, visitor’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 81
|
|
qúʔnes, quʔnées- /quʔnes/ ‘condor’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 82
|
|
háaslam, hasláam- /haslam/ ‘flea’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 83
|
*pápš
|
páaps, papás- /paps/ ‘Douglas fir’
|
pápš
|
|
|
|
|
| 84
|
*téqt
|
téeqt, teqét- /teqt/ ‘northern flicker’
|
táx̣t
|
|
|
|
|
| 85
|
*pípš
|
píips, pipís- /pips/ ‘bone’
|
pípš
|
|
|
|
|
| 86
|
|
tátx, tatóx- /ttkʷ/ ‘spotted fawn’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 87
|
*puhúš
|
púhs, puhús- /puhs/ ‘meaty side of hide’
|
púuš
|
|
puʔúš
|
|
|
| 88
|
|
qiláasx̣, qilasáx̣- /qilasq/ ‘otter’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 89
|
|
kikéʔt, kikeʔét- /kikeʔt/ ‘blood’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 90
|
|
tewlíikt, tewlikít- /tewlikt/ ‘tree’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 91
|
|
nacóʔx̣, nacoʔóx̣- /nacoʔq/ ‘salmon’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 92
|
|
silúuqs, siluqús- /siluqs/ ‘saliva’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 93
|
|
|
itkʷáta /i-tkʷáta/ ‘he has eaten’
|
|
|
|
|
| 94
|
|
|
pátkʷata /pá-tkʷáta/ ‘he has eaten it’
|
|
|
|
|
| 95
|
|
|
patkʷatałá /pá-tkʷáta-łá/ ‘cannibal’
|
|
|
|
|
| 96
|
|
hipáayna /hi-páyn-e/ ‘he arrived’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 97
|
|
hiʔnáhpayka /hi-ʔnák-páy-k-e/ ‘he brought (it)’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 98
|
|
paʔnahpaykóoya /pá-ʔnák-páy-k-úu-e/ ‘he brought it to him’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 99
|
|
mác̓is /mc̓i-s/ ‘I have heard’; himc̓ya /hi-mc̓i-e/ ‘he heard’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 100
|
|
w̓c̓es /wc̓e-s/ ‘I have become’; hiwc̓éeye /hi-wc̓e-e/ ‘he became’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 101
|
|
lamális /lamli-s/ ‘it (snow) has melted’; lamlíisa /lamli-sen-s/ ‘it (snow) is melting’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 102
|
|
ten̓íwes /ten̓we-s/ ‘I have spoken’; ten̓wéese /ten̓we-sen-s/ ‘I am speaking’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 103
|
|
hewtúk̓is /hewt-i-s/ ‘I have overtaken’; hewtuk̓íise /hewtk̓ʷi-sen-s/ ‘I am overtaking’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 104
|
|
nekíse /nek-sen-s/ ‘I am thinking’; néeke /nek-e/ ‘I thought’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 105
|
|
misemíse /msem-sen-s/ ‘I am lying’; miséeme /msem-e/ ‘I lied’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 106
|
|
watikíse /watik-sen-s/ ‘I am stepping’; watíika /watik-e/ ‘I stepped’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 107
|
|
mic̓íise /mc̓i-sen-s/ ‘I hear’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. mác̓is /mc̓i-s/ ‘I have heard’
|
| 108
|
*kí
|
kíi /kí/
|
čí ‘this’
|
|
|
|
|
| 109
|
*pɨké
|
píke /pke/
|
pčá ‘mother’
|
|
|
|
|
| 110
|
*kkéye
|
kikéeye /kkeye/
|
ččáa ‘serviceberry, Amelanchier utahensis’
|
|
|
Y ččáya
|
|
| 111
|
*ken̓ɨ́wit
|
ken̓íwit /ken̓wit/
|
čanúwit ‘weaving’
|
|
|
|
|
| 112
|
*kéweš
|
kúus /kúus/
|
čúuš ‘water’
|
|
|
Y číiš; K čáwaš
|
|
| 113
|
*hének̓e
|
héenek̓e /hének̓e/
|
ánč̓a ‘again’
|
|
|
NW ánač̓a
|
|
| 114
|
*łk̓épe
|
|
łč̓ápa ‘rose hip’
|
|
|
|
cf. S šk̓apášway ‘rose bush’ < PS *šk̓apášway
|
| 115
|
*sk̓étn
|
cik̓éetin /ck̓étn/
|
sc̓átn ‘be dark, be night’
|
|
|
|
|
| 116
|
*k̓ɨswín
|
k̓icwíin /k̓cwín/
|
c̓swín ‘curve around, turn back’
|
|
|
|
|
| 117
|
|
keléemet /kelemet/
|
čalámat ‘pipe’ (from Canadian French calumet)
|
|
|
|
|
| 118
|
*yákaʔ
|
yáakaʔ /yákaʔ/
|
yáka ‘bear’
|
|
|
|
|
| 119
|
|
kúumkum /kumkum/
|
kúmkum ‘salmon head or jaw cartilage’
|
|
|
|
|
| 120
|
*k̓áššɨyno
|
k̓assáyno /k̓assyno/
|
k̓ášinu ‘elbow’
|
|
|
|
|
| 121
|
*k̓úxsteyn
|
k̓úuxsteyn /k̓úxsteyn/
|
k̓uštáyn ‘guess wrong (in bone game)’
|
|
|
|
|
| 122
|
|
|
|
anwíčt ‘year’
|
|
N anwíkt
|
|
| 123
|
|
/hwik/
|
|
ɨwíč ‘cut up for drying’
|
|
N ɨwík
|
|
| 124
|
|
tin̓eynéekt /tin̓eynékt/
|
|
tináynačt ‘sunset, moonset’
|
|
N tináynakt
|
|
| 125
|
|
weʔníikt /weʔnikt/
|
|
waníčt ‘name’
|
|
N waníkt
|
|
| 126
|
|
/wéyik/
|
|
wáyč ‘cross’
|
|
N wáyk
|
|
| 127
|
|
|
|
wapsíc ‘braid (rope)’
|
|
Y wapsík
|
|
| 128
|
*kɨ́mti
|
kímti /kmti/
|
čɨ́mti ‘new’
|
|
|
|
|
| 129
|
*ʔɨškɨ́t
|
ʔískit /ʔskt/
|
ɨščɨ́t ‘trail, road’
|
|
|
|
|
| 130
|
*kɨkɨ́m, *kɨkmɨ́m
|
kakmám /kkm´m/
|
kkɨ́m ‘full’
|
|
|
|
|
| 131
|
*k̓ɨ́plač
|
k̓áplac /k̓plac/
|
k̓ɨ́plač ‘war club’
|
|
|
|
|
| 132
|
*čmúk ‘charcoal’
|
símux /smuk/ ‘charcoal’
|
čmúk ‘black’
|
|
|
|
|
| 133
|
*qčéqn
|
/qseqn/
|
qčáqn ‘open the mouth’
|
|
|
|
|
| 134
|
*(č)čɨ́w(n)
|
/s´wn/ ‘be silent, absent’
|
ččúu ‘quiet, still’
|
|
|
|
|
| 135
|
*č̓č̓ɨ́l/*č̓č̓áal
|
c̓ic̓ál /c̓c̓´l/
|
čč̓áal ‘noisy’
|
|
|
|
|
| 136
|
*č̓éyn
|
/weyec̓éyn/
|
|
|
č̓áyn ‘jump’
|
|
|
| 137
|
*č̓ɨ́x̣ɨx̣/*č̓x̣íix̣
|
c̓ax̣ax̣c̓áx̣ax̣ /c̓x̣x̣c̓´x̣x̣/
|
č̓x̣íix̣ ‘curly, kinky’
|
|
|
|
|
| 138
|
|
|
cɨ́mti ‘brand new’
|
|
|
|
cf. čɨ́mti ‘new’
|
| 139
|
|
cimúuxcimux /cmuk-cmuk/ ‘black’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. símux /smuk/ ‘charcoal’
|
| 140
|
*šíš
|
síis /s̓s/
|
šíš ‘mush’
|
|
|
|
|
| 141
|
*šɨ́šeʔe
|
/s´c̓e/
|
šɨ́šaa ‘freeze’
|
|
|
|
|
| 142
|
*šɨ́šaʔaš
|
sác̓as /sc̓as/
|
šɨ́šaaš ‘porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum’
|
|
|
|
|
| 143
|
*šíkiʔ
|
síikiʔ /síkiʔ/
|
šíki ‘badger, Taxidea taxus’
|
|
|
|
|
| 144
|
*šq̓íš/*šq̓íiš
|
sáq̓is /sq̓is/
|
šq̓íiš ‘shade’
|
|
|
|
|
| 145
|
*šɨ́šeʔe
|
síwe /swe/
|
šwá ‘forehead’
|
|
|
|
|
| 146
|
*šw̓ét-
|
siw̓éetsiw̓et /sw̓étsw̓et/ ‘dark, twilight’
|
šwát̓aš ‘cloud’
|
|
|
|
|
| 147
|
*šúkwen
|
/šúkwen/
|
šúkʷa ‘know’
|
|
|
|
cf. S šúk & NP /suk/ ‘recognize’
|
| 148
|
*šwáqo
|
ciwáaqo /cwáqo/
|
šwáx̣ ‘opposite sex cross-generational in-law’
|
|
|
|
|
| 149
|
*ʔáš
|
/ʔác/
|
áš ‘enter’
|
|
|
|
|
| 150
|
*sawítk
|
cawíitx /cawitk/
|
sawítk ‘yampah, Perideridia gairdneri’
|
|
|
|
|
| 151
|
*síwsiw
|
cíiwciw /ciwciw/
|
síwsiw ‘Lewis’ woodpecker, Melanerpes lewis’
|
|
|
|
|
| 152
|
*sɨ́mey
|
címey /cmey/
|
sɨ́may ‘whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni’
|
|
|
|
|
| 153
|
*sk̓ét-
|
cik̓éetin /ck̓étn/
|
sc̓át ‘night’
|
|
|
|
|
| 154
|
*skáwn
|
/ckáwn/
|
skáwn ‘fear’
|
|
|
|
|
| 155
|
*sklín
|
/ckl´yn/
|
sklín ‘turn, return’
|
|
sclín
|
|
|
| 156
|
*łáhay
|
sáhay /sahay/ ‘sore, measles’
|
łayłáy ‘impetigo, boil’
|
|
|
|
|
| 157
|
*łiʔítk
|
síit /síit/
|
łíitk ‘nasal mucus’
|
|
łiʔítk
|
Y łíit̓k
|
|
| 158
|
*łłéwn
|
/sséwn/
|
łłáwn ‘leak, drip’
|
|
|
|
|
| 159
|
*łp̓úł
|
síp̓us /sp̓us/
|
łp̓úł ‘tears’
|
|
|
|
|
| 160
|
*ʔɨm̓ʔíł
|
ʔim̓íis /ʔm̓-ʔís/
|
|
|
íł ‘your mother’
|
|
|
| 161
|
*-wéekuʔł
|
-wéekuʔs /-wéekuʔs/
|
-wáakuł ‘similar to’
|
|
|
|
|
| 162
|
|
saháywit /saháywit/ ‘smallpox’
|
łáyłayit ‘sores, measles, pox, small pox’
|
|
|
|
|
| 163
|
*łahayłáhay
|
cahaycáhay /cahaycáhay/ ‘measles’
|
łayłáy ‘impetigo, boil’
|
|
|
|
|
| 164
|
*mɨ́ł
|
mác /m´c/
|
mɨ́ł ‘how many/much?’
|
|
|
|
|
| 165
|
*qʷɨłqʷɨ́ł
|
qócqoc /qʷcqʷc/
|
x̣ʷɨ́łx̣ʷł ‘meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta’
|
|
|
|
|
| 166
|
*łk̓íw/*łk̓ʷí
|
/ck̓w/ ‘day or night’ (bound)
|
łk̓ʷí ‘day’
|
|
|
|
|
| 167
|
*łq̓óp
|
/c´q̓op/ ‘cling’ (Aoki 1994:51)
|
łq̓úp ‘move about, wriggle’ (Jacobs 1937:31.32.3, pg. 77)
|
|
|
|
|
| 168
|
*ʔíłeʔ
|
ʔíiceʔ /ʔíceʔ/
|
|
|
|
|
NE íłaʔ ‘mother!’
|
| 169
|
|
łéepłep /łepłep/ ‘butterfly’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 170
|
|
łíik̓is /łik̓is/ ‘dirty’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 171
|
|
łit̓áan ‘bitterroot, Lewisia rediviva’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 172
|
|
łit̓eʔł̓t̓eʔ /łt̓eʔł´t̓eʔ/ ‘flat’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 173
|
|
łił̓płiłip /łił´płiłp/ ‘ribbon’
|
|
|
|
U łił̓płiłip
|
|
| 174
|
|
q̓ełq̓éł /q̓łq̓´ł/; k̓ałk̓áł /k̓łk̓´ł/
|
q̓ɨłq̓ɨ́ł ‘crackers’
|
|
|
|
|
| 175
|
|
táaqmaał /táqmaał/
|
táqmaał ‘hat’
|
|
|
|
Klamath daqmil (Barker 1963); from Jargon
|
| 176
|
|
pisák̓is /psk̓is/ ‘spicy, hot’; písqu /psqu/ ‘leaf’; písx̣ /psq/ ‘deer tick’
|
pƛɨ́k ‘spicy, hot’; płɨ́x̣ ‘medicine’; p̓ísx ‘sour’
|
|
|
|
|
| 177
|
|
caycayál̓as /caycayl̓as/ ‘rattlesnake rattles’
|
ƛayƛáy ‘jingling, ringing’; cáycay (sound of rattlesnake)
|
|
|
|
|
| 178
|
|
|
łmáma ‘old woman’
|
|
šmaawíš; asmaawitúma (plural)
|
|
|
| 179
|
|
|
q̓úx̣ł ‘knee’; k̓uxsk̓úxs ‘ankle’
|
|
|
|
|
| 180
|
|
|
ƛamáy ‘hidden, covert’ (Jacobs 1937:16.9.4, pg. 30); łáamay ‘lost, disappeared, vanished’; łamáyn ‘be lost, disappear’
|
|
|
|
|
| 181
|
*ƛ̓ɨ́kn
|
/c̓´kn/ (Aoki 1994:58)
|
ƛ̓ɨ́kn ‘be cut, split, cracked’
|
|
|
|
|
| 182
|
*ƛ̓wéyn
|
/cwáyn/ (Aoki 1994:75)
|
ƛ̓wáyn ‘be stiff, rigid’
|
|
|
|
|
| 183
|
*ƛ̓ín
|
/c̓ill´yn/
|
ƛ̓ín ‘fall dead or unconscious’
|
|
|
|
|
| 184
|
*ƛaʔyáwi/*ƛʔayáwi
|
/caʔyáwi/ ‘die’ (Aoki 1994:13)
|
ƛ̓iyáwi ‘die’
|
|
|
|
|
| 185
|
|
/t̓´wn/
|
ƛ̓ún ‘guess right in stick game’
|
|
|
|
|
| 186
|
|
|
kú ‘do’
|
|
|
|
cf. S qú ‘heavy’
|
| 187
|
|
kikéʔt /kkeʔt/ ‘blood’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. NP qeqéʔt /qqeʔt/ ‘comb’
|
| 188
|
|
kahál /kahál/ ‘that long’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. NP qáhas /qahas/ ‘milk’
|
| 189
|
|
kéetis /ketis/ ‘leister spear’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. NP qéetqet /qetqet/ ‘duck’
|
| 190
|
|
kíi /kí/ ‘this’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. NP qíiwn /qíiwn/ ‘old man’
|
| 191
|
|
kóox̣ /ku-qa/ ‘I do’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. NP qóotqot /qotqot/ ‘short feather, down’
|
| 192
|
|
kúus /kúus/ ‘water’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. NP quusqúus /quusqúus/ ‘blue gray’
|
| 193
|
*čmúk
|
s̓mux /smuk/ ‘charcoal’
|
čmúk ‘black’
|
|
|
|
|
| 194
|
*ʔítk
|
ʔíitx /ʔítk/ ‘woman’s sister’s son’
|
|
ítt
|
|
N ítk
|
|
| 195
|
*ʔéyq ~ *ʔéyx̣
|
ʔéeyx̣ /ʔeyq/ ‘chum, dog or white salmon, Oncorhynchus keta; postspawning salmon’
|
|
|
áyx̣
|
|
cf. NP ʔeyq̓in /ʔeyq-iins/ ‘having chum salmon’
|
| 196
|
*šɨ́m̓q ~ *šɨ́m̓x̣
|
sám̓x̣ /sm̓q/ ‘shirt, clothing’
|
šɨ́mx̣ ‘shirt, shell dress, buckskin dress’
|
|
|
|
cf. NP sam̓qíin /sm̓q-iins/ ‘having a shirt’
|
| 197
|
|
héexne /hekn-e/ ‘I saw’; héekin /hekn-s/ ‘I have seen’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 198
|
|
c̓íix̣ne /c̓íqn-e/ ‘I spoke’; c̓íiqin /c̓íqn-s/ ‘I have spoken’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 199
|
*qétqet
|
qéetqet /qetqet/ ‘generic duck, mallard, Anas platyrhynchos’
|
x̣átx̣at
|
|
|
|
|
| 200
|
qóqoq
|
qóoqox̣ /qoqoq/ ‘raven, Corvus corax’
|
x̣úx̣ux̣
|
|
|
|
|
| 201
|
*ʔɨšqí
|
ʔísqi /ʔsqi/ ‘pine pitch’
|
ɨšx̣í
|
|
|
|
|
| 202
|
*šqú
|
súqu /squ/ ‘river bank’
|
šx̣ú
|
|
|
|
|
| 203
|
*x̣lɨ́p
|
x̣aláp /x̣l´p/ ‘open’
|
x̣lɨ́p
|
|
|
|
|
| 204
|
*x̣ɨ́x̣uš
|
x̣éx̣us /x̣x̣us/ ‘green’
|
x̣ɨ́x̣uš
|
|
|
|
|
| 205
|
*x̣ɨ́x̣eš/*x̣éeš (perhaps these relate to one another via ablaut and reanalysis)
|
x̣éx̣es /x̣´x̣es/ ‘greedy’
|
x̣áaš
|
|
|
|
|
| 206
|
*x̣ɨmt̓úy
|
x̣émt̓uy /x̣mt̓uy/ ‘caddisfly larva (Trichoptera)’
|
x̣ɨmt̓úy
|
|
|
|
|
| 207
|
*wéx̣puš
|
wéex̣pus /wex̣pus/ ‘rattlesnake’
|
wáx̣puš
|
|
|
|
|
| 208
|
*páx̣at
|
páax̣at /páx̣at/ ‘five’
|
páx̣at
|
|
|
|
cf. NP paqáham /paqáham/ ‘five times’
|
| 209
|
|
|
qaʔánn ‘respect’
|
|
|
|
cf. NP /qaʔánn/
|
| 210
|
|
|
qaʔáx̣n ‘have a sore throat, laryngitis’
|
|
|
|
cf. NP /qaʔáqn/
|
| 211
|
|
|
qalámqalam ‘lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta’
|
|
|
|
cf. NP qalámqalam /ql´mqlm/
|
| 212
|
|
|
|
|
qáap ‘wild cat, bobcat, Lynx rufus’
|
|
cf. NP qéhep /qehep/
|
| 213
|
|
|
|
|
|
U qúʔiš ‘wealthy’
|
cf. NP qúuy̓s /qúʔis/
|
| 214
|
|
|
káł ‘maternal grandmother’
|
|
|
|
cf. NP /qác/
|
| 215
|
|
|
lákas ‘mouse’
|
|
|
|
cf. NP láaqac /laqac/
|
| 216
|
|
|
lak̓isá ‘out on the end’
|
|
|
|
cf. S náq̓i ‘finish, complete’ (bound root)
|
| 217
|
|
ciq̓áamqal /cq̓ám-qal/ ‘dog’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. NP sík̓em /sk̓em/ ‘horse’
|
| 218
|
|
|
kʷáy ‘in that direction’
|
|
|
|
|
| 219
|
|
|
|
k̓ʷáy ‘that’
|
|
|
|
| 220
|
|
|
qʷɨ́tni ‘stuck’
|
|
|
|
|
| 221
|
|
|
q̓ʷáaš ‘obstinate, bull headed’
|
|
|
|
|
| 222
|
|
|
xʷɨ́saat ‘old man’
|
|
|
|
|
| 223
|
|
|
x̣ʷáami ‘above’
|
|
|
|
|
| 224
|
|
|
sayáykʷ ‘sand’
|
|
|
|
|
| 225
|
|
|
k̓ʷmɨ́l ‘too late’
|
|
|
|
|
| 226
|
|
|
qʷninqʷninłá ‘peddler’
|
|
|
|
|
| 227
|
|
|
q̓ʷłtɨ́p ‘strong’
|
|
|
|
|
| 228
|
|
|
sɨ́t̓xʷs ‘wild hyacinth, Triteleia hyacinthina’
|
|
|
|
|
| 229
|
|
|
ƛ̓áax̣̓ ‘all’
|
|
|
|
|
| 230
|
|
tukelíixne /tkʷelíkn-e/ ‘I hunted (big game)’; hitkulíixne /hi-tkʷelíkn-e/ ‘he hunted’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 231
|
|
tukéeyiye /tkʷéyi-e/ ‘mine lay there’; hitkúuyiye /hi-tkʷéyi-e/ ‘it lay there’
|
tkʷáyi
|
|
|
|
|
| 232
|
|
tukepelikéeceye /tkʷepelikéce-e/ ‘I signed/voted’; hitkupelikéeceye /hi-tkʷepelikéce-e/ ‘he signed/voted’
|
tkʷapaničáša
|
|
|
|
|
| 233
|
|
tuk̓méene /t-mén-e/ ‘mine lay inert’; hitk̓uméene /hi-t-mén-e/ ‘it lay inert’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 234
|
|
ʔiyóox̣oʔya /ʔyáx̣ʷaʔa-e/ ‘I waited’; náac̓yax̣oʔya /nás-ʔyáx̣ʷaʔa-e/ ‘I waited for you (plural)’
|
|
yáx̣ʷ̓a
|
iyáx̣ʷa
|
|
|
| 235
|
|
cam̓óqam /cam̓qʷam/ ‘corner’; cam̓oqáampa /cam̓qʷam-pe/ ‘in the corner’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 236
|
|
tin̓úxne /tn̓kʷn-e/ ‘I died’; tin̓kíce /tn̓kʷn-sen-s/ ‘I am dying’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 237
|
|
súqt, suqút- /sqʷt/ ‘stump’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 238
|
|
tátx, tatóx- /ttkʷ/ ‘spotted fawn’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 239
|
|
suk̓úysuk̓uy /s-k̓ʷ´ysk̓ʷy/ ‘dark complexioned, dark horse’
|
šk̓ʷíšk̓ʷi
|
|
|
|
|
| 240
|
|
cóqoy, coqóy- /cqʷy/ ‘tepee top’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 241
|
|
q̓óyn /q̓ʷ´yn/ ‘have diarrhea’
|
q̓úy ‘colon’
|
|
|
|
|
| 242
|
|
xuysxúys /xʷysxʷ´ys/ ‘slippery’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 243
|
|
|
kʷɨ́ma ~ kúma ‘those’
|
|
|
|
|
| 244
|
|
|
k̓ʷɨ́nč ~ k̓únč ‘black pine lichen’
|
|
|
|
|
| 245
|
|
|
|
|
|
NW qʷɨ́- ~ qú- ‘with a pack’ (Jacobs 1931:169)
|
|
| 246
|
|
|
taxʷɨ́s ~ taxús ‘dogbane’
|
|
|
|
|
| 247
|
|
|
x̣̓ɨ́tutay ~ x̣útutay ‘pillow’
|
|
|
|
|
| 248
|
*čɨ́kʷš
|
súxs /s´kʷs/
|
čɨ́kʷš ~ čúkš ‘obsidian’
|
|
|
|
|
| 249
|
|
|
k̓ʷsɨ́s ~ k̓usɨ́s ‘pointed’; k̓ócac /k̓ʷcc/ ‘pointed’S k̓ʷsɨ́s
|
|
|
|
|
| 250
|
*qʷɨ́salat
|
qósalat /qʷ´salat/ ‘male mountain goat’
|
|
|
xʷɨ́sanat ~ xúsanat ‘old man’
|
|
|
| 251
|
*qʷɨ́łqʷł
|
qócqoc, qocqóc- /qʷcqʷc/
|
x̣̓ɨ́łx̣̓ł ~ x̣úłx̣uł ‘meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta’
|
|
|
|
|
| 252
|
*héy̓uks
|
héey̓uxc, hey̓úuxc- /hey̓uxc/
|
áykʷs ~ áyuks ‘cottontail rabbit’
|
|
|
|
|
| 253
|
*čmúk
|
s̓mux, simúux- /smuk/
|
čmɨ́kʷ ~ čmúk ‘black’
|
|
|
|
|
| 254
|
*k̓úxsteyn
|
k̓úuxsteyn /k̓úxsteyn/
|
k̓ʷštáyn ~ k̓uštáyn ‘guess wrong (in stick game)’
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|
|
|
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| 255
|
*(ʔɨ)šéqunkt
|
ʔiseqúulkt /ʔseqúlkt/
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šáqʷɨnkt ~ šáqunkt ‘decapitating’
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|
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|
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| 256
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*ʔék̓ek < ʔek-ʔek
|
ʔéek̓ex /ʔek̓ek/ ‘magpie, Pica pica’
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áč̓ay
|
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N áč̓ak
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| 257
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*šɨ́šeʔe
|
/s´ce/ ‘freeze’
|
šɨ́šaa
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|
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| 258
|
|
téep̓es /tep̓es/ < /tep-ʔes/ ‘night fishing torch’
|
táp̓aš ‘Ponderosa pine’
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|
cf. NP /tep/ & S táp ‘spear fish by torchlight’ (purpose nominalizer is *-ʔeš)
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| 259
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|
ʔenéecniye /ʔe-nés-ʔni-e/ ‘I gave it to them’
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|
|
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|
cf. NP /ʔni/ ‘give’
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| 260
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|
qoq̓áalq̓ayn /qoq̓álq-ʔayn/ ‘for bison’ (Aoki 1994:595)
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|
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|
cf. NP qoq̓áalx̣ /qoq̓álq/ ‘bison’
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| 261
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|
kex ʔ̓in ~ kek̓íin /ke-k ʔín/ ‘I who...’
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|
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| 262
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*qeʔeyík
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q̓ayík ‘calf, elk calf, colt’
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|
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cf. NP qeʔéyix /qeʔeyik/
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| 263
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*(ʔá/há)qoʔopaš
|
|
áq̓paš ‘stomach, tripe’
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|
|
|
cf. NP qoʔópas /qoʔopas/
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| 264
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*keʔéšn/*keʔéšwi
|
/k̓ésn/ ‘admire, envy’
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|
|
|
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cf. NE čaʔášwi ‘flirt’
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| 265
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*héwšl̓ikš
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héwsil̓iks /héwsl̓iks/ ‘throw down mat or bedding’
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|
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N áwšnikš
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| 266
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*tɨm̓né
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tim̓íne /tm̓ne/ ‘heart, seed’
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tɨmná
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|
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|
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| 267
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*ken̓ɨ́wit
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ken̓íwit /ken̓wit/ ‘weaving’
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|
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čanúwit
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|
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| 268
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*waw̓ałám
|
waw̓áałam /waw̓ałam/ ‘cutthroat trout’
|
wawałám ‘rainbow trout’
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|
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|
|
| 269
|
*tuy̓é
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tiy̓é /tiy̓é/ ‘blue grouse, Dendragapus obscurus’
|
|
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tuyá
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|
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| 270
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|
/kál̓amk/ < /ké-laʔámn-k/ ‘eat up, devour’; /ké-/ ‘in eating’; /laʔámn/ ‘be used up’
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|
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|
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| 271
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*qmeʔeš
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qém̓es /qm̓es/ ‘camas, Camassia quamash’
|
x̣máaš
|
|
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|
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| 272
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*tnuʔunn
|
tin̓úun, tin̓unín- /tn̓unn/ ‘male bighorn, Ovis canadensis’
|
tnúun ‘bighorn sheep’
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|
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| 273
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|
ʔew̓níy /ʔew-ʔni-i/ ‘give it to him’NP /ʔew-/ ‘him’; /ʔni/ ‘give’; /-i/ imperative
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|
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| 274
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|
mamáy̓ac /m-myaʔac/ ‘children’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. NP miyáʔc /myaʔac/ ‘child’
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| 275
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|
/qy̓áwn/ ‘be dry’ (Aoki 1994:591) < /qʔyáwn/ < /qyáʔawn/
|
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|
|
Y xyáaw ‘dry’ (reflecting an earlier *qyáʔaw
|
cf. /qʔyáwn/ ‘be thirsty’ (Aoki 1994:593)
|
| 276
|
|
lamt̓áy̓ /lamt̓´y-ʔ/ ‘last, final’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. /lamt̓´yn/ ‘be the last’
|
| 277
|
|
ʔikúuytim̓ew /ʔikúuytm-ʔew/ ‘truthful, honest’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. /ʔkúuytm/ ‘speak the truth’
|
| 278
|
|
cikáaw̓aw /ckáw-ʔew/ ‘easily scared’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. /ckáwn/ ‘fear’
|
| 279
|
|
cikáaw̓is /ckáw-ʔis/ ‘fierce, ferocious’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. /ckáwn/ ‘fear’
|
| 280
|
|
hamóol̓ic /hamol-ʔic/ ‘cute’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. /hamóln/ ‘consider cute (such as a baby)’
|
| 281
|
|
qaʔán̓is /qaʔán-ʔis/ ‘modest, respectable’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. /qaʔánn/ ‘honor, respect’
|
| 282
|
|
hóopl̓al /hópl̓al/ ‘October’; /húpn/ ‘fall (of conifer needles)’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 283
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|
hekín̓es /hekn-t-ʔes/ ‘in order to see’; /hekn/ ‘see’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 284
|
|
hanyíin, hanyíis- /hani-iʔins/ ‘made’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 285
|
|
cúukwenin̓, cúukweniʔs- /cúkwen-iʔins/ ‘known, spirited’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 286
|
|
k̓oy̓am̓á /k̓ʷay̓am̓á/ ‘cougar, Felix concolor’
|
|
k̓ʷayaw̓
|
k̓ʷayamá
|
NW k̓ʷayaw̓
|
|
| 287
|
|
tim̓áay̓ /tm̓áy̓/ ‘maiden’
|
tmáy
|
|
|
|
|
| 288
|
|
|
p̓ísx ‘sour’
|
|
|
|
cf. pƛɨ́k ‘spicy, hot’; płɨ́x̣ ‘medicine’
|
| 289
|
|
q̓im̓úuyn /q̓m̓úyn-t/ ‘copulating’
|
|
|
|
|
cf. kim̓úuynin̓ /km̓úyn-iʔns/ ‘humped’
|
| 290
|
*ʔawít
|
ʔáawit /ʔawit/ ‘levirate in-law after relating kin is dead’
|
awít
|
|
|
|
|
| 291
|
*ʔítk
|
ʔíitx /ʔítk/ ‘woman’s sister’s son’
|
|
ítt
|
|
N ítk
|
|
| 292
|
*ʔɨškɨ́t
|
ʔískit /ʔskt/ ‘road, path’
|
ɨščɨ́t
|
|
|
|
|
| 293
|
*ʔúyit
|
ʔúyit /ʔúyit/ ‘beginning, first’
|
úyit
|
|
|
|
|
| 294
|
|
/ʔac/ ‘enter’
|
ášša ‘he is entering’; paʔášša ‘they are entering’
|
|
|
|
|
| 295
|
*naʔámn
|
/laʔámn/
|
|
náamn
|
naʔámn; ‘wear out, fade away’
|
|
|
| 296
|
*kuʔúš
|
kuʔús /kuʔús/
|
|
kúuš
|
kuʔúš ‘thusly’
|
|
|
| 297
|
|
síikiʔ /síkiʔ/
|
šíki ‘badger’
|
|
|
|
|
| 298
|
|
tilípeʔ /tl´peʔ/
|
tlɨ́pa ‘fox’
|
|
|
|
|
| 299
|
|
qeqépeʔ /qq´peʔ/
|
x̣ɨ́pa ‘cornhusk storage bag’
|
|
|
|
|
| 300
|
|
yáakaʔ /yákaʔ/
|
yáka ‘bear’
|
|
|
|
|
| 301
|
|
|
čná iwačáʔ ‘was he here?’
|
|
|
|
|
| 302
|
|
tóotaʔ /tótaʔ/
|
túta
|
|
tútaʔ ‘father!’ (vocative)
|
|
|
| 303
|
*mahál
|
mahál /mahál/
|
máal
|
|
maʔál ‘how long? how tall?’
|
|
|
| 304
|
*pohóy
|
póhoy /pohoy/ ‘fine snow’
|
púuy ‘snow’
|
|
puʔúy
|
|
|
| 305
|
*páhap
|
páhap /pahap/
|
páp ‘man’s daughter’
|
|
|
|
|
| 306
|
*sahaysáhay
|
cahaycáhay /cahaycáhay/
|
saysáy ‘worms, maggots’
|
|
|
|
|
| 307
|
*wíhnen
|
/wíhnen/
|
wína ‘go’
|
|
|
|
|
| 308
|
|
héeyey, heyéey- /hey-hey/ ‘rainbow trout’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 309
|
|
hóopop, hopóop- /hop-hop/ ‘edible pine lichen, Bryoria fremontii’
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 310
|
|
/hésn/
|
háašn ‘breathe’
|
|
haʔášn
|
|
S may be a reduplication borrowed from NP (e.g., /hehéšn/)
|
| 311
|
|
héhen /héhen/
|
hahán ‘root top’
|
|
|
|
|
| 312
|
|
/héwlekn/
|
hawláak ‘invisibility, empty space, the spirit realm, air, thin air’
|
|
|
|
|
| 313
|
|
hawlapáwlap /hawlph´wlap/
|
hawlɨpáwlɨp ‘energetic, spry, lively, willing, eager’
|
|
|
|
|
| 314
|
|
hawál̓is /hawl̓is/ < /hawl + -ʔis/
|
hawɨ́liš ‘mean, ornery’
|
|
|
|
|
| 315
|
|
/héwtn/
|
háwtn ‘be a landslide’
|
|
|
|
|
| 316
|
|
haywáanin̓ /haywániʔns/
|
haywáni ‘peaceful’
|
|
|
|
|
| 317
|
|
hotóoto /hotohoto/
|
hutuhútu ‘kinnikinnick, Arctostaphylos nevadensis’
|
|
|
|
|
| 318
|
|
ʔict̓iyehé /ʔct̓iyehé/
|
ɨst̓iyahá ‘Sasquatch’
|
|
|
|
|
