Appendix:Proto-Salishan reconstructions

Proto-Salishan reconstructions:

Kuipers (2002)

English gloss	Proto-Salish	Notes
to be outside	*ʔacq
to go outside	*ʔucq
to roast, bake	*ʔacaʔqʷ
to cover with a blanket, dress	*ʔic’am
blanket, clothing, covering	*s(ʔ)ic’am
to be alive, move the body	*ʔal	(w. suff. hand: to work)
to gather	*ʔul, *ʔuy I
unid. plant.	*ʔi/alk
turtle	*ʔalasik
to eat	*ʔił(t)n
to enter	*ʔuł-(t)xʷ
to feed, food; to provide, deliver	*ʔu/am, m-
grandchild	*ʔimac
to sit; to be at home	*ʔamut, *mut
to name, call	*ʔumat
magpie	*ʔạn	(red.)
say what?/something	*ʔinwat, *ʔinwa-n-
to eat	*ʔup
ten	*ʔupan, *pan
tail	*s-up-s, *s-up-aʔ
to lift up	*ʔapxʷ, *xʷəp
to wipe	*ʔap’
to scrape, shave, sweep, rub, pass net through water	*ʔi/aq’ʷ
(younger) sibling, cousin	*ʔuq’ʷay
to dive	*ʔus, *ʔisuʔ
egg; berry	*ʔus(-aʔ)
throat, breath, (voice, song)	*ʔask’ay’
two	*ʔəsal(i/a)
to sleep	*ʔit
to follow	*ʔaw I
(land-, rock-, snow)slide	*ʔaxʷ
to freeze	*ʔuxʷ
some, different	*ʔi/axʷəl
baby, child	*s-ʔixʷal
to throw (away)	*ʔi/ax̆ʷ I
to sweep	*ʔi/ax̆ʷ II
seine, fishing net	*ʔax̆ʷ-ayan
net, (fish)trap	*ʔ-ayan
to cough	*ʔəx̆ʷu
clam, mussel	*ʔáx̆ʷaʔ
to (ex)change, barter, pay; meet	*ʔay
crab, crayfish	̈*ʔaʔyx̆, *c’a/uʔyx̆
to call, howl	*ʔaʕʷ, *ʔaw
to adze, whittle, carve	*cək
mother-in-law	*cak
woodtick	*ck’aln
rib	*ck’ałp
to pull (out), drag	*cəkʷ, *cək’ʷ I
to be all there is (left)	*cukʷ
straight(en), stiff	*cək’ʷ II, *c’ək’ʷ
five	*cil	(w. suff. *-ak-is(t) hand)
fish, food	*ciłn
small; children	*ci(m)
eyebrow, eyelash	*cəpł
pithouse, cellar	*cip(wn)
cover (a cellar) w. dirt	*pwan
to be in position, stand; tree	*cəq
lie on the back	*cq-al-
to dig, stab	*ciq
to begin, set out	*cəqʷ/*qʷəc
to point, show, display behavior; say, order, think, intend, try, want	*cəw, *cu(-t, ł, -n)
fisher (zool.)	*cíx-ups
be glad, happy, enjoy	*caxʷ
waterfall, mountain stream	*cix̆ʷ
blood	*cay
to bleed	*ciʕʷ
to bleed, red	*ci/aqʷ
to reach for, stick out; fringe, stripe	*caʕʷ, *caw
loot from raid, game bagged	*c’iʔ
fir or pine cone, acorn, nut	*s-c’ik’/k
elderberry	*c’ikʷ
left side	*c’ikʷaʔ
light, bright	*c’ak’ʷ
to stand; (a stand of) trees, rushes	*c’əl
cricket, grasshopper	*c’ạl
shade, shadow; outline, similar; shelter	*c’i/al
to hurt, smart; cold; tart, bitter, sour, salty	*c’ụ/ạl
shiny, oily, wet	*c’ạl(s)
sharp pointed	*c’əm
to suck	*c’ụ/ạm
bone	*s-c’ụ/ạm
disappear, wear away	*c’əmx̆
bullhead	*s-c’nay’
skunk	*s-c’ipəq
cedar root	*c’apaʔx̆
to squeeze (shut), pinch	*c’ip’
to hit	*c’əq’, *cəq’
throw away, discard	*c’/cəq’-min
to suck	*c’uqʷ
pipe	*c’qʷuʔ-(c-)tn
to rattle, hit	*c’ə̣s
hail (IS)	*s-c’əs-l-us-aʔ
to cut off (esp. limb of animal)	*c’əw’
to pull out	*c’aw’
salmon sp.	*c’wan
osprey, fishhawk	*c’ixʷ-c’ixʷ
prickly, stinging; burn, fry; cold	*c’ix̆
to resound	*c’ay
sapsucker, flicker, woodpecker	*c’yaqʷ/*c’qʷay/*c’k’ʷəy
fireweed	*c’a/uyx̆
poison, rattlesnake	*c’əʕ-tin
to wash, clean	*c’aʕʷ/w
sore	*c’uʕʷ
humpback salmon	*hənəw/y
to yawn	*haw
rat	*haw’it
to quiet down	*hay
to cease, finish	*huy, *wiʔ (< *hwəy’)
to play	*s-(h)ayas
to go after, follow, chase	*kal
to delouse	*kalk
hand	*kalax
muskrat	*kəlaxʷ
to be detached, come off/apart, separate	*kəł
to give	*kał
three	*kaʔłas
to carry (CS on the back)	*kəm’
to touch, hold, keep steady; hit	*kən
to do; do what? do something; (be) where, how?	*ka(n)
salmon (species)	*kanaxʷ
spring/silver salmon	*kasəw’/kəw’s	(inv.)
berry sp.	*s-kətuxʷ
relative through marriage (mostly of, to or through female)	*kaw I
down, downhill area (beach, lakeshore)	*kaw II
far (out on the water/prairie)	*kaw III
mother, elder sister	*kíx(-aʔ)
grandmother	*kay(-aʔ)
to cross, put across e.o.	*k’əc’ I
mosquito, gnat, bug	*k’əc’ II
near	*k’ih, k’i-t
to cut (esp. skin), rip	*k’ə̣l
coyote	*s-n-k’əl(ap)
treebark	*k’əl(-ay’)
to listen to, attend, wait	*k’al
to drip; rain, mud	*k’ə̣ł
maggot, mite	*k’ałuʔ
to grab a handful; squeeze, bite	*k’əm
almost, near	*k’i/aməl
(cover of) conifer needles (on ground)	*k’amu/a(maʔ)
snake	*s-k’ínk’ʷu
to clasp (together), encircle, squeeze	*k’ənp’
to break, crush, gouge out	*k’əpxʷ
to squeeze, pinch	*k’ip’
hold by squeezing (w. tongs, clip, under the arm)	*c’ip’, *k’ənp’
bad	*k’is
neck	*k’əspan
nits	*(k’ə)st/t’an’
old, decrepit	*k’aw I
to go up, ascend	*k’i/aw II
cold (season)	*k’ay
to dry out, wither	*k’ay’
dry	*k’ay’-xʷ
(to) name	*kʷac, *kʷast
warm	*kʷəl
green, yellow	*kʷə̣l
to borrow	*kʷul
spirit power	*kʷəlx
lump, heap	*kʷ/qʷəm
to go up/ashore, inland	*kʷum
save	*kʷum
to take	*kʷan
to push together, stuff	*kʷ/qʷup
elder	*kʷup-i/aʔ
dusk	*kʷas
star	*kʷusən
eel	*kʷutwal/n
groundhog, marmot, whistler	*s-kʷ/qʷəy	(red.)
squirrel	*s-kʷayu
child, offspring	*s-kʷuy-aʔ
to chew, SIS to bite	*k’ʷaʔ
skin, feather, quill (porcupine)	*k’ʷəl’
stomach, belly	*k’ʷal
to bend, twist	*k’ʷə̣l(c’), *k’ʷə̣c’
to inspect (try out, aim at)	*k’ʷan
how many?; several	*k’ʷin
straight	*k’ʷəp
bar, rod	*k’ʷup’
scream, bellow, weep	*k’ʷaq’-t
hot, to scorch	*k’ʷas
flea	*k’ʷət’
mouse	*k’ʷat’an
to hollow out; container	*k’ʷaxʷ I
rat, mouse	*k’ʷaxʷ II
frosty, grizzly	*k’ʷəy
to suffer	*k’ʷay
mother, aunt	*k’ʷuy
good	*laʔ
tight, crowded	*lu/ac’, *yu/ac’
to tie, bind	*lək’
to pluck, pull out	*lək’ʷ
to sing	*lul
(to make/go into) a hole	*ləpəxʷ/x̆ʷ
to bend down (esp. treebranch), bend over, cover; skew	*li/ap’
to bury	*liq’
to come off (as skin, bark)	*ləw/ʕʷ
to snare, catch	*law
slime, slimy	*lix
to shake, hurry	*lạxʷ, *xʷạl
clear, bright, light; intelligence, mind	*li/ax̆
fringe	*caʕʷ
to laugh	*lax̆ʷ/x̆ʷay
loose, free	*liʕʷ
to melt, thaw, open up (of ice)	*li/aʕʷ
to touch; close by	*łaʔ
to sprinkle, spray, splash	*łi(-t, -c, -n, -t’, -l)
to stab	*łuʔ
worn out	*lək/q
to cut, sever	*łik’
weasel	*łk’am
to lap up, lick up; bail	*łu/akʷ/qʷ
to hook up, spike, string (beads), pierce	*łik’ʷ
to detach	*łim
to eat soup	*łum’
soup	*s-łum’
to dwindle, go out (of fire); forget	*łap
to blink	*łip
hang folded (as blanket on clothesline)	*łəp’
to (cause to) land somewhere	*łaq
to sit down	*łáq-ilx
wide, to spread, stretch	*łəq’ I
instruction, knowledge	*łəq’ II
to go after, look for st.	*ƛ’ə
to protrude, come (forth); long	*ƛ’ak/q
spotted	*ƛ’əkʷ/qʷ
shelter	*ƛ’ikʷ
to stop, become motionless; dead, sick	*ƛ’i/al
die, dead, motionless, lifeless, sg.	*ƛ’lal
to grow, rise	*ƛ’uł
to cut, chop; sharp	*ƛ’əm
cedarbark basket	*ƛ’apat
(to smoke) tobacco	*ƛ’aq’ʷ/*q’ʷuƛ’
to win, beat in game	*ƛ’əxʷ I
cold (object); numb	*ƛ’əxʷ II
fast, quick, swift	*ƛ’əx̆
grown up, old	*ƛ’ax̆
to go upstream	*ƛ’ax̆-ilx
to want, desire; dear, difficult	*ƛ’əy’
(river-)canoe	*ƛ’ay’/*ƛ’yaʔ
hard (substance)	*ƛ’əʕʷ
fish weir	*muʔ
blackcap (Rubus leucodermis)	*məckʷ
to cheat, trick, lie	*məc’
pus, matter	*mə̣c’(-ụl)	(w. suff. *-qin: brain)
bee, wasp	*mə̣c’əp
to cover (with blanket), wrap	*məkʷ(uʔ)
to erase	*məl
hemlock/balsam tree	*mə̣l
(fish)bait	*mal(-aʔ)
to cure (as shaman)	*mạl
father’s brother	*s-mʔal
to dip, sink, flood	*mul
to twist, tangle, sprain	*mə̣lkʷ/qʷ
to wrap up, collect into a whole; intact, complete	*məlk’ʷ
to be aimless, lost; be pacified (child); forget	*mal(-q)
naked	*malxʷ/x̆ʷ
to rest	*mał
woman	*s-mułac
salmon; summer	*s-mł(ik)
to mix, stir	*maƛ’
excrements	*mnak
to smoke (tobacco)	*manəxʷ
tobacco	*s-manəxʷ/x
to swallow, eat one’s fill	*məq’
to pile up, lump	*məq’ʷ
crane, heron	*s-məq’ʷ-aʔ
four	*mus I
to feel about, touch	*mus II
kidney	*mət’ụs
horse clam	*mat’ay/*t’amay	(IS > snail)
black bear	*mix̆ał
a large feline or canine	*s-mɣaw
shaman (power)	*s-naʔm
one, another, (in derivatives: family, tribe)	*nak’ I, *nk’-uʔ
to change, differ	*nak’ II
to cut	*nik’
one	*naqas
blow one’s nose	*nis
marrow, fat, oil; wet	*nụ/ạs
to run	*naw-ilx
wind blows	*naw
digging stick	*paci/aʔ
leaf	*packl
to spill, pour	*pəkʷ/qʷ
thin, flat	*pal
to scatter, smudge	*pi/al
to tip over	*pul
mouth, edge	*s-pl-ucin
calf of leg, muscle	*s-pạl-mn
to pierce	*pə̣l’kʷ/*pətkʷ
skunk	*s-pəlan
penis	*s-pəlq
pierce, pop out	*pə̣lxʷ
to put a spell on; to tell	*pəlax̆
thick (layer)	*pəł, *pł-u/ał
to come, come to an end, come out (of the bush)	*puƛ’
time, period	*pan
to find, get	*pu/an
white, bright	*pəq
to scatter; powder	*pəq’ʷ/k’ʷ
small animal (bird, bug, worm)	*pisaʔ
to boil, bubble	*pə̣t
to arrange, line up, splice, spread	*pat
to notice, think	*pit
right, sufficient, exact, very	*put
to spit	*pə(tə)x̆ʷ
to blow, breathe, swell	*paw, *puh, *pu/axʷ
to comb (out)	*pəx/*xəp
to air	*pax
faded, stale	*pəxʷ
happy, joyful	*pəy
bird	*s-pyu/aʔ
to prod, knock, drum	*pəʕʷ/w
to fart	*p’uʔ
to spit	*p’əc’
hemp, string, fix with string, sew	*p’ac’
glitter, shine	*p’ik’
bobcat	*p’ək’m
treebark	*p’alan’/y’
to overflow	*p’ịl
flat; to lie down, pl.	*p’i/al
to turn (around, over)	*p’əlk’/q’
smoke, fog, steam	*p’u/aƛ’
to darken by smoking; smoke color	*p’um
green/mountain alder, vine maple, wormwood, juniper, rosebush, etc.	*p’u/an
white, bright	*p’əq’
to bloom, flower	*p’aq’-m
a shrub	*p’uqʷay
flat	*p’əs
lungs, heart	*p’us
to crush, squeeze	*p’əsq’ʷ/k’ʷ
to squeeze, press (grasp, push), squirt	*p’əy, *p’əh; *p’i-c’
ready, ripe, cooked	*p’ayaq
spring (salmon)	*qal
person	*qal-mixʷ
beaver	*s-qəlaw’
offspring	*qaʔł/qahł
to wake up, be awake	*qił
soft, lukewarm, calm, gentle	*qəm I
to ask for st. (esp. to get st. back)	*qəm II
to nurse	*qam
woman’s breast, milk	*s-qam
a lump, ball, cluster	*qəmx̆ʷ
to hear	*qan
father’s mother, woman’s son’s child	*qanaʔ
throat, gullet	*qənu/a(xʷ)
breast, brisket	*s-qəp-min
spring, summer, spring salmon	*(s-)qap(-c/s)
to scratch, tickle	*qəs
uncle	*qasa/iʔ
(Indian) potato	*s-qawc
dog	*s-qax̆aʔ
to err, fancy, be drunk, crazy	̽*qayx̆
to remain stuck in st., be wedged into st.	*q’aʔ
to intertwine, braid, weave, (embrace, strangle)	*q’ac’
to spin, curl, wind/tie around	*q’əl
to build a structure, raise a tent; to camp	*q’al/y
to steam-cook	*q’əl
take a sweatbath	*q’əl-ya
sweatbath	*s-q’əl-ya
day(light), sky	*q’ilt, *q’iyt
round; fence, stockade, corral	*q’əlx̆, *q’lax̆
to heal up	*q’iƛ’
scar	*s-q’iƛ’
to swallow	*q’əm
to be joined together, repaired, healed	*q’im
firewood	*q’əp
(hazel)nut	*q’ap’x̆ʷ/xʷ
to be of (too) long duration	*q’əs
to hoist up; fishhook; (deriv.) swing(-cradle)	*q’i/at’
bone	*q’awał	(red.)
stiffen, harden, freeze	*q’axʷ
to doubt sb.’s power or words	*qəy
an ungulate	*q’əyiʔək
snail, slug	*q’(y)aƛ’an
to stir, move	*’qəʕ
water, to drink	*qʷuʔ, *ʔuqʷ, *qu/al
to boil (food), cook	*qʷəl’
to speak, think	*qʷal
to cheat	*qʷil
conifer bough	*qʷalc
edible tuber, bulb	*qʷlawl
wasp (esp. yellowjacket), bee	*s-qʷuł
birch	*qʷałin
a plant (unid.)	*qʷən
mosquito	*qʷan(im)
(younger) sibling, nephew, niece; son	*qʷəs
bovine	*qʷisp/t
animal fat, grease	*qʷtał
louse, lice	*qʷətíx̆aʔ
blue, green; bruise	*qʷay
to burp, belch	*q’ʷaʔ
(other) side, half, companion	*q’ʷuʔ
fat, stout	*q’ʷuc
to wash, launder	*q’ʷəc’ I
chipmunk	*q’ʷəc’ II
full (CS of water)	*q’ʷac’
to scorch, (bum to) ashes, black; roast, ripe(n); berry	*q’ʷal/y
crow, raven	*q’ʷlaq/q’a
to shorten, pull/reel in	*q’ʷam
(hair on) head; skull	*q’ʷum I
top, high, pile, lump	*q’ʷum II
bundle	*(s-)q’ʷsuʔ
skinny	*q’ʷx̆ʷ
to smoke (of fire), smoke color	*q’ʷax̆/x̆ʷ I
claw, leg, foot, nail	*q’ʷax̆/x̆ʷ II
to rock, shake, sway	*q’ʷəy
to dance	*q’ʷəy-ilx
(young or female) deer	*q’ʷay, *qʷal/y, *q’ʷəy-paʔ	(red.)
tail	*-upaʔ
to be blown along, float with current	*suk’ʷ
cedar (bark)	*suk’ʷam
to spin, twist	*səl(-p)
to smell, sniff	*sum’
daughter-in-law	*sapn
to hit, club, whip	*səp’
to breathe	*sup’
come to end	*xʷət
to split, crack	*səq
to fly, jump; a gallinaceous bird	*saq’ʷ
to strip off (skin or treebark)	*suq’ʷ
winter, cold wind	*sutik
to sniff	*si/ạt’
to whisper	*səw
to ask	*saw
to pour, spill	*sixʷ
to recognize, identify, understand, know	*suxʷ
to scrape	*sax̆
to move (from one place to another)	*six̆
friend, relative	*səy
parent’s sibling	*siʔ
grandparent	*si-l(aʔ)
sound of voice(s)	*sạy
to flow; wetness, dew	*səʕʷ, *səw
to pet, stroke	*tac
to be blocked, choked off	*təkʷ
perceive	*takʷ I
willow/ruffed grouse	*takʷ II
to extend, stretch, untie; fathom	*tụ/ạl
close relation (friend, husband, relative)	*tam
what?, something	*s-tam
to exert o.s.	*ti/am
mother, aunt	*tum-aʔ
dead; sleep, dream	*tumn
man, warrior	*s-tu/amix
world, nature, earth, river, animal, spirit	*tmixʷ
cedar-root rope used for sewing up baskets	*s-tinəws
sinew, muscle	*tinx
to pound	*tup
spider	*tupl’
to pin down, touch; obstruct	*təq
to buy, sell	*taw I
(small and) growing up, child, young person	*taw II
to comb one’s hair	*təx
to obtain, add to a store	*tixʷ
kill game	*tixʷ-c’iʔ
tongue	*tixʷc
wrong, bitter	*tax̆
straight, just, settled	*təx̆ʷ
chest	*tax̆ʷac
to stoop, to go across	*tuy, *tiw	(inv.)
to prop up, support	*t’ək
to bleed	*t’əkʷ
to explode, burst open; slap, strike	*t’əkʷ/qʷ
muddy (water)	*t’ik’ʷ/q’ʷ
to slice, split, rip	*t’əl
numb, tired	*t’al
charm, medicine	*t’ul
a type of deer	*s-t’ul
highbush cranberry	*t’əls
to cut	*t’əm
(in name of) gooseberry	*t’am
to suck	*t’um/*tum
fur, animal hair (feathers)	*t’amin
ear	*t’ani/aʔ
dark	*t’əp I
to tip over, fall	*t’əp II
berry sp. (CS salalberry)	*t’aqaʔ
to cross over; (in derivatives: six)	*t’aq’
to bathe, swim	*t’əqʷ
to interweave	*t’əqʷaʔ
to lick	*t’aqʷ
to break	*t’aq’ʷ
down feathers	*t’uq’ʷ
thimbleberry	*s-t’aq’ʷm
skin	*s-t’əwin
to ladle	*t’ax, *xat’	(inv.)
a plant (cattails, scouring rush)	*t’uxʷn, *t’unxʷ	(inv.)
to open up, branch out; six	*t’əx̆
to cry, holler	*wa(ʔ)
cougar	*s-waʔ
to pry loose, pick out; tease	*wac’
to bark (at)	*wu/ah
to burn, shiny, bright	*wə̣l, *ʕʷəl
iron, metal	*wəlim
to tilt	*wal	(independent word in Ts only)
canoe	*wil
horn, antler	*wa/inaʔw
real, true	*wənaxʷ
berry sp.	*wənaʔx̆
to undo, remove, take apart, open	*wiq’
both of a pair, mutual; two	*was
high, above	*wis
whoʔ, someone	*(s-)wat
to pry/lever up; vomit	*wat’k/*watk’/*wat’k’
to be visible, revealed, public	*way
to hang spread out; steep	*xạl, *xal
to bite, gnaw, chop, cut	*xil
to scorch, bake	*xəƛ’
both (sides)	*xəm
other side, alter-ego, enemy	*xəm-an(-was)
dry	*x/x̆am
to lie flat	*xən
rock, stone	*s-xanx
to be stretched out, project	*xit’
to grow	*xaw
trail	*xəwal
fore, front, first	*xəyt
light of weight	*xʷa
to wipe, brush, smooth, clean, bathe	*xʷi/ak’ʷ, *xʷikʷ
to pull (out)	*xʷuk’ʷ, *xʷukʷ
to dig out, make a hollow, divert water	*xʷə̣l
to turn, spin, drill, wrap around, round	*xʷul, *xəl
firedrill	*xʷul- (i-)kʷup
whirlwind	*xʷlakʷ	PIS
to be lonesome, pining (for)	*xʷəm
to unfold, spread out (as blanket, arms)	*xʷap
a night bird	*xʷup
owl	*xʷiw, xupxup
unhook, untangle	*xʷp’
to come to an end, be exhausted, all gone	*xʷət
to whistle	*xʷiw
to appear	*xʷəy
alive, allright, alert	*xʷay/l
fly, maggot, worm, ant	*xʷ/x̆ʷay-aʔ
sacred, taboo, forbidden, impressive, smart, violent, etc.	*x̆aʔ I
parent/child-in-law	*x̆aʔ II
ready, completed	*x̆əc
complete count; four	*x̆əʔuc
wrinkle	*x̆ic’
log, stick, wood	*x̆əc’(-ay’)
to bet	*x̆əc	IS
to think, remember, teach	*x̆ək
to scratch, crunch	*x̆ik’ʷ
to cover w. planks; board covering	*x̆əl
puberty, menses	*x̆al-u-mix
thus, like, similar	*x̆il, *ʔax̆il
to turn, whirl, roll	*x̆ələq’/k’
to want; difficult	*x̆aƛ’
to cut, bite, gnaw	*x̆iƛ’
heavy	*x̆əm I
weigh down, grab to hold	*x̆i/am
bite	*x̆əm II
(paternal) grandfather	*x̆apaʔ
to envelop, wedge in	*x̆əq
dry	*x̆aw
(to make) war	*x̆əyl
to break (as stick)	*x̆ʷəc’
defecate	*x̆ʷu/ic’
dipper (bird)	*x̆ʷəc’q’ʷ
round, to roll	*x̆ʷələq’ʷ
to break, cut	*x̆ʷəƛ’
mountain goat	*s-x̆ʷiƛ’ay
to buzz, hum; (red.) hummingbird	*x̆ʷən
to grind, rasp; snore	*x̆ʷu/aq’ʷ
to foam	*x̆ʷus
soapberry	*s-x̆ʷus-m
to perish pl., disappear	*x̆ʷay
prefix or stem for derivation with somatic suffixes	*yə-
to rub, soften by rubbing	*yac
fall (as tree)	*yik
to roll, turn over; round	*yə̣l, *yul, *həyl
to burn	*yụ/ạl
watertight basket, woven dish	*s-yạlt
to descend, go home from stay in mountains	*yaƛ’
to rub	*yuƛ’
bird’s nest	*yman
driftwood	*yan(u)c
to file, whet	*yəq’, *ʔiq’
fire(wood)	*yəqʷ, *həyqʷ
spark	*t’iqʷ
rotten (wood)	*yəq’ʷ
to be fed up	*yaw, *yəw
to be slow	*ʔuy II	(inv.)
property, stingy	*yəw’kʷ, *yukʷ, *ʔawk’ʷ
to descend, drop	*yəxʷ, *ləxʷ
to be acquainted with, used to	*yuxʷ
to grind, scratch, scrape	*yəʕ, *ʔiʕ
to lose (ability, object, contest)	*ʕəl
to cut (as hair)	*ʕi/al
to stand upright; tree	*ʕ/ɣap
to shrink	*ʕis
hot, angry, growl	*ʕəy, *ʕi-n
to become weak, tired, faint, sleep	*ʕʷal’
to boil, cook	*ʕʷəłqʷ, *ʕwəłqʷ
to play, joke, make fun, laugh	*ʕʷəy