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Old Swedish Nouns

A-stem

Masculine

• dagher ("day"):

Declension of dagher (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	dagher	daghrin	daghar	daghanir
accusative	dagh	daghin	dagha	daghana
dative	daghi, -e	daghinum, -enom	daghum, -om	daghumin, omen
genitive	daghs	daghsins	dagha	daghanna

• fisker ("fish"):

Declension of fisker (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	fisker	fiskrin	fiskar	fiskanir
accusative	fisk	fiskin	fiska	fiskana
dative	fiski, -e	fiskinum, -enom	fiskum, -om	fiskumin, omen
genitive	fisks	fisksins	fiska	fiskanna

• aker ("acre", "field"), ra-stem:

Declension of aker (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	aker	akrin	akrar	akranir
accusative	aker	akrin	akra	akrana
dative	akri, -e	akrinum, -enom	akrum, -om	akrumin, omen
genitive	akers	akersins	akra	akranna

• ængil ("angel"), two-syllable stem:

Declension of ængil (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ængil	ængillin	ænglar	ænglanir
accusative	ængil	ængilin	ængla	ænglana
dative	ængli, -e	ænglinum, -enom	ænglum, -om	ænglumin, omen
genitive	ængils	ængilsins	ængla	ænglanna

• skōr ("shoe"), stem ending with vowel:

Declension of skō(r) (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	skō(r)	skō(r)(i)n	skō(a)r	skō(a)nir
accusative	skō	skō(i)n	skō(a)	skō(a)na
dative	skō	skō(i)num	skō(u)m	skō(u)min
genitive	skōs	skōsins	skō(a)	skō(a)nna

• skōr ("shoe"), stem ending with vowel:

Declension of skō(r) (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	skō(r)	skōrin	skō(a)r	skō(a)nir
accusative	skō	skō(i)n	skō(a)	skō(a)na
dative	skō-, -i, -e	skō(i)num, -(e)nom	skō(u)m, -(o)m	skō(u)min, -(o)men
genitive	skōs	skōsins	skō(a)	skō(a)nna

Neuter

• skip ("ship"):

Declension of skip (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	skip	skipit	skip	skipin
accusative	skip	skipit	skip	skipin
dative	skipi, -e	skipinu, -eno	skipum, -om	skipumin, -omen
genitive	skips	skipsins	skipa	skipanna

• land ("land"):

Declension of land (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	land	landit	land	landin
accusative	land	landit	land	landin
dative	landi, -e	landinu, -eno	landum, -om	landumin, -omen
genitive	lanz	lanzins	landa	landanna

• arþer ("ard", "plough"), ra-stem:

Declension of arþer (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	arþer	arþrit	arþer	arþrin
accusative	arþer	arþrit	arþer	arþrin
dative	arþri, -e	arþrinu, -eno	arþrum, -om	arþrumin, -omen
genitive	arþers	arþersins	arþra	arþranna

• gul ("gold"), no plural:

Declension of gull (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	gul	gullit	—	—
accusative	gul	gullit	—	—
dative	gulli, -e	gullinu, -eno	—	—
genitive	guls	gulsins	—	—

• bō ("dwelling", "habitat", "estate","nest"), stem ending with vowel:

Declension of bō (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	bō	bō(i)t	bō	bō(i)n
accusative	bō	bō(i)t	bō	bō(i)n
dative	bō	bō(i)nu	bō(u)m	bō(u)min
genitive	bōs	bōsins	bō(a)	bō(a)nna

JA-stem

Masculine

• væver ("weave", "fabric"). Short stem with -v/-f:

Declension of væver (ja-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	væver	væfrin	væfiar	væfianir, -aner
accusative	væf	vævin	væfia	væfiana
dative	væf	vævinum	væfium, -om	væfiumin, -omen
genitive	væfs	væfsins	væfia	væfianna

• hær ("army"). Short stem, stem with -r:

Declension of hær (ja-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	hær	hærrin	hæriar	hærianir, -aner
accusative	hær	hærin	hæria	hæriana
dative	hæri, -e	hærinum, -enom	hærium, -om	hæriumin, -omen
genitive	hærs	hærsins	hæria	hærianna

• bȳr ("village"). Short stem, stem with vowel. Genitive with -iar:

Declension of bȳr (ja-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	bȳr	bȳrin	bȳiar	bȳianir, -aner
accusative	bȳ	bȳin	bȳia	bȳiana
dative	bȳ	bȳ(i)num	bȳium, -om	bȳiumin, -omen
genitive	bȳiar	bȳsins	bȳia	bȳianna

• lægger ("leg"). Originally short stem in -gja. Later long stem (after sharpening gj → ggj). Genitive with -iar:

Declension of lægger (ja-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	lægger	læggrin	læggiar	læggianir, -aner
accusative	læg	læggin	læggia	læggiana
dative	læggi, -e	lægginum, -enom	læggium, -om	læggiumin, -omen
genitive	læggiar	læggsins	læggia	læggianna

• lǣkir ("physician"). Long stem with -j- preserved after velar consonant:

Declension of lǣkir (ja-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	lǣkir	lǣkirin	lǣkiar	lǣkianir, -aner
accusative	lǣki, -e	lǣkin	lǣkia	lǣkiana
dative	lǣki, -e	lǣkinum, -enom	lǣkium, -om	lǣkiumin, -omen
genitive	lǣkis	lǣkisins	lǣkia	lǣkianna

• ø̄re (a type of money). Long stem with lost nominative ending in -r:

Declension of ø̄re (ja-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ø̄ri, -e	ø̄rin	ø̄rar	ø̄ranir, -aner
accusative	ø̄ri, -e	ø̄rin	ø̄ra	ø̄rana
dative	ø̄ri, -e	ø̄rinum, -enom	ø̄rum, -om	ø̄rumin, -omen
genitive	ø̄ris	ø̄risins	ø̄ra	ø̄ranna

Neuter

• skær ("skerry"). Short stem:

Declension of skær (ja-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	skær	skærit	skær	skærin
accusative	skær	skærit	skær	skærin
dative	skæri, -e	skærinu, -eno	skærium, -om	skæriumin, -omen
genitive	skærs	skærsins	skæria	skærianna

• æg ("egg"). Originally short stem in -gja. Later long stem (after sharpening gj → ggj):

Declension of æg (ja-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	æg	æggit	æg	æggin
accusative	æg	æggit	æg	æggin
dative	æggi, -e	ægginu, -eno	æggium, -om	æggiumin, -omen
genitive	ægs	ægsins	æggia	æggianna

• minne ("memory"). Long stem:

Declension of minne (ja-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	minni, -e	minnit	minni, -e	minnin
accusative	minni, -e	minnit	minni, -e	minnin
dative	minni, -e	minninu, -eno	minnum, -om	minnumin, -omen
genitive	minnis	minnisins	minna	minnanna

• rīke ("realm", "kingdom"). Long stem with -j- preserved after velar consonant:

Declension of rīke (ja-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	rīki, -e	rīkit	rīki, -e	rīkin
accusative	rīki, -e	rīkit	rīki, -e	rīkin
dative	rīki, -e	rīkinu, -eno	rīkium, -om	rīkiumin, -omen
genitive	rīkis	rīkisins	rīkia	rīkianna

---

Ō-stem (feminine)

• aghn ("husk"):

Declension of aghn (ō-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	aghn	aghnin	aghnar	aghnanar
accusative	aghn	aghnina, -ena	aghnar	aghnanar
dative	aghn	aghninni, -inne	aghnum, -om	aghnumin, -omen
genitive	aghnar	aghninnar	aghna	aghnanna

• brō ("bridge"):

Declension of brō (ō-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	brō	brōin	brōar	brōanar
accusative	brō	brōina, -ena	brōar	brōanar
dative	brō	brōinni, -inne	brōum, -om	brōumin, -omen
genitive	brōar	brōinnar	brōa	brōanna

• graf ("grave"), stem with -v/-f:

Declension of graf (ō-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	graf	gravin	gravar	gravanar
accusative	graf	gravina, -ena	gravar	gravanar
dative	graf	gravinni, -inne	gravum, -om	gravumin, -omen
genitive	gravar	gravinnar	grava	gravanna

• āþer ("vein", "muscle", "tendon"), rō-stem:

Declension of āþer (ō-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	āþer	āþrin	āþrar	āþranar
accusative	āþer	āþrina, -ena	āþrar	āþranar
dative	āþer	āþrinni, -inne	āþrum, -om	āþrumin, -omen
genitive	āþrar	āþrinnar	āþra	āþranna

JŌ-stem (feminine)

• hæl ("death realm", "hell", "death"), no plural:

Declension of hæl (jo-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	hæl	hælin	—	—
accusative	hæl	hælina, -ena	—	—
dative	hæl	hælinni, -inne	—	—
genitive	hæliar	hælinnar	—	—

• væg ("wall"), Originally short stem in -gja. Later long stem (after sharpening gj → ggj):

Declension of væg (jo-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	væg	væggin	væggiar	væggianar
accusative	væg	væggina, -ena	væggiar	væggianar
dative	væg	vægginni, -inne	væggium, -om	væggiumin, -omen
genitive	væggiar	vægginnar	væggia	væggianna

• hēþ ("heath"), long stem:

Declension of hēþ (jo-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	hēþ	hēþin	hēþar	hēþanar
accusative	hēþi, -e	hēþina, -ena	hēþar	hēþanar
dative	hēþi, -e	hēþinni, -inne	hēþum, -om	hēþumin, -omen
genitive	hēþar	hēþinnar	hēþa	hēþanna

I-stem

Masculine

• gæster ("guest", "stranger"):

Declension of gæster (i-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	gæster	gæstin	gæstir, -er	gæstinir, -ener
accusative	gæst	gæstin	gæsti, -e	gæstina, -ena
dative	gæsti, -e	gæstinum, -enom	gæstum, -om	gæstumin, -omen
genitive	gæsts	gæstsins	gæsta	gæstanna

• staþer ("place", "stead", et.c.):

Declension of staþer (i-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	staþer	staþin	staþir, -er	staþinir, -ener
accusative	staþ	staþin	staþi, -e	staþina, -ena
dative	staþi, -e	staþinum, -enom	staþum, -om	staþumin, -omen
genitive	staþar, -s	staþsins	staþa	staþanna

Feminine

• færþ ("travel", "journey"):

Declension of færþ (i-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	færþ	færþin	færþir, -er	færþinar, -enar
accusative	færþ	færþina, -ena	færþir, -er	færþinar, -enar
dative	færþ	færþinni, -inne	færþum, -om	færþumin, -omen
genitive	færþar	færþinnar	færþa	færþanna

U-stem

Masculine

• son ("son"):

Declension of son (u-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	son	sonin	synir, -er	syninir, -ener
accusative	son	sonin	syni, -e	synina, -ena
dative	syni, -e	syninum, -enom	sonum, -om	sonumin, -omen
genitive	sonar	sonsins	sona	sonanna

Neuter

• fǣ ("cattle", "propery"):

Declension of fǣ (u-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	fǣ	fǣt	—	—
accusative	fǣ	fǣt	—	—
dative	fǣ	fǣnu, -o	—	—
genitive	fǣar	fǣsins	—	—

Consonant-stem

Masculine

• fōter ("foot"):

Declension of fōter (consonant-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	fōter	fōtrin	fø̄ter	fø̄trinir, -rene(r)
accusative	fōt	fōtin	fø̄ter	fø̄trina, -rena
dative	fø̄ti, -e	fø̄tinum, -enom	fōtum, -om	fōtumin, -omen
genitive	fōts	fōtsins	fōta	fōtanna

• maþer ("man"), stem with -n:

Declension of maþer (consonant-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	maþer	maþrin	mæn	mænninir, -ene(r)
accusative	man	mannin	mæn	mænnina, -ena
dative	manni, -e	manninum, -enom	mannum, -om	mannumin, -omen
genitive	mans	mansins	manna	mannanna

Feminine

• bōk ("book"):

Declension of bōk (consonant-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	bōk	bōkin	bø̄ker	bø̄krina(r), -rena(r)
accusative	bōk	bōkina, -ena	bø̄ker	bø̄krina(r), -rena(r)
dative	bōk	bōkinni, -inne	bōkum, -om	bōkumin, -omen
genitive	bōkar	bōkinnar	bōka	bōkanna

• mūs ("mouse"), stem with -s:

Declension of mūs (consonant-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mūs	mūsin	mȳs	mȳssinar, -ena(r)
accusative	mūs	mūsina, -ena	mȳs	mȳssinar, -ena(r)
dative	mūs	mūsinni, -inne	mūsum, -om	mūsumin, -omen
genitive	mūsar	mūsinnar	mūsa	mūsanna

R-stem

Masculine

• faþir ("father"):

Declension of faþir (r-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	faþir	faþirin	fæþer	fæþrinir, -ener
accusative	faþur, -or	faþurin, -orin	fæþer	fæþrina, -ena
dative	faþur, -or	faþurinum, -orenom	fæþrum, -om	fæþrumin, -omen
genitive	faþur, -or	faþurins, -orins	fæþra	fæþranna

Feminine

• mōþir ("mother"):

Declension of mōþir (r-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mōþir	mōþirin	mø̄þer	mø̄þrinar, -renar
accusative	mōþur, -or	mōþurina, -orena	mø̄þer	mø̄þrinar, -renar
dative	mōþur, -or	mōþurinni, -orinne	mø̄þrum, -om	mø̄þrumin, -omen
genitive	mōþur, -or	mōþurinnar, -orinnar	mø̄þra	mø̄þranna

Old Swedish Pronouns

Indefinite

• nokor ("someone"):

Declension of nokor

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	nokor	nokor	nokot
accusative	nokon	nokora	nokot
dative	nokorum	nokori	nokoru
genitive	nokors	nokorar	nokors
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	nokorir	nokorar	nokor
accusative	nokora	nokorar	nokor
dative	nokorum	nokorum	nokorum
genitive	nokora	nokora	nokora

• ængin ("no one", "none"):

Declension of ængin

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ængin	ængin	ækki, ænkti
accusative	ængin	ænga	ækki, ænkti
dative	ængum	ænginni	ængu
genitive	ængsins	ænginna	ængsins
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ængi	ængar	ængin
accusative	ænga	ængar	ængin
dative	ængum	ængum	ængum
genitive	ængra	ængra	ængra

Demonstrative

• þæn ("that"):

Declension of þæn

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	þæn, sā(r)	þē, þø̄n, sū	þæt
accusative	þæn	þā	þæt
dative	þēm, þæm	þēri	þȳ, þī
genitive	þæs	þēra	þæs
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	þēr	þā(r)	þø̄n
accusative	þā, þē	þā(r)	þø̄n
dative	þēm, þø̄m, þom	þēm, þø̄m, þom	þēm, þø̄m, þom
genitive	þēra	þēra	þēra

• þænni ("this"):

Declension of þænni

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	þænni	þæssi	þætta
accusative	þænna	þæssa, þænna	þætta
dative	þæssum, þæmma	þæssi	þæssu
genitive	þæssa	þæssa	þæssa
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	þæssi(r)	þæssa	þæssi(n)
accusative	þæssa	þæssa	þæssi(n)
dative	þæssum, þæmma	þæssum, þæmma	þæssum, þæmma
genitive	þæssa	þæssa	þæssa

---

Old Swedish Verbs

Strong verbs

• skīna ("to shine"). Strong intransitive verb, proto-germanic first class with -n in stem ending.

Conjugation of skīna (strong)

	present			past
infinitive	skīna			—
participle	skīnandi, -e			skinin
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	skīn	skīni, -e	—	skēn	skini, -e
þū	skīn	skīni, -e	skīn	skēnt	skini, -e
han	skīn	skīni, -e	—	skēn	skini, -e
vīr	skīnum, -om	skīnum, -om	skīnum, -om	skinum, -om	skinum, -om
īr	skīnin	skīnin	skīnin	skinin	skinin
þēr	skīna	skīnin	—	skinu, -o	skinin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

• binda ("to bind"). Strong intransitive verb, proto-germanic third class with -d in stem ending.

Conjugation of binda (strong)

	present			past
infinitive	binda			—
participle	bindandi, -e			bundin
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	binder	bindi, -e	—	bant	bundi, -e
þū	binder	bindi, -e	bint	bant	bundi, -e
han	binder	bindi, -e	—	bant	bundi, -e
vīr	bindum, -om	bindum, -om	bindum, -om	bundum, -om	bundum, -om
īr	bindin	bindin	bindin	bundin	bundin
þēr	binda	bindin	—	bundu, -o	bundin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	binds	bindis, -es	—	bants	bundis, -es
þū	binds	bindis, -es	—	bants	bundis, -es
han	binds	bindis, -es	—	bants	bundis, -es
vīr	bindums, -oms	bindums, -oms	—	bundums, -oms	bundums, -oms
īr	bindins	bindins	—	bundins	bundins
þēr	bindas	bindins	—	bundus, -os	bundins

• sitia ("to sit"). Strong intransitive verb, proto-germanic fifth class with -j- in present forms.

Conjugation of sitia (strong)

	present			past
infinitive	sitia			—
participle	sitiandi, -e			sitin
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	siter	siti, -e	—	sat	sāti, -e
þū	siter	siti, -e	sit	sast	sāti, -e
han	siter	siti, -e	—	sat	sāti, -e
vīr	sitium, -om	sitium, -om	sitium, -om	sātum, -om	sātum, -om
īr	sitin	sitin	sitin	sātin	sātin
þēr	sitia	sitin	—	sātu, -o	sātin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

• lēia ("to smile"). Strong intransitive verb, proto-germanic sixth class with -j- in present forms and the stem ending with a vowel.

Conjugation of lēia (strong)

	present			past
infinitive	lēia			—
participle	lēiandi, -e			lēt (n)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	lēr	lē	—	lō	lōghi, -e
þū	lēr	lē	lē	lōt	lōghi, -e
han	lēr	lē	—	lō	lōghi, -e
vīr	lēium, -om	lēium, -om	lēium, -om	lōghum, -om	lōghum, -om
īr	lēin	lēin	lēin	lōghin	lōghin
þēr	lēia	lēin	—	lōghu, -o	lōghin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

• fā ("to receive", "to get"). Strong transitive verb without medio-passive forms, proto-germanic seventh class with stem ending with a vowel.

Conjugation of fā (strong)

	present			past
infinitive	fā			—
participle	fāndi, -e			fangin (sup. fāt)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	fār, fǣr	fā -i, -e	—	fik, fæk	fingi, -e
þū	fār, fǣr	fā -i, -e	fā	fikt	fingi, -e
han	fār, fǣr	fā -i, -e	—	fik, fæk	fingi, -e
vīr	fām, -um, -om	fām, -um, -om	fām, -um, -om	fingum, -om	fingum, -om
īr	fān, -in	fān, -in	fān, -in	fingin	fingin
þēr	fā	fān, -in	—	fingu, -o	fingin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

Weak verbs

First class

• rø̄ghia ("to accuse"). Weak verb, proto-germanic first class, long stem. Velar consonant: preserved -i- (= /j/) before -o-/-u- or -a- in ending.

Conjugation of rø̄ghia (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	rø̄ghia			—
participle	rø̄ghiandi, -e			rø̄ghþer
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	rø̄ghir	rø̄ghi, -e	—	rø̄ghþi, -e	rø̄ghþi, -e
þū	rø̄ghir	rø̄ghi, -e	rø̄gh	rø̄ghþi, -e	rø̄ghþi, -e
han	rø̄ghir	rø̄ghi, -e	—	rø̄ghþi, -e	rø̄ghþi, -e
vīr	rø̄ghium, -om	rø̄ghium, -om	rø̄ghium, -om	rø̄ghþum, -om	rø̄ghþum, -om
īr	rø̄ghin	rø̄ghin	rø̄ghin	rø̄ghþin	rø̄ghþin
þēr	rø̄ghia	rø̄ghin	—	rø̄ghþu, -om	rø̄ghþin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	rø̄ghis	rø̄ghis, -es	—	rø̄ghþis, -es	rø̄ghþis, -es
þū	rø̄ghis	rø̄ghis, -es	—	rø̄ghþis, -es	rø̄ghþis, -es
han	rø̄ghis	rø̄ghis, -es	—	rø̄ghþis, -es	rø̄ghþis, -es
vīr	rø̄ghiums, -oms	rø̄ghiums, -oms	—	rø̄ghþums, -oms	rø̄ghþums, -oms
īr	rø̄ghins	rø̄ghins	—	rø̄ghþins	rø̄ghþins
þēr	rø̄ghias	rø̄ghins	—	rø̄ghþus, -os	rø̄ghþins

• vælia ("to choose"). Weak verb, proto-germanic first class, short stem. Stem ending in liquid consonant.

Conjugation of vælia (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	vælia			—
participle	væliandi, -e			valder
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	væl	væli	—	valdi, -e	valdi, -e
þū	væl	væli	væl	valdi, -e	valdi, -e
han	væl	væli	—	valdi, -e	valdi, -e
vīr	vælium, -iom	vælium, -iom	vælium, -iom	valdum, -om	valdum, -om
īr	vælin	vælin	vælin	valdin	valdin
þēr	vælia	vælin	—	valdu, -o	valdin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	væls	vælis	—	valdis, -es	valdis, -es
þū	væls	vælis	—	valdis, -es	valdis, -es
han	væls	vælis	—	valdis, -es	valdis, -es
vīr	væliums, -ioms	væliums, -ioms	—	valdums, -oms	valdums, -oms
īr	vælins	vælins	—	valdins	valdins
þēr	vælias	vælins	—	valdus, -os	valdins

• spȳia ("to spew"). Weak verb, proto-germanic first class, short stem. Stem ending in vowel. Umlaut in all forms.

Conjugation of spȳia (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	spȳia			—
participle	spȳiandi, -e			spȳþer
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	spȳr	spȳ-, -i, -e	—	spȳþi, -e	spȳþi, -e
þū	spȳr	spȳ-, -i, -e	spȳ	spȳþi, -e	spȳþi, -e
han	spȳr	spȳ-, -i, -e	—	spȳþi, -e	spȳþi, -e
vīr	spȳium, -iom	spȳium, -iom	spȳium, -iom	spȳþum, -om	spȳþum, -om
īr	spȳin	spȳin	spȳin	spȳþin	spȳþin
þēr	spȳia	spȳin	—	spȳþu, -o	spȳþin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

Second class

• hæria ("to attack with army"). Weak verb, proto-germanic second class with -ia (= /ja/).

Conjugation of hæria (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	hæria			—
participle	hæriandi, -e			hæriaþer
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	hæriar	hæri, -e	—	hæriaþi, -e	hæriaþi, -e
þū	hæriar	hæri, -e	hæria	hæriaþi, -e	hæriaþi, -e
han	hæriar	hæri, -e	—	hæriaþi, -e	hæriaþi, -e
vīr	hærium, -om	hærium, -om	hærium, -om	hæriaþum, -om	hæriaþum, -om
īr	hærin	hærin	hærin	hæriaþin	hæriaþin
þēr	hæria	hærin	—	hæriaþu, -o	hæriaþin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	hærias	hæris, -es	—	hæriaþis, -es	hæriaþis, -es
þū	hærias	hæris, -es	—	hæriaþis, -es	hæriaþis, -es
han	hærias	hæris, -es	—	hæriaþis, -es	hæriaþis, -es
vīr	hæriums, -oms	hæriums, -oms	—	hæriaþums, -oms	hæriaþums, -oms
īr	hærins	hærins	—	hæriaþins	hæriaþins
þēr	hærias	hærins	—	hæriaþus, -os	hæriaþins

• nā ("to reach"), spā ("to foretell", "to divine"). Weak verbs, proto-germanic second class with -ā (= /aː/).

Conjugation of nā (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	nā			—
participle	nāndi, -e			nāþer
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	nār	nā -i, -e	—	nāþi, -e	nāþi, -e
þū	nār	nā -i, -e	nā	nāþi, -e	nāþi, -e
han	nār	nā -i, -e	—	nāþi, -e	nāþi, -e
vīr	nām, -um, -om	nām -um, -om	nām -um, -om	nāþum, -om	nāþum, -om
īr	nān, -in	nān -in	nān -in	nāþin	nāþin
þēr	nā	nā	—	nāþu, -o	nāþin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	nās	nā -is, -es	—	nāþis, -es	nāþis, -es
þū	nās	nā -is, -es	—	nāþis, -es	nāþis, -es
han	nās	nā -is, -es	—	nāþis, -es	nāþis, -es
vīr	nāms, -ums, -oms	nāms, -ums, -oms	—	nāþums, -oms	nāþums, -omss
īr	nāns, -ins	nāns, -ins	—	nāþins	nāþins
þēr	nās	nāns, -ins	—	nāþus, -os	nāþins

Conjugation of spā (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	spā			—
participle	spāndi, -e			spāþer
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	spār	spā -i, -e	—	spāþi, -e	spāþi, -e
þū	spār	spā -i, -e	spā	spāþi, -e	spāþi, -e
han	spār	spā -i, -e	—	spāþi, -e	spāþi, -e
vīr	spām, -um, -om	spām -um, -om	spām -um, -om	spāþum, -om	spāþum, -om
īr	spān, -in	spān -in	spān -in	spāþin	spāþin
þēr	spā	spā	—	spāþu, -o	spāþin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	spās	spā -is, -es	—	spāþis, -es	spāþis, -es
þū	spās	spā -is, -es	—	spāþis, -es	spāþis, -es
han	spās	spā -is, -es	—	spāþis, -es	spāþis, -es
vīr	spāms, -ums, -oms	spāms, -ums, -oms	—	spāþums, -oms	spāþums, -omss
īr	spāns, -ins	spāns, -ins	—	spāþins	spāþins
þēr	spās	spāns, -ins	—	spāþus, -os	spāþins

Third class

• fylghia ("to follow"), sæghia ("to say"). Weak verbs, proto-germanic third class. Umlaut in present forms. Velar consonant: preserved -i- (= /j/) before -o-/-u- or -a- in ending.

Conjugation of fylghia (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	fylghia			—
participle	fylghiandi, -e			folghþer
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	fylghir	fylghi, -e	—	folghþi, -e	folghþi, -e
þū	fylghir	fylghi, -e	fylgh	folghþi, -e	folghþi, -e
han	fylghir	fylghi, -e	—	folghþi, -e	folghþi, -e
vīr	fylghium, -om	fylghium, -om	fylghum, -om	folghþum, -om	folghþum, -om
īr	fylghin	fylghin	fylghin	folghþin	folghþin
þēr	fylghia	fylghin	—	folghþu, -om	folghþin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	fylghis	fylghis, -es	—	folghþis, -es	folghþis, -es
þū	fylghis	fylghis, -es	—	folghþis, -es	folghþis, -es
han	fylghis	fylghis, -es	—	folghþis, -es	folghþis, -es
vīr	fylghiums, -oms	fylghiums, -oms	—	folghþums, -oms	folghþums, -oms
īr	fylghins	fylghins	—	folghþins	folghþins
þēr	fylghias	fylghins	—	folghþus, -os	folghþins

Conjugation of sæghia (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	sæghia			—
participle	sæghiandi, -e			saghþer / saghaþer
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	sæghir	sæghi, -e	—	saghþi, -e	saghþi, -e
þū	sæghir	sæghi, -e	sægh	saghþi, -e	saghþi, -e
han	sæghir	sæghi, -e	—	saghþi, -e	saghþi, -e
vīr	sæghium, -om	sæghium, -om	sæghum, -om	saghþum, -om	saghþum, -om
īr	sæghin	sæghin	sæghin	saghþin	saghþin
þēr	sæghia	sæghin	—	saghþu, -om	saghþin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	sæghis	sæghis, -es	—	saghþis, -es	saghþis, -es
þū	sæghis	sæghis, -es	—	saghþis, -es	saghþis, -es
han	sæghis	sæghis, -es	—	saghþis, -es	saghþis, -es
vīr	sæghiums, -oms	sæghiums, -oms	—	saghþums, -oms	saghþums, -oms
īr	sæghins	sæghins	—	saghþins	saghþins
þēr	sæghias	sæghins	—	saghþus, -os	saghþins

• dugha ("to be strong", "to help"). Weak verb, proto-germanic third class. No umlaut.

Conjugation of dugha (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	dugha			—
participle	dughandi, -e			doghit (n)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	dughir	dughi, -e	—	dughþi, -e	dughþi, -e
þū	dughir	dughi, -e	dugh	dughþi, -e	dughþi, -e
han	dughir	dughi, -e	—	dughþi, -e	dughþi, -e
vīr	dughum, -om	dughum, -om	dughum, -om	dughþum, -om	dughþum, -om
īr	dughin	dughin	dughin	dughþin	dughþin
þēr	dugha	dughin	—	dughþu, -om	dughþin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	dughis	dughis, -es	—	dughþis, -es	dughþis, -es
þū	dughis	dughis, -es	—	dughþis, -es	dughþis, -es
han	dughis	dughis, -es	—	dughþis, -es	dughþis, -es
vīr	dughums, -oms	dughums, -oms	—	dughþums, -oms	dughþums, -oms
īr	dughins	dughins	—	dughþins	dughþins
þēr	dughas	dughins	—	dughþus, -os	dughþins

Preterite-present verbs

I. vita ("to know"), ǣgha ("to own").

Conjugation of vita (preterite-present)

	present			past
infinitive	vita			—
participle	vitandi, -e			vist, vitit, vitat (n)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	vēt	viti, -e	—	vissi, -e	vissi, -e
þū	vētt	viti, -e	vit	vissi, -e	vissi, -e
han	vēt	viti, -e	—	vissi, -e	vissi, -e
vīr	vitum, -om	vitum, -om	vitum, -om	vissum, -om	vissum, -om
īr	vitin	vitin	vitin	vissin	vissin
þēr	vitu, -o	vitin	—	vissu, -o	vissin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

Conjugation of ǣgha (preterite-present)

	present			past
infinitive	ǣgha			—
participle	ǣghandi, -e			āt (n)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	ā	ǣghi, -e	—	ātti, -e	ātti, -e
þū	āt	ǣghi, -e	ǣgh	ātti, -e	ātti, -e
han	ā	ǣghi, -e	—	ātti, -e	ātti, -e
vīr	ǣghum, -om	ǣghum, -om	ǣghum, -om	āttum, -om	āttum, -om
īr	ǣghin	ǣghin	ǣghin	āttin	āttin
þēr	ǣghu, -o	ǣghin	—	āttu, -o	āttin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	ǣghs	ǣghis, -es	—	āttis, -es	āttis, -es
þū	ǣghs	ǣghis, -es	—	āttis, -es	āttis, -es
han	ǣghs	ǣghis, -es	—	āttis, -es	āttis, -es
vīr	ǣghoms, -oms	ǣghums, -oms	—	āttums, -oms	āttums, -oms
īr	ǣghins	ǣghins	—	āttins	āttins
þēr	ǣghas	ǣghins	—	āttus, -os	āttins

III. kunna ("can", "to be able"), þorva ("to need"), unna ("to bestow", "to wish", "to like")

Conjugation of kunna (preterite-present)

	present			past
infinitive	kunna			—
participle	kunnandi, -e			kunnit (n)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	kan	kunni, -e	—	kunni, -e	kunni, -e
þū	kant	kunni, -e	kunn	kunni, -e	kunni, -e
han	kan	kunni, -e	—	kunni, -e	kunni, -e
vīr	kunnum, -om	kunnum, -om	kunnum, -om	kunnum, -om	kunnum, -om
īr	kunnin	kunnin	kunnin	kunnin	kunnin
þēr	kunnu, -o	kunnin	—	kunnu, -o	kunnin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

Conjugation of þorva (preterite-present)

	present			past
infinitive	þorva			—
participle	þorvandi, -e			þorft (n)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	þarf	þorvi, -e	—	þorfti, -e	þorfti, -e
þū	þarft	þorvi, -e	þorv	þorfti, -e	þorfti, -e
han	þarf	þorvi, -e	—	þorfti, -e	þorfti, -e
vīr	þorvum, -om	þorvum, -om	þorvum, -om	þorftum, -om	þorftum, -om
īr	þorvin	þorvin	þorvin	þorftin	þorftin
þēr	þorvu, -o	þorvin	—	þorftu, -o	þorftin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

Conjugation of unna (preterite-present)

	present			past
infinitive	unna			—
participle	unnandi, -e			unt (n)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	an	unni, -e	—	unti, -e	unti, -e
þū	ant	unni, -e	unn	unti, -e	unti, -e
han	an	unni, -e	—	unti, -e	unti, -e
vīr	unnum, -om	unnum, -om	unnum, -om	untum, -om	untum, -om
īr	unnin	unnin	unnin	untin	untin
þēr	unnu, -o	unnin	—	untu, -o	untin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

IV. skula ("shall", "to be obliged")

Conjugation of skula (preterite-present)

	present			past
infinitive	skula			—
participle	skulandi, -e			skulit, skulat (n)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	skal	skuli, -e	—	skuldi, -e	skuldi, -e
þū	skalt	skuli, -e	skul	skuldi, -e	skuldi, -e
han	skal	skuli, -e	—	skuldi, -e	skuldi, -e
vīr	skulum, -om	skulum, -om	skulum, -om	skuldum, -om	skuldum, -om
īr	skulin	skulin	skulin	skuldin	skuldin
þēr	skulu, -o	skulin	—	skuldu, -o	skuldin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

V. magha ("may", "to be allowed")

Conjugation of magha (preterite-present)

	present			past
infinitive	magha			—
participle	maghandi, -e			māt (n)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	mā	maghi, -e	—	mātti, -e	mātti, -e
þū	māt	maghi, -e	magh	mātti, -e	mātti, -e
han	mā	maghi, -e	—	mātti, -e	mātti, -e
vīr	maghum, -om	maghum, -om	maghum, -om	māttum, -om	māttum, -om
īr	maghin	maghin	maghin	māttin	māttin
þēr	maghu, -o	maghin	—	māttu, -o	māttin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

Irregular and suppletive verbs

• ganga/gā ("to walk", "to go"). Partly proto-germanic seventh class (ganga), partly suppletive (gā).

Conjugation of ganga (irregular)

	present			past
infinitive	ganga; gā			—
participle	gangandi, -e; gāndi, -e			gangin (sup. gāt)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	ganger, gænger; gār, gǣr	gangi, -e; gā-, -i, -e	—	gæk, gik	gingi, -e
þū	ganger, gænger; gār, gǣr	gangi, -e; gā-, -i, -e	gak	*gækt	gingi, -e
han	ganger, gænger; gār, gǣr	gangi, -e; gā-, -i, -e	—	gæk, gik	gingi, -e
vīr	gangum, -om; gām, -um, -om	gangum, -om; gām, -um, -om	gangum, -om; gām, -um, -om	gingum, -om	gingum, -om
īr	gangin; gān, -in	gangin; gān, -in	gangin; gān, -in	gingin	gingin
þēr	ganga; gā	gangin; gān, -in	—	gingu, -o	gingin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

• standa/stā ("to stand"). Partly irregular (standa), partly suppletive (stā).

Conjugation of standa, stā (irregular)

	present			past
infinitive	standa; stā			—
participle	standandi, -e; stāndi, -e			staþin, standin; stān
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	stander, stænder; stār, stǣr	standi, -e; stā, -i, -e	—	stōþ	stōþi, -e
þū	stander, stænder; stār, stǣr	standi, -e; stā, -i, -e	stat	*stōst	stōþi, -e
han	stander, stænder; stār, stǣr	standi, -e; stā, -i, -e	—	stōþ	stōþi, -e
vīr	standum, -om; stām, -um, -om	standum, -om; stām, -um, -om	standum, -om; stām, -um, -om	stōþum, -om	stōþum, -om
īr	standin; stān, -in	standin; stān, -in	standin; stān, -in	stōþin	stōþin
þēr	standa; stā	standin; stān, -in	—	stōþu, -o	stōþin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

• vara ("to be"). Copulative verb, suppletive

Conjugation of vara (suppletive)

	present			past
infinitive	vara			—
participle	varandi			varit (ntr.)
active voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	æm, ær	sē, vari	—	var	vāri, -e
þū	æst	sē, vari	var	vast	vāri, -e
han	ær	sē, vari	—	var	vāri, -e
vīr	ærum	sēum, varum	varum	vārum, -om	vārum, -om
īr	ærin	sēin, varin	varin	vārin	vārin
þēr	æru	sēin, varin	—	vāru, -o	vārin
mediopassive voice	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
iæk	—	—	—	—	—
þū	—	—	—	—	—
han	—	—	—	—	—
vīr	—	—	—	—	—
īr	—	—	—	—	—
þēr	—	—	—	—	—

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