Wiktionary

ir

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ir"

Alemannic German

edit

Etymology

edit

From Old High German ir, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, a variant of *jūz.

Pronunciation

edit

Pronoun

edit

ir

  1. you (plural)

Declension

edit
Alemannic German personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative possessive m
singular 1st person ich, i mich, mi mir, mier, mer min, miin
2nd
person 		familiar du dich, di dir, dier, der din, diin
polite Si Ine, Ene, -ne Ire
3rd
person 		m er in, en im sin, siin
f si ire
n es, 's, -s im sin, siin
plural 1st person mir, mer üs, öis, ois, eus üse, öise, oise, euse
2nd person ir, ier öi, eu öie, eure
3rd person si ine, ene, -ne ire

Aragonese

edit

Etymology

edit

Inherited from Latin īre.

Verb

edit

ir

  1. go

Chuukese

edit

Pronoun

edit

ir

  1. them
edit
Chuukese personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person ngaang, nganga, ngang áám, am (exclusive)
kiich, kich (inclusive)
2nd person een, en áámi, ami
3rd person iiy, i iir, ir

Danish

edit
 
Danish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia da

Etymology

edit

Either the old word for "copper" or some derivation from it: Old Danish eer (“copper”), Old Norse eir, from Proto-Germanic *aiz.

Pronunciation

edit
  • IPA(key): [ˈiɐ̯], [ˈiɐ̯ˀ]

Noun

edit

ir c (singular definite irren, not used in plural form)

  1. verdigris

Elfdalian

edit

Verb

edit

ir

  1. singular present of wårå

Galician

edit

Etymology

edit

From Old Galician-Portuguese ir, from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Verb

edit

ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fun, past participle ido)
ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fum or fui, past participle ido, reintegrationist norm)

  1. to go (to move to a destination) [with para or a or en ‘to somewhere’; or with ata ‘as far as somewhere’]
    A Maruxa vai na casa ― Maruxa went home.
  2. (auxiliary) will; to be going to; forms the future tense [with infinitive]
    A Maruxa vai marchar ― Maruxa is going to depart.
  3. (pronominal) to go; to leave; to depart
    A Maruxa foise. ― Maruxa went away.
  4. to work, function, run
    —Vai ou non vai? —Non vai.
    Does that work or does it not work? No, it doesn't work.

Conjugation

edit
    Conjugation of ir (irregular)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(ti) 		Third-person
(el / ela / Vde.) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal ir
Personal ir ires ir irmos irdes iren
Gerund
indo
Past participle
Masculine ido idos
Feminine ida idas
Indicative
Present vou vas vai imos ides van
Imperfect ía ías ía iamos iades ían
Preterite fun fuches foi fomos fostes foron
Pluperfect fora foras fora foramos forades foran
Future irei irás irá iremos iredes irán
Conditional iría irías iría iriamos iriades irían
Subjunctive
Present vaia vaias vaia vaiamos vaiades vaian
Imperfect fose foses fose fósemos fósedes fosen
Future for fores for formos fordes foren
Imperative
Affirmative vai vaia vamos ide vaian
Negative (non) non vaias non vaia non vaiamos non vaiades non vaian
    Reintegrated conjugation of ir (irregular) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(ti / tu) 		Third-person
(ele / ela / você) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal ir
Personal ir ires ir irmos irdes irem
Gerund
indo
Past participle
Masculine ido idos
Feminine ida idas
Indicative
Present vou vás, vais vai imos, vamos ides vam, vão
Imperfect ia ias ia íamos íades, íeis, íais1 iam
Preterite fum, fui foste, foche1 foi fomos fostes fôrom, foram
Pluperfect fora foras fora fôramos fôrades, fôreis, fôrais1 foram
Future irei irás irá iremos iredes, ireis irám, irão
Conditional iria irias iria iríamos iríades, iríeis, iríais1 iriam
Subjunctive
Present vaia, vá vaias, vás vaia, vá vaiamos, vamos vaiades, vades vaiam, vão
Imperfect fosse fosses fosse fôssemos fôssedes, fôsseis fossem
Future for fores for formos fordes forem
Imperative
Affirmative vai vaia, vá vaiamos, vamos ide vaiam, vão
Negative (nom) nom vaias, nom vás nom vaia, nom vá nom vaiamos, nom vamos nom vaiades, nom vades nom vaiam, nom vão

1Less recommended.

Derived terms

edit

See also

edit

References

edit

Interlingua

edit

Etymology

edit

From Latin īre, active present infinitive of eō; which its conjugation also influenced by French aller (present indicatives vais, vas, va, and vont all from Latin vadō).

Verb

edit

ir

  1. to go

Conjugation

edit
    Conjugation of ir
infinitive ir
participle present perfect
iente ite
active simple perfect
present i, va ha ite
past iva habeva ite
future ira habera ite
conditional irea haberea ite
imperative i —

Antonyms

edit

Kaera

edit

Etymology

edit

From Proto-Alor–Pantar *jira.

Noun

edit

ir

  1. water

References

edit
  • Gary Holton and Laura Robinson, The Internal History of the Alor-Pantar language family, in The Alor-Pantar languages: History and Typology, edited by Marian Klamer
  • Marian Klamer, One item, many faces: ‘come’ in Teiwa (2010, in wing & Klamer) and Kaera (2014, in Schapper)
  • Gary Holton, Marian Klamer, František Kratochvíl, Laura C. Robinson, Antoinette Schapper, The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar, Oceanic Linguistics 2012:1

Ladino

edit

Alternative forms

edit

Etymology

edit

Inherited from Old Spanish ir (“to go”), from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.[1]

Verb

edit

ir (Hebrew spelling איר)[2]

  1. (intransitive) to go (away from speaker and listener)
    Ey senyor, voy a esnoga.
    Hi mister, I’m going to the synagogue.
  2. (said of things or people, intransitive) to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well (of clothing)
    • (Can we date this quote?), Folkmasa‎[3]:
      este vestido no te va
      This outfit doesn’t suit you.
  4. (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive) denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; to go on; carry on; continue
    • (Can we date this quote?), Folkmasa‎[4]:
      va kaminando
      it continues
  5. (auxiliary) to be going to; used to convey the near future tense [with a (+ infinitive) ‘do something’]
    • (Can we date this quote?), Folkmasa‎[5]:
      le vo dizir
      I am going to tell him.
  6. (intransitive) used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action; let's
    • (Can we date this quote?), Folkmasa‎[6]:
      No vayamos mas leshos
      Let’s go no further.

Conjugation

edit
conjugation of ir
infinitive ir
gerund indo
participle ido
number singular plural
person first person second person third person first person second person third person
indicative yo tu el
eya 		mozotros
mozotras 		vozotros
vozotras 		eyos
eyas
simple present vo,
voy 		vas va vamos vash van
imperfect iva ivas iva ivamos ivash ivan
preterite fui fuites fue fuimos fuitesh fueron
future iré irás irá iremos irásh irán
conditional iriya iriyas iriya iriyamos iriyash iriyan
subjunctive yo tu el
eya 		mozotros
mozotras 		vozotros
vozotras 		eyos
eyas
present vaya vayas vaya vayamos vayásh vayan
past fuera fueras fuera fuéramos fuerash fueran
imperative — — — —
affirmative (vaya) va (vaya) (vayamos) vayash (vayan)
negativo (no vaya) no vayas (no vaya) (no vayamos) no vayásh (no vayan)

References

edit
  1. ^ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “ir”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
  2. ^ “ir”, in Trezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola.

Latgalian

edit

Etymology

edit

Shortened form of irā, from Proto-Baltic *irā. Akin to Latvian ir.

Pronunciation

edit
  • IPA(key): /ir/
  • Hyphenation: ir

Verb

edit

ir

  1. third-person indicative present of byut

Usage notes

edit
  • ir is mostly used in unstressed positions, while irā is mostly common for stressed positions in the sentence.

References

edit
  • Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 48

Latin

edit

Alternative forms

edit

Etymology

edit

Cognate with Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír).

Pronunciation

edit

Noun

edit

ir n sg (indeclinable, no genitive)

  1. (rare, anatomy) hand

Declension

edit

Indeclinable noun (used only in the nominative and accusative), singular only.

singular
nominative ir
genitive —
dative —
accusative ir
ablative —
vocative —

Synonyms

edit

References

edit
  • “ir”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • ir in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Latvian

edit

Etymology 1

edit

From Proto-Baltic *irā (cf. dialectal, archaic forms irād, iraid, irāg, and also Lithuanian yrà, which existed alongside *esti (cf. Old Church Slavonic єстъ (estŭ), Russian есть (jestʹ), Lithuanian dialectal ẽsti, Old Prussian ast), initially with basically existential (“there is”) meaning, but later on extending to all copular meanings, thus replacing *esti. In Sudovian, also the first person form irm (“I am”) is derived from this stem. The origin of Proto-Baltic *irā is, however, unclear. Various sources have been proposed: an older interjection (cf. Lithuanian aurè (“look!”)), the particle and conjunction ir (“both... and...”), a noun with the meaning “existence,” “reality,” “thing,” or even (more recently) the Proto-Indo-European secondary third-person verbal ending *-r with a later -ā-extension.[1]

Pronunciation

edit

Verb

edit

ir

  1. (he, she, it) is; third-person singular present indicative of būt
  2. (they) are; third-person plural present indicative of būt
  3. (with the particle lai) let (him, her, it) be; third-person singular imperative of būt
  4. (with the particle lai) let them be; third-person plural imperative of būt

Etymology 2

edit

From Proto-Baltic *ir, from the reduced grade *h₂r̥ of Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“so, then; question particle”) (whence also Latvian ar (“with”); see there for more). The original meaning “and” (compare Lithuanian cognate) is found in 16th- and 17th-century texts, but from the 18th century on ir was no longer used in this sense. Cognates include Lithuanian ir̃ (“and”), Old Prussian ir (“also”), er (“(along) with”), Ancient Greek ἄρα, ἄρ’, ῥά (ára, ár’, rhá, “so, then, therefore”).[1]

Conjunction

edit

ir

  2. additive conjunction used to join several similar sentence elements, indicating their similar nature: both ... and ..., ... and also ..., ... as well as ...
    gribējas ir smieties, ir raudāt ― one wanted both to laugh and to cry
    nāca ir jaunie, ir vecie ― both the young and the old came
    tolaik ir tēvs, ir māte bija miruši ― at that time, both the father and the mother had died
    tā bija droša, interesanta un glīta meitene, kas prata būt ir jautra, ir nopietna ― that was a brave, fun (lit. interesting) and pretty girl, who knew how to be both cheerful and serious
    nakts kā jau nakts: ir mēness spīd, ir tālē rūsa plaiksnī ― the night is like the night (= as usual): the moon shines and also in the distance silent lightning flashes
Synonyms
edit

Particle

edit

ir

  1. used to mark connection and emphasis, reinforcement; syn. arī
    Ludis nolēca lielā dubļu pančkā un tur ir palika, ratiem pakaļ skatīdamies ― Ludis jumped into a big mud puddle and there also he stayed, looking ahead at the cart
    Dūdums pateica: “man vēl laika diezgan”, un pārliecināt viņu par piegādes normu nodošanu pirms termiņa tā ir neizdevās — Dūdums said: “I still have enough time,” and also, so it was impossible to convince him about the rules for delivery before the deadline
  2. used to mark emphasis, to reinforce; syn. pat: really, even
    tas viņam ir prātā nenāk ― that doesn't even come to his mind
    krūmos ir pa naktīm guļot, pilsētā viņš parādoties reti ― really sleeping at night in the bushes, he appeared rarely in the city
Synonyms
edit

References

edit
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “ir”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

Lithuanian

edit

Etymology

edit

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ir (“and, also”), compare Latvian ir, Old Prussian ir (“and, even”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥- (“thus, so”); compare Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “so, then, consequently”). If the original meaning was "fittingly, accordingly", the root may be identical to *h₂er- (“fit together”), see arti̇̀ (“near”) for more.

Proto-Slavic *i (“and, even”) is probably not related.

Conjunction

edit

ir̃

  1. (coordinating, cumulative) and, too
  2. (coordinating, illative) and, so
    Bùvo gražùs óras, ir̃ mẽs nùtarėme keliáuti. - the weather was nice, and (=so) we decided to travel.
  3. (coordinating, correlative) both … and …

Particle

edit

ir̃

  1. (emphatic) even, and
    Mán ir̃ tõ nepavỹko padarýt! - I didn't even manage that!
  2. (emphatic) exactly, just, precisely
    Ji̇̀s ir̃ yrà tàs žmogùs, apiẽ kùrį kal̃bame. - It's him that we're talking about
  3. (interrogative) and, so
    Nà, ir̃ kàs! - So what!
edit

Middle Dutch

edit

Etymology

edit

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jūz. Compare German ihr.

Pronoun

edit

ir

  1. ye, you (plural) (only in Southeastern texts)

Further reading

edit

ir - instituut voor de Nederlandse taal

Middle English

edit

Etymology 1

edit

Determiner

edit

ir

  1. Alternative form of hire (“her”)

Pronoun

edit

ir

  1. Alternative form of hire (“hers”)

Etymology 2

edit

Pronoun

edit

ir

  1. Alternative form of hire (“her”)

Middle High German

edit

Etymology

edit

From Old High German ir, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.

Pronunciation

edit

Pronoun

edit

ir

  1. you: nominative plural of du

Descendants

edit
  • Alemannic German: ir
  • Bavarian:
  • Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
  • German: ihr
  • Rhine Franconian:
    • Pennsylvania German: dihr
  • Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr) — Daytshmerish

Mòcheno

edit

Etymology

edit

From Middle High German ir, from Old High German ir, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jīz. Cognate with German ihr, English ye.

Pronoun

edit

ir

  1. you (plural)

Inflection

edit
Personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person i biar
2nd person du ir
3rd person er, si, s sei

References

edit

Old High German

edit

Alternative forms

edit

Etymology

edit

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.

Pronoun

edit

ir

  1. you (second-person plural pronoun)
  2. (polite) you (second-person singular pronoun)
    • late 9th century, Otfrid of Weissenburg, Letter to Bishop Salomo of Constance v. 5-7:
      Lékza ih therara búachi / iu sentu in suábo richi,
      thaz ir irkíaset ubar ál, / oba siu frúma wesan scal;
      Oba ir hiar fíndet iawiht thés / thaz wírdig ist thes lésannes:
      I send to you in Swabia the selection of books,
      so that you can decide above all if it will be useful;
      [and] if you find here something that is worthy of being read.
      (quoted in and tr. by Horst J. Simon in Taavitsainen & Jucker 2003:88)

Usage notes

edit

Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite" singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms), as in Modern German Sie versus du. This distinction is however not well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in late Old High German.

Inflection

edit
Old High German personal pronouns
nominative genitive dative accusative
singular first person ih
(ihha, ihcha)		 mīn mir mih
second person dū dīn dir dih
third
person 		m er (her) (sīn) imu, imo inan, in
f siu; sī, si ira (iru, iro) iru, iro sia
n iz es, is imu, imo iz
plural first person wir unsēr uns unsih
second person1 ir iuwēr iu iuwih
third
person 		n sie iro im, in sie
f sio iro im, in sio
n siu iro im, in siu

1 Also polite singular form

Descendants

edit

References

edit
  • Armitage, Lionel. (1911) An Introduction to the study of Old High German, p 200.

Old Swedish

edit

Alternative forms

edit

Etymology

edit

From Old East Norse *īʀ (compare West Norse ér), from Proto-Germanic *jīz, variant of *jūz.

Pronoun

edit

īr

  1. you (plural)

Declension

edit
Old Swedish personal pronouns
first person second person reflexive third person
masculine feminine neuter
singular
nominative iak, iæk þū — han hōn þæt
accusative mik, mek þik sik han hana, hōna þæt
dative mǣ(r), mik þǣ(r), þik sǣ(r), sik hōnum, hānum hænni þȳ, þī
genitive mīn þīn sīn hans hænna(r) þæs
dual
nominative vit it — — — —
accusative oker *iker sik — — —
dative oker *iker sǣr, sik — — —
genitive okar *ikar sīn — — —
plural
nominative vī(r) ī(r) — þē(r) þā(r) þø̄n, þē(n)
accusative os, ōs iþer sik þā þā(r) þø̄n, þē(n)
dative os, ōs iþer sǣr, sik þēm, þø̄m, þom þēm, þø̄m, þom þēm, þø̄m, þom
genitive vār iþar sīn þēra þēra þēra

Descendants

edit
  • Swedish: I, ni (← hafven I)

Old Welsh

edit

Etymology

edit

Ultimately from Proto-Celtic *sindos.

Pronunciation

edit

Article

edit

ir

  1. (definite article) the
    • 9th c., Oxoniensis Prior (Bodleian Library, Oxford), v. 234:
      ir pimphet eterin
      the fifth bird

Descendants

edit

Portuguese

edit

Alternative forms

edit

Etymology

edit

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Pronunciation

edit
 
 

Verb

edit

ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)

  2. to go (to move to a destination) [with para or a or em ‘to somewhere’; or with até ‘as far as somewhere’]
    Vamos a pé?
    Do we go on foot?
    Eles foram ao centro comercial/shopping.
    They went to the shopping centre.
    Queríamos ir para casa.
    We wanted to go home.
  4. (auxiliary) will; to be going to; forms the future tense [with infinitive]
    Vou comprar um sapato.
    I will buy a shoe.
    Nós não íamos fazer nada.
    We weren’t going to do anything.
  6. (auxiliary) to keep on; to go on; ~ on; forms the continuative aspect [with gerund]
    A água vai escorrendo até acabar.
    The water keeps on leaking until it is all gone.
  8. (pronominal) to go; to leave; to depart
    Os homens já se foram todos.
    All the men have left already.
  10. to attend; to go to (to be present in an event) [with para or em or a ‘an event’]
    Sinto muito, não poderei ir à sua festa.
    I’m sorry, I won’t be able to go to your party.
  12. (intransitive) to go on until; to last to [with até ‘a specified time’]
    A batalha foi até as duas da manhã.
    The battle went on until two AM.
  14. to do; to fare (to have a good or bad result) [with em ‘a result’]
    Fui muito mal em quase todas as provas.
    I did very bad in nearly all the tests.
  16. (intransitive) to be doing; formula used in greetings [with adverb]
    “Como vai?” “Vou bem, obrigado.”
    “How are you doing?” “I am doing fine, thanks.”
  18. (pronominal) to be gone, be on the blink, on the fritz (depleted, destroyed; no longer usable)
    Porcaria! Minha TV se foi.
    Damn it! My TV is gone.
  20. (euphemistic, pronominal) to leave (to die); to depart (to die)
    Uma oração para os que já se foram.
    A prayer for those who have already left us.
  22. (intransitive) to go (to begin an action or process)
    Um, dois, três, vai!
    One, two, three, go!
    O sinal verde ainda não foi!
    The green light still didn’t light up.
    Vamos!
    Get on with it!
  24. (intransitive) to match; to go with (to form a good combination with) [with com ‘someone/something’]
    Este casaco não vai bem com os sapatos.
    This jacket doesn't go well with the shoes.
  26. (intransitive) to like or tolerate [with com ‘someone/something’]
    Parece que ninguém vai comigo.
    It seems nobody likes me.
  28. (intransitive) to follow (to take into account when making choices) [with por]
    Vai pela razão, não pelos sentimentos.
    Follow reason, not feelings.
    Se a luz não acender, pode encontrar o livro indo pelo tato.
    If the light doesn’t turn on, you can find the book by following your sense of touch.
    Vai por mim.
    Trust me.
  29. (intransitive) to range (to encompass values between two given extremes) [with de ‘from’ and a ‘to’]
    As perguntas iam do fácil ao difícil.
    The questions ranged from easy to difficult.
  31. (poker, intransitive) to call (to match the amount of chips in the pot)
    • 2012, Luís Fernando Veríssimo, “Os pêssegos”, in Diálogos Impossíveis, Rio de Janeiro: Editora Objetiva, →ISBN, page 29:
      Não se ouvia mais nada, além dos ruídos naturais do pôquer. O clicar das fichas. Frases curtas: "Dou cartas." "Vou." "Não vou." "Pago pra ver." "Não é possível!"
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  32. (reflexive) to depart; to leave
    Synonyms: ir embora, sair
  33. (reflexive, euphemistic) to pass away; to depart; to die
    Synonyms: falecer, morrer

Usage notes

edit

The use of auxiliary ir with lexical ir (e.g. Eu vou ir para casa “I'm going to go home”) is sometimes proscribed. A single ir (Eu vou para casa, even though this also means the present “I'm going home”) or the future tense form (Eu irei para casa, which is rather formal) can be used instead.

Usually used in the preterite and with the pronoun preceding the verb:

Ele se foi.
He departed.
Elas se foram.
They departed.

Conjugation

edit
    Conjugation of ir (irregular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(tu) 		Third-person
(ele / ela / você) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal ir
Personal ir ires ir irmos irdes irem
Gerund
indo
Past participle
Masculine ido idos
Feminine ida idas
Indicative
Present vou vais vai vamos ides vão
Imperfect ia ias ia íamos íeis iam
Preterite fui foste foi fomos fostes foram
Pluperfect fora foras fora fôramos fôreis foram
Future irei irás irá iremos ireis irão
Conditional iria irias iria iríamos iríeis iriam
Subjunctive
Present vá vás vá vamos vades vão
Imperfect fosse fosses fosse fôssemos fôsseis fossem
Future for fores for formos fordes forem
Imperative
Affirmative vai vá vamos ide vão
Negative (não) não vás não vá não vamos não vades não vão

Quotations

edit

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ir.

Synonyms

edit

Derived terms

edit

Romansch

edit

Alternative forms

edit

Etymology

edit

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding conjugations of vādere, and those beginning with /m/ presumably from meāre.

Verb

edit

ir

  1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Puter, Vallader) go

Conjugation

edit
    Conjugation of ir (Sursilvan)
infinitive ir
gerund mond
past participle iu
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative jeu ti el/ella nus vus els/ellas
present mon vas va mein meis van
imperfect evel evas eva evan evas evan
future vegnel a ir vegns a ir vegn a ir vegnin a ir vegnis a ir vegnan a ir
conditional jeu ti el/ella nus vus els/ellas
direct present mass masses mass massen masses massen
indirect present massi massies massi massien massies massien
direct future vegness a ir vegnesses a ir vegness a ir vegnessen a ir vegnesses a ir vegnessen a ir
indirect future vegnessi a ir vegnessies a ir vegnessi a ir vegnessien a ir vegnessies a ir vegnessien a ir
subjunctive che jeu che ti ch'el/ch'ella che nus che vus ch'els/ch'ellas
present mondi mondies mondi meien meies mondien
past evi evies evi evien evies evien
future vegni a ir vegnies a ir vegni a ir vegnîen a ir vegnîes a ir vegnien a ir
imperative — ti — — vus —
va mei
    Conjugation of ir (Grischun)
infinitive ir
gerund giond
past participle ì
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative jeu ti el/ella nus vus els/ellas
present vom vas va giain giais van
imperfect gieva gievas gieva gievan gievas gievan
future vegnel a ir vegns a ir vegn a ir vegnin a ir vegnis a ir vegnan a ir
conditional jeu ti el/ella nus vus els/ellas
present giess giesses giess giessen giesses giessen
future vegness a ir vegnesses a ir vegness a ir vegnessen a ir vegnesses a ir vegnessen a ir
subjunctive che jeu che ti ch'el/ch'ella che nus che vus ch'els/ch'ellas
present giaja giajas giaja giajan giajas giajan
future vegni a ir vegnies a ir vegni a ir vegnîen a ir vegnîes a ir vegnien a ir
imperative — ti — — vus —
va giai

Scots

edit

Verb

edit

ir

  1. (Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of to be
  2. (Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of to be

See also

edit

Spanish

edit

Etymology

edit

Pronunciation

edit
  • IPA(key): /ˈiɾ/ [ˈiɾ]
  • Rhymes: -iɾ
  • Syllabification: ir

Verb

edit

ir (first-person singular present voy, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)

  1. (intransitive) to go (away from speaker and listener)
    Nos gusta ir al cine. ― We like to go to the movies.
  2. (said of things or people, intransitive) to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well (of clothing)
    Una blusa negra no le va a esa falda. ― A black blouse doesn't suit that skirt.
  3. (intransitive) to head towards or lead to a place away from the speaker
    Este camino va a la aldea. ― This road leads to the village
  4. (said of a thing, intransitive) to extend in time or space, from one point to another
    Esta red va de un lado del campo al otro.
    this net extends from one side of the field to the other
    El evento va de las 9 de la mañana hasta las 5 de la tarde.
    The event extends from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
  5. (intransitive, card games) to play
    Juan estaba seguro de su mano, así que decidió ir con todo.
    Juan was confident in his hand, so he decided to go all in.
    Si no estás seguro de tu baraja, es mejor no ir en esta ronda.
    If you're not confident about your deck, it's better not to play this round
  6. (intransitive) to approach or consider (something) from a specific angle, or to direct attention towards a particular goal
    ir en serio — ir de veras — ir de verdad
    be serious about something, make a real attempt at something
    Si por honestidad va, ¿qué cosa más honesta que la virtud? Ahora va de veras.
    If it's about honesty, what could be more honest than virtue? Now I am serious.
  8. (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive) denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; to go on, to carry on
    Voy caminando.
    I go on walking
  9. (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive) an action or process is beginning to occur or unfold; to grow (dark), get (cloudy)
    Va anocheciendo. ― It starts to get dark
  10. (colloquial, commonly paired with pues, intransitive) used ironically with certain adjectives or passive participles
    ¡Pues ya vas tu preparado para el examen!
    Well, you're ready for the exam! (implying that you are not prepared at all for the exam)
  12. (auxiliary) used with the past participle of transitive verbs to indicate undergoing the action of the verb
    Ella va atormentada.
    She goes tormented (the fact of her being in a state of torment which isn't self imposed, she undergoes externally imposed torment)
  14. (auxiliary) used with the past participle of reflexive verbs to indicate being in a state caused by the verb
    Ir arrepentido. ― Being remorseful
    Ir apresurado. ― Being in a hurry
    Él va enojado. ― He is angry
  15. (auxiliary) to be going to; used to convey the near future tense [with a (+ infinitive) ‘do something’]
    Voy a decirle la verdad. ― I am going to tell her the truth.
  16. (intransitive, said of a thing, especially a sum of money) to be staked or bet in a dispute or competition (only used in the third-person plural present indicative form van to entice someone to engage in a bet)
    Van cinco euros a que gana el Madrid ― I bet five euros that Madrid will win the match
  17. (intransitive) used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action; let's
    Vamos a trabajar ― . Let's get working
  18. (intransitive, imperfective only) to habitually happen on a specific day or occasion; to habitually go
    En verano, vamos a la playa. ― In summer, we go to the beach.
  19. (intransitive) used to describe the manner in which someone behaves or acts under specific conditions [with con (+ abstract noun)]
    ir con cuidado ― to be careful (literally, “to go with carefulness”)
  20. (intransitive) indicates an inclination towards a particular profession or career path, especially one that is perceived in other people based on their current skills or personality
    Este niño va para médico. ― This child will become a doctor (perceived by the speaker).
  21. (intransitive) indicates the pursuit of a particular career or vocation [with por ‘career or vocation’]
    Ella va por la música. ― She is pursuing a career in music
  22. (intransitive) to go fetch [with por ‘something’ and a ‘somewhere’]
    Voy por leche al supermercado. ― I'm going to the supermarket to get milk.
  23. (intransitive, of an element of a language) indicates adherence to a specific linguistic pattern or rules, like conjugation
    Esa palabra solo va en plural. ― That word is only used in the plural.
  24. (intransitive) to come (towards or with the listener)
    Quiero ir contigo.
    I want to come with you.
    Iré a tu casa.
    I'll come to your house.
  25. (reflexive) to go away, to leave, to depart, to go (when the destination is not essential; when something or someone is going somewhere else)
    Synonyms: andarse, marcharse
    Lo siento. Tengo que irme.
    I'm sorry. I have to leave.
    Él se va a salvar al mundo otra vez.
    He's off to save the world again.
  26. (reflexive) to leak out (with liquids and gasses), to boil away, to go flat (gas in drinks)
  27. (reflexive) to overflow
  28. (reflexive) to go out (lights)
  29. (reflexive) to finish, to wear out, to disappear (e.g. money, paint, pains, mechanical parts)
  30. (reflexive) to die
  31. (reflexive, informal) to break wind, to fart
  32. (reflexive, informal) to wet/soil oneself (i.e., urinate or defecate in one's pants)
  33. (reflexive, vulgar) to come, to cum, to ejaculate, to orgasm

Usage notes

edit
  • ir is similar to estar in many senses.
    • Estar + gerund expresses the fact that the action of the verb is happening on the immediate present, with no inherent sense of past or future movement through time or space. It's the standard and more common expression.
    • "Ella está cantando" (She is singing) could imply:
      • Current Action (She is singing right now)
      • Continuous State (She is currently engaged in an event where she regularly sings, but might not be doing so at the moment)
      • (now (dated) or (formal)): Habitual action "she sings in the morning every day"
    • ir + gerund expresses a kind of iterative or durative aspect. It emphasizes that the action involves movement or change over time, particularly along a longer process or journey, one that will usually be continued into the future. It is less common in casual speech and is mostly found in formal or literary works.
    • "Ella va cantando" (She goes on singing) could imply:
      • She is moving and singing, either simultaneously or independently (She could move, stop to sing, and then continue moving). Either moving and singing with no defined direction through different locations (She goes around singing wherever she is) or along a specified path.
      • The continuous and habitual nature and development of the action over the past, present and often future (She sings little by little and improves over time) Emphasizes progression and the gradual unfolding of a habitual action.
  • The basic meaning "go" applies to any kind of animate or inanimate motion: walk, ride, sail, fly, etc.

Conjugation

edit

The verb ir has one of the most irregular conjugations of all Spanish verbs, with many of its irregularities being unique, or nearly unique, to this verb. In particular:

  • It is one of only three verbs (alongside ser and ver, and their derivatives) to have irregular forms in the imperfect indicative tense.
  • In the preterite indicative and the imperfect and future subjunctive, the conjugation of ir is identical to that of ser ("to be"). Thus, for example, yo fui can mean either "I went" or "I was", depending on context.
  • In contemporary Spanish, the first-person plural affirmative imperative form of ir is usually vamos; the alternative form vayamos, while not proscribed by the Royal Spanish Academy, is used almost exclusively in literary language and otherwise considered archaic. However, vayamos remains in use for the (first-person plural) present subjunctive and negative imperative forms (the use of vamos in these cases is nonstandard). This makes ir the only Spanish verb for which the two first-person plural imperative forms (i.e., the affirmative and the negative) are not identical.
  • The verb does not have a standardised voseo form in the second-person singular imperative – instead, the imperative of andar (which has the form andá) is usually used in its place by voseo speakers.[2] The form i is sometimes used as well, though this is considered nonstandard.
  • It is also the only verb in Spanish in which the verb-final -d is not fully elided when the affirmative imperative vosotros form is combined with the pronominal suffix os. The correct form for id+os is either idos or iros; the more predictable form íos (analogous to such forms in other -ir verbs) had been in use in the past, but is viewed as nonstandard today.
    Conjugation of ir (irregular) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
infinitive ir
gerund yendo
past participle masculine feminine
singular ido ida
plural idos idas
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
present voy vas va vamos vais van
imperfect iba ibas iba íbamos ibais iban
preterite fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron
future iré irás irá iremos iréis irán
conditional iría irías iría iríamos iríais irían
subjunctive yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
present vaya vayastú
vayásvos2 		vaya vayamos vayáis vayan
imperfect
(ra) 		fuera fueras fuera fuéramos fuerais fueran
imperfect
(se) 		fuese fueses fuese fuésemos fueseis fuesen
future1 fuere fueres fuere fuéremos fuereis fueren
imperative — tú
vos 		usted nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ustedes
affirmative vetú
andávos 		vaya vamos, vayamos id vayan
negative no vayas no vaya no vayamos no vayáis no vayan

1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of ir (irregular)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
with infinitive ir dative irme irte irle, irse irnos iros irles, irse
accusative irme irte irlo, irla, irse irnos iros irlos, irlas, irse
with gerund yendo dative yéndome yéndote yéndole, yéndose yéndonos yéndoos yéndoles, yéndose
accusative yéndome yéndote yéndolo, yéndola, yéndose yéndonos yéndoos yéndolos, yéndolas, yéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative ve dative veme vete vele venos not used veles
accusative veme vete velo, vela venos not used velos, velas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative andá dative andame andate andale andanos not used andales
accusative andame andate andalo, andala andanos not used andalos, andalas
with formal second-person singular imperative vaya dative váyame not used váyale, váyase váyanos not used váyales
accusative váyame not used váyalo, váyala, váyase váyanos not used váyalos, váyalas
with first-person plural imperative vamos, vayamos dative not used vámoste, vayámoste vámosle, vayámosle vámonos, vayámonos vámoos, vayámoos vámosles, vayámosles
accusative not used vámoste, vayámoste vámoslo, vayámoslo, vámosla, vayámosla vámonos, vayámonos vámoos, vayámoos vámoslos, vayámoslos, vámoslas, vayámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative id dative idme not used idle idnos idos, iros idles
accusative idme not used idlo, idla idnos idos, iros idlos, idlas
with formal second-person plural imperative vayan dative váyanme not used váyanle váyannos not used váyanles, váyanse
accusative váyanme not used váyanlo, váyanla váyannos not used váyanlos, váyanlas, váyanse
    Conjugation of irse (irregular) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
infinitive irse
gerund yéndose
past participle masculine feminine
singular ido ida
plural idos idas
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
personal non-finite yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
infinitive irme irte irse irnos iros irse
gerund yéndome yéndote yéndose yéndonos yéndoos yéndose
indicative yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
present me voy te vas se va nos vamos os vais se van
imperfect me iba te ibas se iba nos íbamos os ibais se iban
preterite me fui te fuiste se fue nos fuimos os fuisteis se fueron
future me iré te irás se irá nos iremos os iréis se irán
conditional me iría te irías se iría nos iríamos os iríais se irían
subjunctive yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
present me vaya te vayastú
te vayásvos2 		se vaya nos vayamos os vayáis se vayan
imperfect
(ra) 		me fuera te fueras se fuera nos fuéramos os fuerais se fueran
imperfect
(se) 		me fuese te fueses se fuese nos fuésemos os fueseis se fuesen
future1 me fuere te fueres se fuere nos fuéremos os fuereis se fueren
imperative — tú
vos 		usted nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ustedes
affirmative vetetú
andatevos 		váyase vámonos, vayámonos idos, iros váyanse
negative no te vayas no se vaya no nos vayamos no os vayáis no se vayan

1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

Derived terms

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “ir”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
  2. ^ “Spanish from Argentina: That Voseo Thing”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎[2], 2015 October 9 (last accessed)

Further reading

edit

Sumerian

edit

Romanization

edit

ir

  1. Romanization of 𒅕 (ir)

Welsh

edit

Etymology

edit

From Proto-Brythonic *ir (compare Cornish yr), from Proto-Celtic *ɸūros (compare Irish úr), from Proto-Indo-European *puHrós, from Proto-Indo-European *pewH- (“to be clean, pure”). Doublet of pur.

Pronunciation

edit

Adjective

edit

ir (feminine singular ir, plural irion, equative ired, comparative irach, superlative iraf)

  1. raw, unprocessed
  2. fresh, succulent

Mutation

edit
Mutated forms of ir
radical soft nasal h-prothesis
ir unchanged unchanged hir

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

edit
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ir”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yapese

edit

Pronoun

edit

ir

  1. Third-person singular pronoun; he, she, it
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=ir&oldid=84713410"