User:Sobreira/Latin-PIE
Proto-Indo-European | Proto-Italic | Latin | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Medial | Final | ||||||||||||||||||
+r < PI *z | +w | +ɫ[1] | +ɫC[2] | +N | +other | +r | +ɫ[1] | +C | +cluster | +C | +cluster | Word final | ||||||||
ŋ[3] | other | w | other | ŋ[3] | other | s | N | other | ||||||||||||
short | *(a), *h₂e | *a | a | e | u | i | e | i | e | i | e | e | ||||||||
*e, *h₁e | *e | e | o | i | e, i | e | ||||||||||||||
*i | *i | i | i | |||||||||||||||||
*o, h₃e | *o | o | o, a | o,u | u | o | u | u | ||||||||||||
*u | *u | u | e | |||||||||||||||||
long | *(ā), *eh₂ | *ā | ā | a | a, ā | |||||||||||||||
*ē, *eh₁ | *ē | ē | e | ē? | ||||||||||||||||
*ī, *iH | *ī | ī | i | ī? | ||||||||||||||||
*ō, *eh₃, *oH | *ō | ō | o | ō | ||||||||||||||||
*ū, *uH | *ū | ū | u | ū? | ||||||||||||||||
diphthongs | *(ay), *h₂ey *(āy), *eh₂y |
*ai *āi |
ae | ī | ī | |||||||||||||||
ae | ||||||||||||||||||||
*(aw), *h₂ew *(āw), *eh₂u |
*au (*āu?) |
au | ū | |||||||||||||||||
*(h₁)ey *ēy, eh₁i |
*ei (*ēi?) |
ī | ||||||||||||||||||
*oy, *h₃ey *ōy, *eh₃i |
*oi *ōi |
ū, oe, ī[4] | ū | ī | ī | |||||||||||||||
ō | ||||||||||||||||||||
*(h₁)ew, *h₃ew, *ow *ēw, *eh₁/₃u, *oHu, *ōw |
*ou (*ōu?) |
ū |
Notes
edit- ↑ 1.0 1.1 The “l pinguis” is a velarized ⟨l⟩, [ɫ], which comes from any ⟨l⟩ not followed by ⟨ī̆⟩ or another ⟨l⟩. An ⟨l⟩ followed by any of these sounds is an “l exilis”, [l].
- ^ ⟨l⟩ + C (except another l)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 /ŋ/ appears in -ng- (/ŋɡ/), -ngu- (/ŋɡʷ/), -nc- (/ŋk/), -nqu- (/ŋkʷ/), and -gn- (/ŋn/).
- ^ After w- or between l- and a labial
Examples
edit- Note that "X" means any consonant, while "N" means any nasal consonant.
*a
edit- Initial
- Medial
- Final
*e
edit- Initial
- +r < PI *z: *gezō > gerō
- +w: *ne + *welō > *nowlō > nōlō
- +ɫ: *welō, *welti > volō, volt but *welīt > velit
- +l+consonant: *welti > volt
- +ŋ: *tengō > tingō, *denɣwā > OL dingua > lingua, *degnos > dignus
- +N: *tenēō > teneō, *en > in
- +X: *tepēō > tepeō, *tektos > tectus
- (When preceded by *sw- or *dw-): *swezōr > soror, *dwenos > OL duenos > bonus
- Medial
- Final
*i
edit- Initial
- Medial
- +r: *falizioi > Faleriī, *kinis > cinis but *kinizis > cineris
- +ɫ: ? *nepōtilos > nepōtulus
- +w: *trisdiwom > trīduum
- +X: *komitāō > comitō
- +ŋ: *relinkʷō > relinquō
- +cluster: *relikʷtos > relictus
- Final
*o
edit- Initial
- Medial
- Final
*u
edit- Initial
- Medial
- +r: *swekuros > socer
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X: *duiskaputei > bicipitī, *ensupjō > īnsipiō
- +ŋ:
- +cluster: *subruptos > surreptus
- Final
*ā
edit- Initial
- Medial
- Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:
*ē
edit- Initial
- Medial
- Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:
*ī
edit- Initial
- Medial
- Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:
*ō
edit- Initial
- Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
- Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing: *abarcēō > aberceō
*ū
edit- Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X:
- Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
- Final
*ai
edit- Initial
- Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
- Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:
*āi
edit- Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X:
- Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
- Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:
*au/*āu
edit- Initial
- Medial
- Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:
*ei/*ēi
edit- Initial
- Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
- Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing: *duiskaputei > bicipitī, *sei > sī
*oi
edit- Initial
- Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
- Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:
*ōi
edit- Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X:
- Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X: *porloikeō > pollūceō
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
- Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:
*ou/*ōu
editReferences
edit- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) “Italic”, in Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, § 13.32ff, page 254