puna

See also: Puna, puña, and puñá

English

Alternative forms

• Puna

Etymology

From Spanish puna, from Quechua puna.

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -uːnə

Noun

puna (plural punas)

1. An alpine biological community in the central portion of the Andes in which short, coarse grass supports a Native American population.
   • 2009, M. Hermann, T. Bernet, The transition of maca from neglect to market prominence, page 18:

     The overwhelming majority of maca roots are dried after harvest. In the cold, dry atmosphere of the puna the dried roots remain edible for several years. A minor proportion of the freshly harvested roots are roasted in huatias, earthen ovens […]

Derived terms

• puna canastero
• puna ground tyrant
• puna ibis
• puna miner
• puna plover
• puna snipe
• puna tapaculo
• puna teal
• puna thistletail
• puna tinamou
• puna yellow finch

 

Anagrams

• napu

Cavineña

Noun

puna

1. root of epuna

References

• Antoine Guillaume, A Grammar of Cavineña (2008, →ISBN

Esperanto

Etymology

From puni +‎ -a.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈpuna]
• Rhymes: -una
• Hyphenation: pu‧na

Adjective

puna (accusative singular punan, plural punaj, accusative plural punajn)

1. Of or relating to punishment; punitive

   punaj metodoj; puna ekspedicio

   punitive methods, expedition

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna. Cognate to Finnish puna.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ]

Noun

puna (genitive puna, partitive puna)

1. the colour red

Declension

Declension of puna (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		puna	punad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	puna
genitive			punade
partitive		puna	punasid
illative		punna punasse	punadesse
inessive		punas	punades
elative		punast	punadest
allative		punale	punadele
adessive		punal	punadel
ablative		punalt	punadelt
translative		punaks	punadeks
terminative		punani	punadeni
essive		punana	punadena
abessive		punata	punadeta
comitative		punaga	punadega

Derived terms

• punane
• punakas

References

• “puna”, in [ÕS] Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018 [Estonian Spelling Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2018, →ISBN

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *puna (“color, hair”). Cognate with Erzya пона (pona, “hair”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -unɑ
• Syllabification^(key): pu‧na

Noun

puna

1. The color red.

   Synonym: ruso

Declension

Inflection of puna (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		puna	punat
genitive		punan	punien
partitive		punaa	punia
illative		punaan	puniin
		singular	plural
nominative		puna	punat
accusative	nom.	puna	punat
	gen.	punan
genitive		punan	punien punainrare
partitive		punaa	punia
inessive		punassa	punissa
elative		punasta	punista
illative		punaan	puniin
adessive		punalla	punilla
ablative		punalta	punilta
allative		punalle	punille
essive		punana	punina
translative		punaksi	puniksi
abessive		punatta	punitta
instructive		—	punin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of puna (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative punani punani accusative nom. punani punani gen. punani genitive punani punieni punainirare partitive punaani puniani inessive punassani punissani elative punastani punistani illative punaani puniini adessive punallani punillani ablative punaltani puniltani allative punalleni punilleni essive punanani puninani translative punakseni punikseni abessive punattani punittani instructive — — comitative — punineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative punasi punasi accusative nom. punasi punasi gen. punasi genitive punasi puniesi punaisirare partitive punaasi puniasi inessive punassasi punissasi elative punastasi punistasi illative punaasi puniisi adessive punallasi punillasi ablative punaltasi puniltasi allative punallesi punillesi essive punanasi puninasi translative punaksesi puniksesi abessive punattasi punittasi instructive — — comitative — puninesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative punamme punamme accusative nom. punamme punamme gen. punamme genitive punamme puniemme punaimmerare partitive punaamme puniamme inessive punassamme punissamme elative punastamme punistamme illative punaamme puniimme adessive punallamme punillamme ablative punaltamme puniltamme allative punallemme punillemme essive punanamme puninamme translative punaksemme puniksemme abessive punattamme punittamme instructive — — comitative — puninemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative punanne punanne accusative nom. punanne punanne gen. punanne genitive punanne punienne punainnerare partitive punaanne punianne inessive punassanne punissanne elative punastanne punistanne illative punaanne puniinne adessive punallanne punillanne ablative punaltanne puniltanne allative punallenne punillenne essive punananne puninanne translative punaksenne puniksenne abessive punattanne punittanne instructive — — comitative — puninenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative punansa punansa accusative nom. punansa punansa gen. punansa genitive punansa puniensa punainsarare partitive punaansa puniaan puniansa inessive punassaan punassansa punissaan punissansa elative punastaan punastansa punistaan punistansa illative punaansa puniinsa adessive punallaan punallansa punillaan punillansa ablative punaltaan punaltansa puniltaan puniltansa allative punalleen punallensa punilleen punillensa essive punanaan punanansa puninaan puninansa translative punakseen punaksensa punikseen puniksensa abessive punattaan punattansa punittaan punittansa instructive — — comitative — punineen puninensa

Derived terms

• punainen
• punakka
• punakko
• punastua
• punastuminen
• punata
• pune
• punehtia
• punehtua
• punertaa
• punerva
• punikki
• punoittaa

 

compounds

• huulipuna
• infrapuna
• lihaspuna
• meksikonpunapolvitarantula
• noropunatähkä
• Petteri Punakuono
• poskipuna
• puna-aavetetra
• puna-ahven
• puna-ailakki
• puna-alpi
• puna-apila
• puna-ara
• puna-armeija
• punaevätetra
• punahammasahven
• punaharmaa
• punahattu
• punahehku
• punahehkuinen
• punaheikkous
• punaheltta
• punahelttainen
• punaherukka
• punahierakka
• Punahilkka
• punahirvi
• punahohteinen
• punahohtoinen
• punahome
• punahomejuusto
• punahonka
• punahukka
• punahuuli
• punahuulinen
• punahäntämarakatti
• punahärö
• punaihoinen
• punailves
• punajalkahapero
• punajalkahaukka
• punajalkaviklo
• punajuuri
• punajäkälä
• punajättikenguru
• punakaali
• punakaarti
• punakampela
• punakaniini
• punakapina
• punakardinaali
• punakasvoinen
• punakaulahanhi
• punakaulakenguru
• punakekomuurahainen
• punakellertävä
• punakellervä
• punakeltainen
• punakettu
• punakhmer
• punakirjava
• punakirjoseitikki
• punakoiso
• punakoivu
• punakone
• punakoralli
• punakorvakilpikonna
• punakottarainen
• punakuiri
• punakukkainen
• punakulta
• punakuorinen
• punakuvioinen
• punakylkinen
• punakylkirastas
• punakynä
• punakärpässieni
• punakääpä
• punalakkimuura
• punalakkinen
• punalappu
• punalaputettu
• punalehti
• punalehtinen
• punaleimainen
• punaleppä
• punalevä
• punalihainen
• punalippu
• punalohi
• punamerikorva
• punamulta
• punamusta
• punamusta puu
• punamuurahainen
• punamyyrä
• punanahka
• punanenäinen
• punaniskavallabi
• punanäppy
• punaolkaturpiaali
• punaorava
• punapahkasieni
• punapaita
• punapaitainen
• punapapu
• punaparsaherne
• punapeippi
• punapensselisika
• punapersepaviaani
• punaperäfasaani
• punapilleröity
• punapippuri
• punaposki
• punaposkiliituri
• punaposkinen
• punapuu
• punapyrstölepinkäinen
• punapyy
• punapyökki
• punapäinen
• punapää
• punapäänarsku
• punaraitainen
• punarinta
• punarintarastas
• punarousku
• punaruskea
• punaruutuinen
• punasarja
• punaselkämuura
• punasiirtymä
• punasikuri
• punasilmäinen
• punasimppu
• punasipuli
• punasleipä
• punasokeus
• punasolu
• punasotka
• punasuolayrtti
• punasuomuseitikki
• punasusi
• punatakki
• punatakkinen
• punatauti
• punatautinen
• punatavi
• punatetra
• punatiikeripeippo
• punatiili
• punatiilinen
• punatukka
• punatukkainen
• punatulimuurahainen
• punatulkku
• punatyviseitikki
• punatähkä
• punatähti
• punatäplärousku
• punavalkea
• punavalkoinen
• punavaloinen
• punavarpunen
• punavatsamaki
• puna-viherheikkous
• puna-vihersokea
• puna-vihersokeus
• punavihervärisokea
• punavihreä
• punaviidakkokana
• punaviini
• punaviinimarja
• punaviiva
• punavilla-apina
• Punavuori
• punavyöseitikki
• punaväriminttu
• ruusunpuna
• sinipuna
• sinipunahallitus
• sinooperipuna
• venetsianpuna
• verenpuna

 

Further reading

• “puna”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Anagrams

• Panu

French

Noun

puna f (plural punas)

1. puna

Further reading

• “puna”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Galician

Verb

puna

1. inflection of punar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative
2. inflection of punir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Hawaiian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Polynesian *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Oceanic *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puna (“source; origin”), from Proto-Austronesian *puna (“source; origin”). Cognate to Maori puna, Samoan puna.

Noun

puna

1. spring (water source)
2. coral, lime, plaster

Etymology 2

Chemical element
Ca
Previous: pokakiuma (K)
Next: kaniuma (Sc)

From Proto-Polynesian *puŋa (“coral rock”) (compare with Maori punga (“coral, anchor”) and pungapunga (“pumice”), Tahitian puʻa (“coral, lime”), Tongan punga, Samoan puga) from Proto-Oceanic *buŋa (“white, porous coral or growth”) (compare with Fijian vuga), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa ni batu (“coral sponge, lit. 'stone bloom'”) from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa (“flower”) (compare with Malay bunga (“flower”) and bunga karang (“sponge”), Tagalog bunga (“fruit”)). Doublet of pua.

Noun

puna

1. coral, lime, plaster
2. calcium

   Synonym: kalipuna

Etymology 3

Cognate with Maori pungapunga (“ankle”) and Samoan puga (“groin”).

Noun

puna

1. section between joints or nodes, internodes

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

puna

1. cuttlebone

Etymology 5

From English spoon.

Noun

puna

1. spoon

   Aia i hea ke puna kāwili? ― Where is the stirring spoon?

Related terms

• punapuna

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna. Cognates include Finnish puna and Estonian puna.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ]
• Rhymes: -unɑ
• Hyphenation: pu‧na

Noun

puna

1. (in compounds) red

Declension

Declension of puna (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	puna	punat
genitive	punan	punnoin
partitive	punnaa	punoja
illative	punnaa	punnoi
inessive	punas	punois
elative	punast	punoist
allative	punalle	punoille
adessive	punal	punoil
ablative	punalt	punoilt
translative	punaks	punoiks
essive	punanna, punnaan	punoinna, punnoin
exessive1)	punant	punoint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

• Puna-armia
• punain
• Punamaaria
• punapelto
• punaposkiin
• punapurje
• punapuu
• punapää
• punarinta
• punastua
• punatauti
• punettaa
• Puni

 

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 441

Maori

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Oceanic *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puna (“source; origin”), from Proto-Austronesian *puna (“source; origin”). Cognate to Hawaiian puna, Samoan puna.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpu.na/, [ˈpʉ.nɐ]

Noun

puna

1. spring of water; well; pool

Verb

puna

1. to well up; to flow

Further reading

• “puna” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative forms

• 𑀧𑀼𑀦 (Brahmi script)
• पुन (Devanagari script)
• পুন (Bengali script)
• පුන (Sinhalese script)
• ပုန or ပုၼ (Burmese script)
• ปุน or ปุนะ (Thai script)
• ᨷᩩᨶ or ᨸᩩᨶ (Tai Tham script)
• ປຸນ or ປຸນະ (Lao script)
• បុន (Khmer script)
• 𑄛𑄪𑄚 (Chakma script)

Particle

puna

1. again

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: pu‧na

Verb

puna

1. inflection of punir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Quechua

Not to be confused with phuña

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

puna

1. lofty region, elevated cold plains
2. Andean altitude between 4,000m and 5,000m

Declension

declension of puna

	singular	plural
nominative	puna	punakuna
accusative	punata	punakunata
dative	punaman	punakunaman
genitive	punap	punakunap
locative	punapi	punakunapi
terminative	punakama	punakunakama
ablative	punamanta	punakunamanta
instrumental	punawan	punakunawan
comitative	punantin	punakunantin
abessive	punannaq	punakunannaq
comparative	punahina	punakunahina
causative	punarayku	punakunarayku
benefactive	punapaq	punakunapaq
associative	punapura	punakunapura
distributive	punanka	punakunanka
exclusive	punalla	punakunalla

possessive forms of puna

ñuqap - first-person singular

ñuqap (my)	singular	plural
nominative	punay	punaykuna
accusative	punayta	punaykunata
dative	punayman	punaykunaman
genitive	punaypa	punaykunap
locative	punaypi	punaykunapi
terminative	punaykama	punaykunakama
ablative	punaymanta	punaykunamanta
instrumental	punaywan	punaykunawan
comitative	punaynintin	punaykunantin
abessive	punayninnaq	punaykunannaq
comparative	punayhina	punaykunahina
causative	punayrayku	punaykunarayku
benefactive	punaypaq	punaykunapaq
associative	punaypura	punaykunapura
distributive	punayninka	punaykunanka
exclusive	punaylla	punaykunalla

qampa - second-person singular

qampa (your)	singular	plural
nominative	punayki	punaykikuna
accusative	punaykita	punaykikunata
dative	punaykiman	punaykikunaman
genitive	punaykipa	punaykikunap
locative	punaykipi	punaykikunapi
terminative	punaykikama	punaykikunakama
ablative	punaykimanta	punaykikunamanta
instrumental	punaykiwan	punaykikunawan
comitative	punaykintin	punaykikunantin
abessive	punaykinnaq	punaykikunannaq
comparative	punaykihina	punaykikunahina
causative	punaykirayku	punaykikunarayku
benefactive	punaykipaq	punaykikunapaq
associative	punaykipura	punaykikunapura
distributive	punaykinka	punaykikunanka
exclusive	punaykilla	punaykikunalla

paypa - third-person singular

paypa (his/her/its)	singular	plural
nominative	punan	punankuna
accusative	punanta	punankunata
dative	punanman	punankunaman
genitive	punanpa	punankunap
locative	punanpi	punankunapi
terminative	punankama	punankunakama
ablative	punanmanta	punankunamanta
instrumental	punanwan	punankunawan
comitative	punanintin	punankunantin
abessive	punanninnaq	punankunannaq
comparative	punanhina	punankunahina
causative	punanrayku	punankunarayku
benefactive	punanpaq	punankunapaq
associative	punanpura	punankunapura
distributive	punaninka	punankunanka
exclusive	punanlla	punankunalla

ñuqanchikpa - first-person inclusive plural

ñuqanchikpa (our(incl))	singular	plural
nominative	punanchik	punanchikkuna
accusative	punanchikta	punanchikkunata
dative	punanchikman	punanchikkunaman
genitive	punanchikpa	punanchikkunap
locative	punanchikpi	punanchikkunapi
terminative	punanchikkama	punanchikkunakama
ablative	punanchikmanta	punanchikkunamanta
instrumental	punanchikwan	punanchikkunawan
comitative	punanchiknintin	punanchikkunantin
abessive	punanchikninnaq	punanchikkunannaq
comparative	punanchikhina	punanchikkunahina
causative	punanchikrayku	punanchikkunarayku
benefactive	punanchikpaq	punanchikkunapaq
associative	punanchikpura	punanchikkunapura
distributive	punanchikninka	punanchikkunanka
exclusive	punanchiklla	punanchikkunalla

ñuqaykup - first-person exclusive plural

ñuqaykup (our(excl))	singular	plural
nominative	punayku	punaykukuna
accusative	punaykuta	punaykukunata
dative	punaykuman	punaykukunaman
genitive	punaykupa	punaykukunap
locative	punaykupi	punaykukunapi
terminative	punaykukama	punaykukunakama
ablative	punaykumanta	punaykukunamanta
instrumental	punaykuwan	punaykukunawan
comitative	punaykuntin	punaykukunantin
abessive	punaykunnaq	punaykukunannaq
comparative	punaykuhina	punaykukunahina
causative	punaykurayku	punaykukunarayku
benefactive	punaykupaq	punaykukunapaq
associative	punaykupura	punaykukunapura
distributive	punaykunka	punaykukunanka
exclusive	punaykulla	punaykukunalla

qamkunap - second-person plural

qamkunap (your(pl))	singular	plural
nominative	punaykichik	punaykichikkuna
accusative	punaykichikta	punaykichikkunata
dative	punaykichikman	punaykichikkunaman
genitive	punaykichikpa	punaykichikkunap
locative	punaykichikpi	punaykichikkunapi
terminative	punaykichikkama	punaykichikkunakama
ablative	punaykichikmanta	punaykichikkunamanta
instrumental	punaykichikwan	punaykichikkunawan
comitative	punaykichiknintin	punaykichikkunantin
abessive	punaykichikninnaq	punaykichikkunannaq
comparative	punaykichikhina	punaykichikkunahina
causative	punaykichikrayku	punaykichikkunarayku
benefactive	punaykichikpaq	punaykichikkunapaq
associative	punaykichikpura	punaykichikkunapura
distributive	punaykichikninka	punaykichikkunanka
exclusive	punaykichiklla	punaykichikkunalla

paykunap - third-person plural

paykunap (their)	singular	plural
nominative	punanku	punankukuna
accusative	punankuta	punankukunata
dative	punankuman	punankukunaman
genitive	punankupa	punankukunap
locative	punankupi	punankukunapi
terminative	punankukama	punankukunakama
ablative	punankumanta	punankukunamanta
instrumental	punankuwan	punankukunawan
comitative	punankuntin	punankukunantin
abessive	punankunnaq	punankukunannaq
comparative	punankuhina	punankukunahina
causative	punankurayku	punankukunarayku
benefactive	punankupaq	punankukunapaq
associative	punankupura	punankukunapura
distributive	punankunka	punankukunanka
exclusive	punankulla	punankukunalla

Descendants

• → Spanish: puna
  • → English: puna

See also

• (Peruvian ecoregions) Piruwpi sallqasuyukuna; challa, hanka, puna, qhichwa, rupha rupha, sallqa/suni, umawa, yunka ^{(Category: qu:Peruvian ecoregions)}

Sakizaya

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pu.ˈna/, [pu.ˈna]

Noun

puna

1. belly button

Samoan

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Oceanic *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puna (“source; origin”), from Proto-Austronesian *puna (“source; origin”). Cognate to Hawaiian puna, Maori puna.

Noun

puna

1. spring of water

References

• George Pratt (1861) “puna”, in Samoan dictionary: English and Samoan and Samoan and English with a short grammar of the Samoan dialect, Matautu, Samoa: London Missionary Society Press, page 171

Serbo-Croatian

Adjective

puna

1. inflection of pun:
   1. feminine nominative/vocative singular
   2. indefinite masculine/neuter genitive singular
   3. indefinite animate masculine accusative singular
   4. neuter nominative/accusative/vocative plural

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpuna/ [ˈpu.na]
• Rhymes: -una
• Syllabification: pu‧na

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Quechua puna.

Noun

puna f (plural punas)

1. (Latin America) puna, Andean plateau
2. (Latin America) altitude sickness
3. (Latin America) Cold mountain wind

Derived terms

• pato puna

 

Descendants

• → English: puna

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

puna

1. inflection of punir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Further reading

• “puna”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Swahili

Verb

-puna (infinitive kupuna)

1. to wipe off

Conjugation

Conjugation of -puna
Positive present -napuna Subjunctive -pune Negative -puni Imperative singular puna
Infinitives
Positive kupuna Negative kutopuna
Imperatives
Singular puna Plural puneni
Tensed forms
Habitual hupuna Positive past positive subject concord + -lipuna Negative past negative subject concord + -kupuna
Positive present (positive subject concord + -napuna) Singular Plural 1st person ninapuna/napuna tunapuna 2nd person unapuna mnapuna 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anapuna wanapuna other classes positive subject concord + -napuna
Negative present (negative subject concord + -puni) Singular Plural 1st person sipuni hatupuni 2nd person hupuni hampuni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) hapuni hawapuni other classes negative subject concord + -puni
Positive future positive subject concord + -tapuna Negative future negative subject concord + -tapuna
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -pune) Singular Plural 1st person nipune tupune 2nd person upune mpune 3rd person m-wa(I/II) apune wapune other classes positive subject concord + -pune
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sipune Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngepuna Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singepuna Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalipuna Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalipuna
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -apuna) Singular Plural 1st person napuna twapuna 2nd person wapuna mwapuna 3rd person m-wa(I/II) apuna wapuna m-mi(III/IV) wapuna yapuna ji-ma(V/VI) lapuna yapuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) chapuna vyapuna n(IX/X) yapuna zapuna u(XI) wapuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwapuna pa(XVI) papuna mu(XVIII) mwapuna
Perfect positive subject concord + -mepuna "Already" positive subject concord + -meshapuna "Not yet" negative subject concord + -japuna "If/When" positive subject concord + -kipuna "If not" positive subject concord + -sipopuna Consecutive kapuna / positive subject concord + -kapuna Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kapune
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nipuna -tupuna 2nd person -kupuna -wapuna/-kupuneni/-wapuneni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mpuna -wapuna m-mi(III/IV) -upuna -ipuna ji-ma(V/VI) -lipuna -yapuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kipuna -vipuna n(IX/X) -ipuna -zipuna u(XI) -upuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kupuna pa(XVI) -papuna mu(XVIII) -mupuna Reflexive -jipuna
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -puna- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -punaye -punao m-mi(III/IV) -punao -punayo ji-ma(V/VI) -punalo -punayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -punacho -punavyo n(IX/X) -punayo -punazo u(XI) -punao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -punako pa(XVI) -punapo mu(XVIII) -punamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -puna) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yepuna -opuna m-mi(III/IV) -opuna -yopuna ji-ma(V/VI) -lopuna -yopuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chopuna -vyopuna n(IX/X) -yopuna -zopuna u(XI) -opuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kopuna pa(XVI) -popuna mu(XVIII) -mopuna
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Tagalog

Alternative forms

• pona — obsolete, Spanish-based orthography

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /puˈna/, [pʊˈna]
• Hyphenation: pu‧na

Noun

puná (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜈ)

1. notice; observation; noticing

   Synonyms: obserbasyon, pansin, reparo

2. remark; comment

   Synonyms: komentaryo, pansin

3. adverse criticism; objection; criticism

   Synonyms: kritika, pintas, tutol

Derived terms

• kapuna-puna
• mamumuna
• mapagpuna
• mapamuna
• mapuna
• mapunahin
• pagpuna
• pamumuna
• pamumunang mapagbuo
• pamumunang mapanira
• pumuna
• punado
• punahin
• tagapuna

 

Further reading

• “puna”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ]
• Rhymes: -unɑ
• Hyphenation: pu‧na

Noun

puna

1. red (colour)

Inflection

Declension of puna (type V/poikõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	puna	—
genitive	puna	—
partitive	punna	—
illative	punnasõ, punna	—
inessive	punaz	—
elative	punassõ	—
allative	punalõ	—
adessive	punallõ	—
ablative	punaltõ	—
translative	punassi	—
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

Derived terms

• punanõ

References

• Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “puna”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

Warlpiri

Noun

puna

1. ash