蛙
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Translingual edit
Han character edit
蛙 (Kangxi radical 142, 虫+6, 12 strokes, cangjie input 中戈土土 (LIGG), four-corner 54114, composition ⿰虫圭)
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1081, character 25
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32997
- Dae Jaweon: page 1549, character 20
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2847, character 3
- Unihan data for U+86D9
Chinese edit
| simp. and trad. |
蛙 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 鼃 ancient 䵷／𱌃 䖯 | |
Glyph origin edit
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 街 | *kreː, *kreː |
| 鞋 | *ɡreː, *ɡreː, *ɡreː |
| 娾 | *ŋreː, *ŋreːʔ |
| 佳 | *kreː |
| 鮭 | *ɡreː, *kʷeː, *kʰʷeː |
| 涯 | *ŋreː, *ŋre |
| 崖 | *ŋreː, *ŋre |
| 啀 | *ŋreː |
| 厓 | *ŋreː |
| 捱 | *ŋreː |
| 睚 | *ŋreːs |
| 娃 | *qreː |
| 洼 | *qreː, *qʷraː, *kʷeː |
| 哇 | *qreː, *qʷraː |
| 胿 | *ɡeː, *kʷeː |
| 溎 | *qeːns |
| 觟 | *ɡʷraːʔ |
| 黊 | *ɡʷraːʔ, *ɡʷreːs, *ɡʷeː |
| 蘳 | *ɡʷraːʔ, *qʰʷe |
| 蛙 | *qʷraː, *qʷreː |
| 窪 | *qʷraː |
| 卦 | *kʷreːs |
| 挂 | *kʷreːs |
| 掛 | *kʷreːs |
| 詿 | *kʷreːs, *ɡʷreːs |
| 罣 | *kʷreːs, *ɡʷreːs, *kʷeːs |
| 絓 | *kʰʷreː, *ɡʷreːs |
| 鼃 | *ɢʷreː, *qʷreː |
| 圭 | *kʷeː |
| 珪 | *kʷeː |
| 邽 | *kʷeː |
| 閨 | *kʷeː |
| 袿 | *kʷeː |
| 窐 | *kʷeː, *ɡʷeː |
| 茥 | *kʷeː, *kʰʷeː |
| 桂 | *kʷeːs |
| 筀 | *kʷeːs |
| 奎 | *kʰʷeː |
| 刲 | *kʰʷeː |
| 蝰 | *kʰʷeː |
| 楏 | *kʰʷeː |
| 睳 | *qʰʷeː |
| 畦 | *ɡʷeː |
| 眭 | *ɡʷeː, *sqʰʷe, *qʰʷe, *qʰʷi |
| 烓 | *qʷeː, *kʰʷeːŋʔ |
| 跬 | *kʰʷeʔ |
| 恚 | *qʷes |
| 硅 | *qʰʷreɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʷraː, *qʷreː) : semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː).
Etymology 1 edit
Onomatopoeic (Sagart and Ma, 2020). Also compare Proto-Tai *krweːᴬ (“small frog”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
蛙
- frog
- (swimming) Short for 蛙泳 (wāyǒng, “breaststroke”).
Synonyms edit
Compounds edit
- 井底之蛙 (jǐngdǐzhīwā)
- 井底蛙
- 井底鳴蛙／井底鸣蛙
- 井蛙 (jǐngwā)
- 井蛙之見／井蛙之见
- 井蛙語海／井蛙语海
- 井蛙醯雞／井蛙醯鸡
- 仰蛙兒浮／仰蛙儿浮
- 兩部蛙／两部蛙
- 坎井之蛙
- 坐井蛙
- 坎蛙
- 埳井之蛙
- 埳蛙
- 官蛙
- 局蛙
- 怒蛙
- 晉惠聞蛙／晋惠闻蛙
- 樹蛙／树蛙 (shùwā)
- 沈灶生蛙
- 沈灶產蛙
- 沉灶產蛙／沉灶产蛙
- 淫蛙
- 牛蛙 (niúwā)
- 瞋蛙
- 管窺蛙見／管窥蛙见
- 紫色蛙聲／紫色蛙声
- 蛙井喜
- 蛙人 (wārén)
- 蛙人操
- 蛙吹
- 蛙吠
- 蛙坎
- 蛙市
- 蛙式 (wāshì)
- 蛙怒
- 蛙歌
- 蛙泳 (wāyǒng)
- 蛙渚
- 蛙神
- 蛙聲／蛙声
- 蛙蚓
- 蛙蛭
- 蛙蛤
- 蛙蝦／蛙虾
- 蛙蟈／蛙蝈
- 蛙蟆勝負／蛙蟆胜负
- 蛙蠙衣／蛙𧏖衣
- 蛙角
- 蛙讙／蛙欢
- 蛙鏡／蛙镜
- 蛙鬧／蛙闹
- 蛙鳴／蛙鸣
- 蛙鳴狗吠／蛙鸣狗吠
- 蛙鳴蚓叫／蛙鸣蚓叫
- 蛙鳴蟬噪／蛙鸣蝉噪
- 蛙鳴鴟叫／蛙鸣鸱叫
- 蛙黽／蛙黾
- 蛙鼓
- 蛙鼓蟲吟／蛙鼓虫吟
- 蝭蛙
- 蠅聲蛙噪／蝇声蛙噪
- 赤蛙
- 踞蛙食蛤
- 軾怒蛙／轼怒蛙
- 軾蛙／轼蛙
- 金線蛙／金线蛙
- 闡蛙／阐蛙
- 雨蛙
- 青蛙 (qīngwā)
- 青蛙肢
- 鬥蛙／斗蛙
- 鳴蛙／鸣蛙
- 鼓吹鳴蛙／鼓吹鸣蛙
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
蛙
- Only used in 蝭蛙.
Japanese edit
Kanji edit
Readings edit
- Go-on: え (e)←ゑ (we, historical)
- Kan-on: わ (wa); わい (wai)
- Kan’yō-on: あ (a)
- Kun: かえる (kaeru, 蛙)←かへる (kaferu, 蛙, historical); かわず (kawazu, 蛙)←かはづ (kafadu, 蛙, historical)
- Nanori: かえる (kaeru)
Etymology 1 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 蛙 |
| かえる Hyōgaiji |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 蝦 |
⟨kaperu⟩ → /kaperu/ → /kaferu/ → /kaweru/ → /kajeru/ → /kaeru/
From Old Japanese.
The Nihon Kokugo Daijiten cites this to the Nihon Shoki of 720, however, that may only be traceable to supplemental glosses added later to the kanbun original.[1]
Spelled phonetically once in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, where it is used phonetically to spell the name of the maple tree.[2] Generally regarded as the informal or everyday term for frog, in contrast to the formal or poetic term kawazu (see below).[3]
The ultimate derivation is unclear, with numerous theories. Some of the leading ideas include:
- Cognate with 帰る (kaeru, “to return (to a point of origin)”), from the way that some species of frogs return to their birthplace to spawn
- Cognate with 孵る (kaeru, “to hatch (from an egg)”), in reference to tadpoles
- Derived from onomatopoeia, where kape originally referred to the frog's call, suffixed uncertain element -ru
The phonetic development went through a clear stage where the middle mora was pronounced /je/, as illustrated in the 1603 Nippo Jisho entry, spelled cayeru.[4] This was likely a result of the Muromachi period sound shift, where /we/ shifted to /je/, followed later by /je/ merging into /e/ to produce modern /kaeru/.
Now the most common term for frog.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
蛙 or 蛙 • (kaeru) ←かへる (kaferu)?
- a frog (amphibious animal)
Usage notes edit
As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カエル.
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 蛙 |
| かわず Hyōgaiji |
| kun’yomi |
⟨kapadu⟩ → */kapadu/ → /kafad͡zu/ → /kawad͡zu/ → /kawazu/
The more formal or poetic counterpart to kaeru (see above).[3] Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[8]
The ultimate derivation is unclear, but the initial kawa portion (ancient kapa) is very likely 川, 河 (kawa, ancient kapa, “river”).
The phonetic development of the term had already progressed to kawadzu by 1603, as seen in the Nippo Jisho entry, spelled cauazzu.[9]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
- (poetic) a frog (amphibious animal)
- 1686, 松尾芭蕉 Matsuo Bashō
- 古池や蛙飛びこむ水の音
- ふるいけやかはづとびこむみづのおと
(modern kana: ふるいけやかわずとびこむみずのおと)
furuike ya kawazu tobikomu mizu no oto
old pond -- a frog jumps in -- the sound of water
- ふるいけやかはづとびこむみづのおと
- 1686, 松尾芭蕉 Matsuo Bashō
- (Noh theater) a specific mask used in certain Noh plays, depicting a drowned person
Derived terms edit
- 井の中の蛙大海を知らず (i no naka no kawazu taikai o shirazu): “a frog in a well does not know the great ocean” → metaphor of a narrow world view based on limited experience
Etymology 3 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 蛙 |
| かいる Hyōgaiji |
| kun’yomi |
⟨kaperu⟩ → /kaperu/ → /kaferu/ → /kaweru/ → /kajeru/ → /kairu/
Sound shift. Existed alongside earlier kayeru in the late 1500s, early 1600s, as seen in the 1603 Nippo Jisho entry, spelled cairu.[10]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Etymology 4 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 蛙 |
| あ Hyōgaiji |
| kan’yōon |
Affix edit
- frog (amphibious animal)
Derived terms edit
See also edit
- 蟇蛙 (hikigaeru, “toad”)
- 御玉杓子 (otamajakushi, “tadpole”)
References edit
- ^ “蛙・蛤・蝦”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ , text here
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 [1603]) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan][2] (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, text here towards the bottom of the right-hand column
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ , text here
- ^ Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 [1603]) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan][3] (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, text here, fifth entry from the bottom of the right-hand column
- ^ Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 [1603]) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan][4] (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, text here as the fourth entry in the right-hand column, defined in Portuguese as raã, typographic variant of rãa, earlier form of modern rã (“frog”)
Korean edit
Hanja edit
蛙 • (wa, wae) (hangeul 와, 왜, revised wa, wae, McCune–Reischauer wa, wae, Yale wa, way)
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Vietnamese edit
Han character edit
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