hull

See also: Hull and hüll

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hʌl/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʌl

Etymology 1

From Middle English hul, hulle, holle (“seed covering, hull of a ship”), from Old English hulu (“seed covering”), from Proto-Germanic *hul- (compare Dutch hul (“hood”), German Hülle, Hülse (“cover, veil”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”); or possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”) (compare Old Irish calad, calath (“hard”), Latin callus, callum (“rough skin”), Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to cool, harden”)). For the sense development, compare French coque (“nutshell; ship's hull”), Ancient Greek φάσηλος (phásēlos, “bean pod; yacht”).

Noun

hull (plural hulls)

1. The outer covering of a fruit or seed.

   Synonyms: peel, husk, shell

2. Any covering.

Derived terms

• rice hull

Translations

outer covering of a fruit or seed

• Bulgarian: шушулка (bg) m (šušulka)
• Dutch: dop (nl) m or f
• Estonian: kõder, seemnekest
• Finnish: kuori (fi)
• French: (nuts) coque (fr) f, (peas, beans) cosse (fr) f
• Galician: casca (gl) f, moíña f, carapa f, cornella f, carolo (gl) m, bagullo m, casulo m, bolerca (gl) f, pela f
• German: Hülse (de) f, Schale (de) f, Schote (de) f
• Greek: φλοιός (el) m (floiós), φλούδα (el) f (floúda)
• Hungarian: héj (hu), hüvely (hu)
• Irish: crotal m
• Macedonian: ко́рупка f (kórupka), лу́шпа f (lúšpa)
• Malay: (grains) ​sekam, (peas) lenggai​
• Manx: bleayst f
• Maori: pāpapa
• Navajo: atsʼaʼ
• Persian: نیام (fa) (niyâm)
• Plautdietsch: Schluw f, Schal f
• Portuguese: casca (pt) f
• Romanian: coajă (ro) f, piele (ro) f, înveliș (ro) n, păstaie (ro) f (pod)
• Russian: шелуха́ (ru) f (šeluxá), скорлупа́ (ru) f (skorlupá), лузга́ (ru) f (luzgá)
• Scottish Gaelic: cochall m
• Spanish: hollejo (es) m, vaina (es) f
• Swedish: balja (sv) c, skida (sv) c, skal (sv) c
• Welsh: (peas, beans) cib m, (nuts) plisgyn m (North), masgl m (South)

Verb

hull (third-person singular simple present hulls, present participle hulling, simple past and past participle hulled)

1. To remove the outer covering of a fruit or seed.

   Synonyms: peel, husk, shell, shuck

   She sat on the back porch hulling peanuts.

Translations

to remove the hull of a fruit or seed; to peel

• Bulgarian: беля (bg) (belja), лющя (bg) (ljuštja)
• Dutch: doppen (nl)
• Finnish: kuoria (fi)
• French: écosser (fr), décortiquer (fr)
• Galician: escarolar (gl), descascar, deluvar, estonar (gl)
• Greek: ξεφλουδίζω (el) (xefloudízo), αποφλοιώνω (el) (apofloióno)
• Hungarian: hámoz (hu), lehámoz (hu), meghámoz (hu), fejt (hu), hántol (hu), foszt (hu) (maize)
• Irish: scil
• Malay: menguliti, mengopek​​
• Maori: kōwhā
• Portuguese: descascar (pt)
• Russian: чи́стить (ru) impf (čístitʹ), почи́стить (ru) pf (počístitʹ), одира́ть (ru) impf (odirátʹ), ободра́ть (ru) pf (obodrátʹ), лузга́ть (ru) impf (luzgátʹ), лущи́ть (ru) impf (luščítʹ)
• Spanish: descascarillar (es)
• Swedish: skala (sv)
• Welsh: diblisgo, disbeinio

Etymology 2

From Middle English holle, hoole (“hull, hold of a ship, ship”), of uncertain origin. Possibly a variant and special use of Etymology 1 above, conformed to hull. Alternatively, a variant of Middle English hole, hoole, holle (“hiding place, lair, den, shelter, compartment”, literally “hole, hollow”), related to Middle Dutch and Dutch hol (“hole, ship's cargo hold”). More at hole.

Noun

A diagram of a ship hull (sense 1)

hull (plural hulls)

2. The body or frame of a vessel, such as a ship or plane.

   Synonym: (of a winged aircraft) fuselage

   • 1627, Iohn Smith [i.e., John Smith], “How to Build a Ship with the Definitions of All the Principall Names of Euery Part of her Principall Timbers, also How They are Fixed One to Another, and the Reasons of Their Vse”, in A Sea Grammar, with the Plaine Exposition of Smiths Accidence for Young Sea-men, Enlarged. […], London: […] Iohn Haviland, →OCLC, page 5:

     VVhen you haue berthed or brought her [the ship] vp to the planks, vvhich are thoſe thicke timbers vvhich goeth fore and aft on each ſide, vvhereon doth lie the beames of the firſt Orlop, vvhich is the firſt floore to ſupport the plankes doth couer the Hovvle, thoſe are great croſſe timbers, that keepes the ſhip ſides aſunder, the maine beame is euer next the maine maſt, […]

   • 1667, John Dryden, Annus Mirabilis: The Year of Wonders, 1666. […], London: […] Henry Herringman, […], →OCLC, stanza 60:

     Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light, / And through the yielding planks a passage find.

3. (mathematics, geometry, of a set A) The smallest set that possesses a particular property (such as convexity) and contains every point of A; slightly more formally, the intersection of all sets which possess the specified property and of which A is a subset.

   Synonym: span

   The orthogonal convex hull of an orthogonal polygon is the smallest orthogonally convex polygon that encloses the original polygon.

   holomorphically convex hull; affine hull; injective hull

Derived terms

• affine hull
• ahull
• convex hull
• hull breach
• hull-down
• hulled
• hulless
• hull-loss accident
• hull speed
• hull splash
• hull-up
• invective hull
• monohull
• multihull
• pressure hull
• rice hull
• tank hull
• turtle hull
• twinhull

 

Translations

the body or frame of a vessel

• Belarusian: ко́рпус m (kórpus)
• Bulgarian: ко́рпус (bg) m (kórpus), фюзела́ж m (fjuzeláž)
• Catalan: buc (ca) m
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 船體／船体 (zh) (chuántǐ)

• Danish: skrog (da) n
• Dutch: casco (nl) n, scheepsromp (nl) m
• Esperanto: please add this translation if you can
• Finnish: runko (fi)
• French: coque (fr) f
• Galician: casco (gl) m
• German: Rumpf (de) m
• Greek: σκάφος (el) n (skáfos)

  Ancient: σκάφος n (skáphos)

• Hebrew: גּוּף (he) m (guf)
• Hungarian: hajótest (hu), test (hu), törzs (hu)
• Ido: kareno (io)
• Irish: cabhail f
• Italian: scafo (it) m
• Japanese: 船体 (ja) (せんたい, sentai)
• Korean: 선체(船體) (ko) (seonche)
• Malay: badan kapal,​ kung​
• Maori: tīwai, pāpāwai (outer surface), tahiwi, kōhiwi
• Navajo: atsʼaʼ
• Norman: côsse f
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: skrog (no) n

• Ottoman Turkish: قارن (karn, karın)
• Polish: kadłub (pl) m
• Portuguese: casco (pt) m
• Romanian: cocă (ro) f, carenă (ro) f
• Russian: ко́рпус (ru) m (kórpus), фюзеля́ж (ru) m (fjuzeljáž), ку́зов (ru) m (kúzov)
• Scottish Gaelic: slige f, plaosg m, cochall m
• Serbo-Croatian: trup (sh) m
• Spanish: casco (es) m
• Swedish: skrov (sv) n
• Thai: please add this translation if you can
• Turkish: please add this translation if you can
• Ukrainian: ко́рпус (uk) m (kórpus)
• Welsh: corff llong m

Verb

hull (third-person singular simple present hulls, present participle hulling, simple past and past participle hulled)

1. (obsolete, intransitive, nautical) To drift; to be carried by the impetus of wind or water on the ship's hull alone, with sails furled.
   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 1, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

     We goe not, but we are carried: as things that flote, now gliding gently, now hulling violently, according as the water is, either stormy or calme.

   • 1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

     […] Thus hulling in
     The wild sea of my conscience, I did steer
     Toward this remedy, whereupon we are
     Now present here together:

   • 1716, Thomas Browne, edited by Samuel Johnson, Christian Morals‎^[1], 2nd edition, London: J. Payne, published 1756, Part I, p. 8:

     In this virtuous voyage of life hull not about like the ark, without the use of rudder, mast, or sail, and bound for no port.

2. (transitive) To hit (a ship) in the hull with cannon fire etc.
   • 1774, George Shelvocke, “The Voyage of Captain Shelvock Round the World”, in David Henry, editor, An Historical Account of All the Voyages Round the World, Performed by English Navigators‎^[2], volume 2, London: F. Newbery, page 163:

     During this action, we had not a man killed or wounded, although the enemy often hulled us, and once, in particular, a shot coming into one of our ports, dismounted one of our guns between decks […]

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *hullu. Cognate to Finnish hullu and Livonian ull.

Adjective

hull (genitive hullu, partitive hullu, comparative hullem, superlative kõige hullem)

1. crazy, mad

Declension

Declension of hull (ÕS type 22e/riik, length gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		hull	hullud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	hullu
genitive			hullude
partitive		hullu	hulle hullusid
illative		hullu hullusse	hulludesse hullesse
inessive		hullus	hulludes hulles
elative		hullust	hulludest hullest
allative		hullule	hulludele hullele
adessive		hullul	hulludel hullel
ablative		hullult	hulludelt hullelt
translative		hulluks	hulludeks hulleks
terminative		hulluni	hulludeni
essive		hulluna	hulludena
abessive		hulluta	hulludeta
comitative		hulluga	hulludega

Hungarian

Alternative forms

• hullik

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈhulː]
• Rhymes: -ulː

Verb

hull

1. (intransitive) to fall

   Hull a hó. ― It's snowing. (literally, “The snow is falling.”)

   térdre hull ― to fall on one's knees

2. (intransitive, of tears) to flow
3. (intransitive, of hair) to fall out
4. (intransitive) to die (in large quantities)

   Hullanak, mint a legyek. ― They are dying off like flies.

Usage notes

• The traditional form is without -ik, but the variant with -ik is spreading, especially in reference to hair.^[3]
• This verb is called a pseudo-ik verb, as its -ik ending presents itself only in the 3rd-person singular (indicative present) form, but it is not an -ik verb in any other aspect. As a result, it cannot take the -om/-em/-öm ending in the 1st-person singular (indicative present) form, even in the most erudite style, only -ok/-ek/-ök. Naturally, the optional -m ending cannot appear, either, in their subjunctive or conditional 1st-person singular forms, so only -jak/-jek and -nék is possible in these respective forms. These verbs include the following: bomlik, (el)bújik, (meg)érik, (le)folyik, (össze)gyűlik, hazudik, (le)hull(ik), (bele)/(oda)illik, (meg)jelenik, (el)kopik, (el)múlik, ömlik, (meg)születik, (meg)szűnik, (meg)telik, tojik, (el)törik, (el)/(fel)tűnik, (el)válik, and (el)züllik. (Ki)nyílik partially belongs here, as it cannot take the first-person -om ending but it can take the third-person -jék.

Conjugation

conjugation of hull

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
Indica­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hullok	hullasz	hull	hullunk	hullotok	hullanak
		Def.	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past	Indef.	hullottam	hullottál	hullott	hullottunk	hullottatok	hullottak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Future		Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. hullani fog.
	Archaic Preterit	Indef.	hullék	hullál	hulla	hullánk	hullátok	hullának
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Archaic Past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. hull vala, hullott vala/volt.
	Archaic Future	Indef.	hullandok	hullandasz	hulland	hullandunk	hullandotok	hullandanak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
Condi­tional mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hullanék	hullanál	hullana	hullanánk	hullanátok	hullanának
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. hullott volna
Sub­junc­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hulljak	hullj or hulljál	hulljon	hulljunk	hulljatok	hulljanak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	(Archaic) Past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. hullott légyen
Infinitive	hullani		hullanom	hullanod	hullania	hullanunk	hullanotok	hullaniuk
Other forms	Verbal noun		Present part.	Past part.	Future part.	Adverbial participle		Causative
	hullás		hulló	hullott	―	hullva (hullván)

potential conjugation of hull

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
Indica­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hullhatok	hullhatsz	hullhat	hullhatunk	hullhattok	hullhatnak
		Def.	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past	Indef.	hullhattam	hullhattál	hullhatott	hullhattunk	hullhattatok	hullhattak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Archaic Preterit	Indef.	hullhaték	hullhatál	hullhata	hullhatánk	hullhatátok	hullhatának
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Archaic Past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. hullhat vala, hullhatott vala/volt.
	Archaic Future	Indef.	hullhatandok or hullandhatok	hullhatandasz or hullandhatsz	hullhatand or hullandhat	hullhatandunk or hullandhatunk	hullhatandotok or hullandhattok	hullhatandanak or hullandhatnak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
Condi­tional mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hullhatnék	hullhatnál	hullhatna	hullhatnánk	hullhatnátok	hullhatnának
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. hullhatott volna
Sub­junc­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hullhassak	hullhass or hullhassál	hullhasson	hullhassunk	hullhassatok	hullhassanak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	(Archaic) Past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. hullhatott légyen
Inf.	(hullhatni)		(hullhatnom)	(hullhatnod)	(hullhatnia)	(hullhatnunk)	(hullhatnotok)	(hullhatniuk)
Positive adjective			―	Neg. adj.	―	Adv. part.	(hullhatva / hullhatván)

In archaic or literary style, the short forms (with no linking vowel) are (were) common in the past tense, as well as in the present-tense conditional (even if it is long otherwise):

conjugation of hull

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
Indica­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hullok	hullsz	hull	hullunk	hulltok	hullnak
		Def.	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past	Indef.	hulltam	hulltál	hullt	hulltunk	hulltatok	hulltak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Future		Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. hullni fog.
	Archaic Preterit	Indef.	hullék	hullál	hulla	hullánk	hullátok	hullának
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Archaic Past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. hull vala, hullt vala/volt.
	Archaic Future	Indef.	hullandok	hullandasz	hulland	hullandunk	hullandotok	hullandanak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
Condi­tional mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hullnék	hullnál	hullna	hullnánk	hullnátok	hullnának
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. hullt volna
Sub­junc­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hulljak	hullj or hulljál	hulljon	hulljunk	hulljatok	hulljanak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	(Archaic) Past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. hullt légyen
Infinitive	hullni		hullnom	hullnod	hullnia	hullnunk	hullnotok	hullniuk
Other forms	Verbal noun		Present part.	Past part.	Future part.	Adverbial participle		Causative
	hullás		hulló	hullt	―	hullva (hullván)

potential conjugation of hull

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
Indica­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hullhatok	hullhatsz	hullhat	hullhatunk	hullhattok	hullhatnak
		Def.	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past	Indef.	hullhattam	hullhattál	hullhatott	hullhattunk	hullhattatok	hullhattak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Archaic Preterit	Indef.	hullhaték	hullhatál	hullhata	hullhatánk	hullhatátok	hullhatának
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Archaic Past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. hullhat vala, hullhatott vala/volt.
	Archaic Future	Indef.	hullhatandok or hullandhatok	hullhatandasz or hullandhatsz	hullhatand or hullandhat	hullhatandunk or hullandhatunk	hullhatandotok or hullandhattok	hullhatandanak or hullandhatnak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
Condi­tional mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hullhatnék	hullhatnál	hullhatna	hullhatnánk	hullhatnátok	hullhatnának
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. hullhatott volna
Sub­junc­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	hullhassak	hullhass or hullhassál	hullhasson	hullhassunk	hullhassatok	hullhassanak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	(Archaic) Past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. hullhatott légyen
Inf.	(hullhatni)		(hullhatnom)	(hullhatnod)	(hullhatnia)	(hullhatnunk)	(hullhatnotok)	(hullhatniuk)
Positive adjective			―	Neg. adj.	―	Adv. part.	(hullhatva / hullhatván)

Derived terms

• hulla
• hulladék
• hullat
• hullám
• hulldogál
• hulló

 

(With verbal prefixes):

• aláhull
• áthull
• behull
• belehull
• elhull
• kihull
• lehull
• ráhull
• széthull
• visszahull

Expressions

• ölébe hull

 

Further reading

• hull in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse hól, probably through Danish hul. Compare to English hole

Alternative forms

• hol

Noun

hull n (definite singular hullet, indefinite plural hull or huller, definite plural hulla or hullene)

1. a hole

Derived terms

• hullemaskin
• knapphull
• kulehull
• mannhull
• nøkkelhull
• tittehull

 

Etymology 2

Verb

hull

1. imperative of hulle

See also

• hòl (Nynorsk)

References

• “hull” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Swedish

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *huldą.

Noun

hull n

1. soft, superficial flesh (fat and muscle)

   nypa någon i hullet

   pinch someone's belly (for example)

   lägga på hullet

   get fatter ("lay on the flesh")

   fast/lös i hullet

   firm/loose in the flesh

Declension

Declension of hull
	Uncountable
	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	hull	hullet	—	—
Genitive	hulls	hullets	—	—

Derived terms

• med hull och hår

References

• hull in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• hull in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• hull in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)