Wiktionary

愛

See also: 爱
愛 U+611B, 愛
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-611B
← 愚
[U+611A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 愜 →
[U+611C]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

See images of 愛
(radical 61 + 9)

愛 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月月心水 (BBPE), four-corner 20247, composition ⿳爫冖𢖻)

Derived characters edit

Related characters edit

Descendants edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 395, character 13
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10947
  • Dae Jaweon: page 732, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2323, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+611B

Chinese edit

FWOTD – 8 April 2020
trad. 愛
simp. 爱
alternative forms
 
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
𤔤
𢟪
𢖻
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 愛 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 愛 (Cantonese)
  • 愛 (Classical)
  • 愛 (Gan)
  • Oi (Hakka)
  • Ái (Eastern Min)
  • Ài (Southern Min)
  • 爱 (Wu)

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 愛
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
   
Characters in the same phonetic series (愛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
愛 *qɯːds
曖 *qɯːds, *qaːds
僾 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
靉 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
薆 *qɯːds
璦 *qɯːds
瞹 *qaːds

Originally 㤅 (xì), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯːds) : phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (suī, “foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂／忧 (yōu) (from 㥑).

Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 (jì) into ⿱爫冖.

Etymology edit

Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese ငွေ့ (ngwe., “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.

However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “o sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).

Pronunciation edit

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • ái - literary;
  • ó̤i - vernacular.
Note: written as 欲 (yù) for some senses.
Rime
Character 愛
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 烏代切
Baxter 'ojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔəiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔəjH/
Li
Rong 		/ʔᴀiH/
Wang
Li 		/ɒiH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʔɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		ài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		oi3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 愛
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		ài
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ʔojH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[q]ˁə[p]-s/
English to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 愛
Reading # 1/1
No. 1
Phonetic
component 		愛
Rime
group 		隊
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		愛
Old
Chinese 		/*qɯːds/
Notes 說文本從心旡聲

Definitions edit

愛

  1. to love
    愛國／爱国  ―  àiguó  ―  to love one's country; to be patriotic
    我愛你。／我爱你。  ―  Wǒ ài nǐ.  ―  I love you.
  2. to treasure; to value
    愛面子／爱面子  ―  ài miànzi  ―  to be sensitive about one's reputation
  3. to like; to be fond of; to be keen on
    他愛說話。／他爱说话。  ―  Tā ài shuōhuà.  ―  He likes to talk.
    我不愛吃豬肉。／我不爱吃猪肉。  ―  Wǒ bù ài chī zhūròu.  ―  I don't like to eat pork.
  4. to begrudge; to be reluctant
  5. to be prone; to be easy to
    愛發脾氣／爱发脾气  ―  ài fāpíqì  ―  to be short-tempered
    鐵愛生鏽。／铁爱生锈。  ―  Tiě ài shēngxiù.  ―  Iron rusts easily.
  6. love; affection
  7. love; benevolence
    遺愛人間／遗爱人间  ―  yí'àirénjiān  ―  to leave love behind
  8. something one loves; someone whom one loves
    割愛／割爱  ―  gē'ài  ―  to sacrifice something one loves to someone else
  9. Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡／嫒 (ài).
    令愛／令爱  ―  lìng'ài  ―  your precious daughter
  10. beloved
    愛妻／爱妻  ―  àiqī  ―  beloved wife
    愛將／爱将  ―  àijiàng  ―  beloved general
  11. (Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Teochew) to want (an object)
    我唔愛咁多。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我唔爱咁多。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 m4 oi3 gam3 do1. [Jyutping]
    I don't want that much.
  12. (Hakka, Min) to want (to do)
  13. (Hakka, Min) to need to; must
    有一點愛注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
    有一点爱注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
    Ū chi̍t tiám ài chù-ì--ê. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    There's one thing you must bear in mind.
  14. (archaic) Alternative form of 薆／𫉁 (ài, “ài”)
  15. a surname

Usage notes edit

  • When used for people, 愛／爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (ròumá, “overly romantic; corny; cheesy”). For this reason, the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan, “to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan) literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. Compare Japanese 好き (suki). However, younger Mandarin speakers, especially those who have been in love for some time, seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛／爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past.

Synonyms edit

  • (to love): (literary, or in compounds) 戀／恋 (liàn)
  • (to like):
Dialectal synonyms of 喜歡 (“to like”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 好, 喜好, 愛好, 字
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 喜歡, 喜愛, 喜好, 愛好
Mandarin Beijing 喜歡, 好希, 稀罕, 愛
Taiwan 喜歡, 愛
Jinan 喜歡
Xi'an 喜歡, 愛
Wuhan 喜歡, 愛
Chengdu 喜歡, 歡喜, 愛
Chongqing 喜歡, 歡喜
Guilin 喜歡
Yangzhou 歡喜
Hefei 喜歡
Malaysia 喜歡
Singapore 喜歡
Cantonese Guangzhou 中意, 歡喜
Hong Kong 中意, 好
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 中意
Macau 中意
Guangzhou (Panyu) 中意
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 中意
Guangzhou (Conghua) 中意
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 中意
Foshan 中意
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 中意
Foshan (Shunde) 中意
Foshan (Sanshui) 中意
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 中意
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 歡喜, 中意
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 中意
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 中意
Zhuhai (Doumen) 中意
Jiangmen (Baisha) 中意
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 中意
Taishan 中意
Kaiping (Chikan) 爽心, 中意
Enping (Niujiang) 中意
Heshan (Yayao) 中意
Dongguan 中意
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 中意
Yangjiang 中意, 歡喜
Beihai 中意
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 中意
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 中意, 喜歡
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 中意
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 中意, 蘇格
Singapore (Guangfu) 中意
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 中意
Móng Cái 中意
Gan Nanchang 歡喜
Hakka Meixian 中意, 好
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 中意
Dongguan (Qingxi) 中意
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 中意
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 中意
Conghua (Lütian) 歡喜
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 中意, 好
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 中意, 好
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 中意, 好
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 中意, 合意, 好
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 中意, 好
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 佮意, 愛
Senai (Huiyang) 中意
Kuching (Hepo) 蘇格
Huizhou Jixi 喜歡, 歡喜
Jin Taiyuan 喜歡, 待見
Northern Min Jian'ou 愛, 喜歡
Eastern Min Fuzhou 歡喜, 中意, 愛
Southern Min Xiamen 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意, 舒合
Xiamen (Tong'an) 佮意
Quanzhou 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意
Shishi 佮意
Zhangzhou 歡喜, 愛, 佮意
Tainan 佮意, 意愛, 愛
Penang (Hokkien) 舒合, 愛
Singapore (Hokkien) 舒合, 愛
Manila (Hokkien) 愛, 佮意
Chaozhou 歡喜, 愛, 喜歡
Shantou 歡喜
Shantou (Chaoyang) 好, 尚, 喜歡
Jieyang 歡喜, 愛, 好, 尚, 喜歡
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 喜歡
Singapore (Teochew) 舒合
Wenchang 歡喜
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 中意
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 字
Wu Shanghai 歡喜
Suzhou 歡喜
Ningbo 歡喜, 看相, 中意 dated
Wenzhou 喜歡
Xiang Changsha 喜歡
Shuangfeng 喜歡
  • (love):
  • (to want an object):
Dialectal synonyms of 要 (“to wish to have; to want (an object)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 要
Mandarin Beijing 要
Taiwan 要
Yantai (Muping) 要
Jinan 要
Wanrong 要
Xi'an 要
Wuhan 要
Chengdu 要
Guiyang 要
Guilin 要
Hefei 要
Singapore 要
Cantonese Guangzhou 要, 愛
Hong Kong 要, 愛
Yangjiang 愛, 捰
Singapore (Guangfu) 要
Gan Nanchang 要
Lichuan 要
Hakka Meixian 愛
Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) 愛
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 愛
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 愛
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 愛
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 愛
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 愛
Huizhou Jixi 要
Jin Taiyuan 要
Northern Min Jian'ou 讓
Eastern Min Fuzhou 欲挃, 挃
Southern Min Xiamen 欲挃
Quanzhou 欲挃
Zhangzhou 欲挃
Tainan 欲挃
Singapore (Hokkien) 愛
Manila (Hokkien) 欲挃, 挃, 愛
Chaozhou 愛
Jieyang 愛
Singapore (Teochew) 愛
Wenchang 要
Singapore (Hainanese) 要
Wu Suzhou 要
Wenzhou 要
Xiang Changsha 要
Loudi 要
  • (to want to do something):
Dialectal synonyms of 要 (“to want (to do something)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 欲1
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 要, 欲1
Mandarin Beijing 要
Taiwan 要, 想
Jinan 要
Xi'an 要
Wuhan 要
Chengdu 要
Guilin 要
Yangzhou 要
Hefei 要
Malaysia 要
Singapore 要
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 要
Cantonese Guangzhou 要, 想
Hong Kong 要, 想
Shenzhen (Dapeng) 愛
Yangjiang 愛
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 要, 想, 愛
Singapore (Guangfu) 要, 想
Gan Nanchang 要
Hakka Meixian 愛
Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) 愛
Wuhua (Meilin) 愛
Zijin 愛
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 愛
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 愛
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 愛
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 愛
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 愛
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 愛, 討
Kuching (Hepo) 愛
Jin Taiyuan 要
Northern Min Jian'ou 讓
Eastern Min Fuzhou 欲3
Southern Min Xiamen 欲3
Quanzhou 欲3
Jinjiang 欲3
Zhangzhou 欲3
Taipei 欲3
New Taipei (Sanxia) 欲3
Kaohsiung 欲3
Yilan 欲3
Changhua (Lukang) 欲3
Taichung 欲3
Tainan 欲3
Hsinchu 欲3
Kinmen 欲3
Penghu (Magong) 欲3
Penang (Hokkien) 愛
Singapore (Hokkien) 愛, 欲3
Manila (Hokkien) 欲3, 愛
Medan (Hokkien) 愛
Chaozhou 愛
Shantou 愛
Haifeng 愛
Singapore (Teochew) 愛
Wenchang 欲3
Qionghai 欲3
Singapore (Hainanese) 欲3
Wu Shanghai 要
Suzhou 要
Wenzhou 愛
Lishui 樂
Xiang Changsha 要
Shuangfeng 要

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (愛):
  • → Japanese: 愛(あい) (ai)
  • → Korean: 애(愛) (ae)
  • → Vietnamese: ái (愛)

Others:

  • →? Proto-Hlai: *ʔəːp (“to love”)

Further reading edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

愛

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Compounds

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
愛
あい
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).

Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

愛(あい) • (ai) 

  1. love
    愛(あい)は強(つよ)い。
    Ai wa tsuyoi.
    The love is strong.
    愛(あい)は勝(か)つ。
    Ai wa katsu.
    The love wins.
  2. affection
    Synonym: 愛情 (aijō)
  3. tenderness
  4. fondness, liking
    Synonym: 愛想 (aiso)
  5. (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
  6. (Christianity) agape
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Derived terms

Proper noun edit

愛(あい) • (Ai) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Affix edit

愛(あい) • (ai) 

  1. love
  2. (US) Short for 愛州 (“Idaho (a state of the United States)”).

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
愛
まな
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
真

Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).[3]

The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).

Pronunciation edit

Prefix edit

愛(まな) • (mana-) 

  1. before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal
  2. before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved
Derived terms edit

Noun edit

愛(まな) • (mana) 

  1. (archaic, derived from prefix sense) something dear or loved

Proper noun edit

愛(まな) • (Mana) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 3 edit

Used as nanori in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many names.

Proper noun edit

愛(あづみ) or 愛(ああい) or 愛(あゝい) or 愛(あいか) or 愛(あいす) or 愛(あき) or 愛(あこ) or 愛(あみか) or 愛(あおい) or 愛(ありさ) or 愛(あや) or 愛(あゆ) or 愛(ちぎり) or 愛(ちか) or 愛(ちかし) or 愛(えりな) or 愛(はあと) or 愛(ひかり) or 愛(いと) or 愛(いとし) or 愛(いつみ) or 愛(いずみ) or 愛(かな) or 愛(かなえ) or 愛(かなさ) or 愛(きずな) or 愛(こころ) or 愛(こゝろ) or 愛(このむ) or 愛(まどか) or 愛(まなぶ) or 愛(まなみ) or 愛(めづる) or 愛(めご) or 愛(めぐ) or 愛(めぐみ) or 愛(めぐむ) or 愛(めい) or 愛(なる) or 愛(なるこ) or 愛(のぞみ) or 愛(らぶ) or 愛(るい) or 愛(さら) or 愛(さらん) or 愛(つぐみ) or 愛(つくみ) or 愛(うい) or 愛(よし) or 愛(よしき) or 愛(よしみ) • (Azumi or Āi or Aika or Aisu or Aki or Ako or Amika or Aoi or Arisa or Aya or Ayu or Chigiri or Chika or Chikashi or Erina or Hāto or Hikari or Ito or Itoshi or Itsumi or Izumi or Kana or Kanae or Kanasa or Kizuna or Kokoro or Konomu or Madoka or Manabu or Manami or Mezuru or Mego or Megu or Megumi or Megumu or Mei or Naru or Naruko or Nozomi or Rabu or Rui or Sara or Saran or Tsugumi or Tsukumi or Ui or Yoshi or Yoshiki or Yoshimi) 

  1. a female given name

References edit

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅙᆡᆼ〮 (Yale: qóy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] ᄃᆞᅀᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: dòzól) ᄋᆡ〯 (Yale: ǒy)

Pronunciation edit

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɛ(ː)] ~ [e̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [애(ː)/에(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

愛 (eumhun 사랑 애 (sarang ae))

  1. Hanja form? of 애 (“love”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Okinawan edit

Kanji edit

愛

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Old Japanese edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Originally a compound of 眞 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no2)).

Noun edit

愛 (mana) (kana まな)

  1. something dear or loved

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

  • Japanese: 愛 (mana-)

Tày edit

Noun edit

愛 (ái)

  1. Nôm form of ái (“to love; to want”).

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

愛: Hán Việt readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5], áy[4]
愛: Nôm readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5][6], áy[1][2][3][4][5][6], ải[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of ái (“love”).
  2. Nôm form of áy (“troubled; anxious”).

Compounds edit

Derived terms

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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