弗
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Contents
TranslingualEdit
Han characterEdit
弗 (radical 57 弓+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中中弓 (LLN), four-corner 55027, composition ⿻⿰丿丨弓)
Derived charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 356, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9708
- Dae Jaweon: page 673, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 990, character 9
- Unihan data for U+5F17
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
弗 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph originEdit
Pictogram (象形) – two arrows, tied together to be straightened.
Later borrowed phonetically to mean “no”. The derivative 拂 stands for the original word in Modern Chinese.
Etymology 1Edit
See etymology of 不.
PronunciationEdit
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˊ
- Wade-Giles: fu2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fwu
- IPA (key): /fu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: fat1
- Yale: fāt
- Cantonese Pinyin: fat7
- Guangdong Romanization: fed1
- IPA (key): /fɐt̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Min Nan
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 弗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 物 (60) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 分勿切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/pɨut̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/piut̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/piuət̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/put̚/ |
| Li Rong |
/piuət̚/ |
| Wang Li |
/pĭuət̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/pi̯uət̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
fu |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 弗 | 弗 | 弗 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
fú | fú | fú |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ pjut › | ‹ pjut › | ‹ pjut › |
| Old Chinese |
/*p[u]t/ | /*put/ | /*put/ |
| English | (negation) | gust of wind | writing brush (pron. in Yān 燕, ap. Shuōwén, E. Hàn) |
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
|||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 弗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3313 |
| Phonetic component |
弗 |
| Rime group |
物 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
弗 |
| Old Chinese |
/*pɯd/ |
DefinitionsEdit
弗
- (obsolete or dialectal) not.
Usage notesEdit
- In modern Chinese, this character is almost entirely used for phonetic translations. The character mainly represents the phoneme /f/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions.
- The characters 不 (bù) and 否 (fǒu) are far more commonly used to mean “no”.
Etymology 2Edit
| For pronunciation and definitions of 弗 – see 費. (This character, 弗, is the second-round simplified form of 費.) |
Notes:
|
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弗 |
| ふつ Hyōgaiji |
| on'yomi |
Originally borrowed from Middle Chinese 弗 (*pjut), meaning either “not” or “a gust of wind”. Apparently later repurposed during the later Edo period for its phonetic value (and possibly also for its “wind” → “gas” connotations) in translating the German Fluor (“fluorine”).
The modern Mandarin 氟 (fú, “fluorine”) appears to be a more recent invention based on this Japanese usage, adding the radical 气.
PronunciationEdit
AffixEdit
弗 (hiragana ふつ, katakana フツ, rōmaji futsu)
Derived termsEdit
- 弗化 (ふっか, fukka): fluoridation; fluoro-, fluor-; fluorinated
- 弗化カルシウム (ふっかカルシウム, fukka karushiumu): calcium fluoride, CaF2
- 六弗化リン酸リチウム (ろくふっかりんさんりちうむ, roku fukka rinsan richiumu): lithium hexafluorophosphate
- 弗化水素 (ふっかすいそ, fukka suiso): hydrogen fluoride, HF
- 弗化水素酸 (ふっかすいそさん, fukka suiso san): hydrofluoric acid
- 弗化物 (ふっかぶつ, fukkabutsu): fluoride
- 六弗化硫黄 (ろくふっかいおう, ろくふっかいおう): sulfur hexafluoride
- 弗酸 (ふっさん, fussan): short for 弗化水素酸 (fukka suiso san): hydrofluoric acid
- 弗素 (ふっそ, fusso): fluorine, F
Purely phonetic uses:
- 阿弗利加, 亜弗利加 (アフリカ, Afurika): Africa
- 阿弗利加系亜米利加人 (アフリカけいアメリカじん, Afurika-kei Amerikajin): an African American (person)
- 阿弗利加野驢馬 (アフリカのろば, Afurika noroba): the African wild ass: Equus africanus
Usage notesEdit
Seldom used. In chemistry contexts, almost always spelled in katakana as フツ, appearing in most compounds as フッ. This is probably a reflection of this term's roots as a 外来語 (gairaigo, “word borrowed from another language”).
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弗 |
| どる Hyōgaiji |
| kun'yomi |
Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $. This reading is ultimately a borrowing from Dutch dollar.[1][2]
PronunciationEdit
Alternative formsEdit
SymbolEdit
- a dollar
Usage notesEdit
Occasionally seen, but more often encountered in the katakana spelling of ドル.
ReferencesEdit
- ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
弗 • (bul) (hangeul 불, revised bul, McCune-Reischauer pul, Yale pul)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}. - Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $.[1]
