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Appendix:German cognates with English/Regular cognates with differing consonant values/Proto-Germanic Unvoiced Stop Consonants

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Proto-Germanic Unvoiced Stop Consonants edit

Proto-Germanic *k edit

The correspondences for *k are somewhat complicated as both German and English exhibit two kinds of changes from *k. In German, *k can remain k or become ch (/x/), while in English, *k can remain k or become ch (/tʃ/).

German ch ~ English ch /tʃ/, tch /tʃ/ edit
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-(West) Germanic ancestor
Bach [m] beach stream bæċ,
beċe		 *bakiz
bleich bleach pale,
wan,
sallow		 blǣċ *blaikaz
Bruch [m] breach breach,
crack,
fracture		 briċe,
bryċe		 *brukiz
Buche [f] beech beech bēċe
Dach [n] thatch roof *þaką
reichen;
reichte;
(ge)reicht		 reach;
reached;
reached		 to last,
to pass sth. to so.,
to reach,
to suffice		 rǣċan *raikijaną
solch- (det.) such such swylc,
swilċ		 *swalīkaz
Sprache [f] speech language,
speech		 spǣċ *sprāku
Teich [m] ditch pond dīċ *dīkaz
wachen;
wachte;
(ge)wacht		 watch;
watched;
watched		 to be awake,
to watch over so./sth.		 wæċċan,
weċċan		 *wakjaną
welch- (det.) which which hwilċ *hwilīkaz
German ch ~ English ck, k edit
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Bache [f] back sow bæc bak *baką
bleich bleak pale,
wan,
sallow		 blāc,
blǣc		 *blaikaz
brauchen;
brauchte;
(ge)braucht		 brook;
brooked;
brooked		 to need,
to require,
to use		 brūcan *brūkaną
brechen;
brach;
(ge)brochen		 break;
broke;
broken		 break brecan *brekaną
Bruch [m] brook swamp,
marsh		 brōc *brōkaz
Buch [n] book book bōc bók *bōks
Eiche [f] oak oak āc eik *aiks
frech freak brash,
cheeky,
insulting		 freca *frekô
gleich alike same,
very similar		 ġelīc líkr *galīkaz
Habich(t) [m] hawk hawk haukr *habukaz
Joch [n] yoke yoke ioc,
ġioc,
ġeoc		 *juką
Knoche(n) [m] knuck(le) bone *knukô
kochen;
kochte;
(ge)kocht		 cook;
cooked;
cooked		 to boil,
to cook		 *kukōną
krachen;
krachte;
(ge)kracht		 crack;
cracked;
cracked		 to crash,
to crack,
to creak		 cracian *krakōną
Kuchen [m] cake cake ceace kaka *kakǭ
Lache [f] lake pool lacu lœkr *lakō,
*lōkiz
Lauch [m] leek leek,
allium		 lēac laukr *laukaz
Lerche [f] lark (bird) lark (bird) lāwerce *laiwarikǭ
Milch [f] milk milk meolc mjǫlk *meluks
milchig milky milky
rächen;
rächte;
(ge)rächt		 wreak;
wrought/wreaked;
wrought/wreaked		 to avenge,
to take revenge		 wrecan reka *wrekaną
Rechen [m] rake rake,
grill		 racu,
raca		 rǫk,
reka		 *rakō,
*rekô
rechnen;
rechnete;
(ge)rechnet		 reckon;
reckoned;
reckoned		 to calculate,
to reckon		 *rekanōną
riechen;
roch;
(ge)rochen		 reek;
reeked;
reeked		 to smell rēocan rjúka *reukaną
Sache [f] sake matter,
cause		 sacu sǫk *sakō
Sichel sickle sickle sicol
sprechen;
sprach;
(ge)sprochen		 speak;
spoke;
spoken		 to speak specan *sprekaną
Storch [m] stork stork storc storkr *sturkaz
Streich [m] stroke stroke *straikaz
streichen;
strich;
(ge)strichen		 strike;
struck;
struck/stricken		 to stroke strīcan *strīkaną
streich(el)n;
streich(el)te;
(ge)streich(el)t		 stroke;
stroked;
stroked		 to stroke,
to pet,
to fondle		 strācian *straikōną
Strich [m] streak stroke,
line		 strica *strikiz
tauchen;
tauchte;
(ge)taucht		 duck;
ducked;
ducked		 to dive *dūkaną
weich weak weak,
soft		 wāc veikr *waikwaz
Woche [f] week week wice,
wicu		 vika *wikǭ
Zeichen [n] token sign tācn teikn *taikną
German ck, k ~ English ch /tʃ/, tch /tʃ/ edit
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
(Ge)bäck [n] batch pastry bæċ,
beċe		 *bakiz
Bank [f] bench bench benċ *bankiz
Birke [f] birch birch bierċe,
birċe		 *birkijǭ
Carl/Karl (proper name) churl ċeorl *karilaz
Fink [m] finch finch finċ *finkiz
hecken;
heckte;
(ge)heckt		 hatch;
hatched;
hatched		 to hatch,
to give birth to
Käfer [m] chafer beetle ċeafor
Kaff chaff chaff ċeaf *kafą
karg chary meager,
barren,
poor		 ċeariġ *karagaz
Karn (surname) churn ċyrn *kernǭ
kauen;
kaute;
(ge)kaut		 chew;
chewed;
chewed		 to chew ċēowan *kewwaną
Kehre [f] chore U-turn
(er)kiesen;
(er)kor;
(er)koren		 choose (sb);
chose;
chosen
select (sb) (usage note: the present form is very rare) *keusaną
Kinn [n] chin chin ċinn *kinnuz
Krücke [f] crutch crutch cryċċ,
criċċ		 *krukjō
Kühle [f] chill coolness ċele,
ċiele,
ċyle		 *kaliz
(Ge)stank [m] stench stench,
odor,
smell		 stenċ *stankwiz
strecken;
streckte;
(ge)streckt		 stretch;
stretched;
stretched		 to stretch *strakjaną
Stück [n] stitch piece styċċe *stukkiją
tränken;
tränkte;
(ge)tränkt		 drench;
drenched;
drenched		 to water drenċan *drankijaną
zwicken;
zwickte;
(ge)zwickt		 twitch;
twitched;
twitched		 to pinch *twikkijaną
Proto-Germanic *p edit
German f, ff ~ English p edit
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Affe [m] ape monkey,
ape		 apa api *apô
auf up on,
upon,
up		 ūp,
upp		 upp *upp
greifen;
griff;
(ge)griffen		 grip;
gripped;
gripped		 to grab,
to grip,
to take effect		 grīpan grípa *grīpaną
Harfe [f] harp harp hearpe harpa *harpǭ
Haufen [m] heap heap hēap *haupaz
helfen;
half;
(ge)holfen		 help;
holp/helped;
holpen/helped		 to help helpan hjalpa *helpaną
Hilfe [f] help help help hjalp *helpō
hoffen;
hoffte;
(ge)hofft		 hope;
hoped;
hoped		 to hope hopian Proto-West Germanic *hopōn
Hüf(t)e [f] hip hip hype *hupiz
laufen;
lief;
(ge)laufen		 leap;
leapt/leaped;
leapt/leaped		 to walk,
to run		 hlēapan *hlaupaną
laufen;
lief;
(ge)laufen		 lope;
loped;
loped		 to walk,
to run		 hlaupa *hlaupaną
Löff(el) lap;
lapped;
lapped		 spoon
offen open open open opinn *upanaz
raufen;
raufte;
(ge)rauft		 rip;
ripped;
ripped		 to scuffle,
to tuffle		 *ruppōną
reif ripe mature,
ripe		 rīpe
Saf(t) [m] sap juice sæp *sapą
saf(t)ig sappy juicy sæpiġ
schaffen;
schuf;
(ge)schaffen		 shape;
shope/shaped;
shapen/shaped		 to accomplish sth.,
to manage,
to cope with sth.		 sċieppan *skapjaną
scharf sharp sharp;
hot,
spicy (food)		 sċarp,
sċearp		 *skarpaz
Schiff [n] ship ship sċip *skipą
Seife soap soap sāpe *saipǭ
stief- (prefix) step- (prefix) step- (prefix) stēop- (prefix),
stēp- (prefix)		 stjúp- (prefix) *steupa- (prefix)
tief deep deep dēop djúpr *deupaz
Waffe [f] weapon weapon wǣpen *wēpną
werfen;
warf;
(ge)worfen		 warp;
warped;
warped		 to throw weorpan *werpaną
German pf ~ English p edit
Standard German cognate Modern English cognates Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Apfel [m] apple apple æppel *aplaz
hüpfen;
hüpfte;
(ge)hüpft		 hop;
hopped;
hopped		 to hop hoppian hoppa *huppōną
Kropf [m] crop crop,
goitre		 cropp *kruppaz
Pfad [m] path path pæþ *paþaz
pflegen;
pflegte;
(ge)pflegt		 play;
played;
played		 to groom,
to nurse,
to tend so./sth.		 plegian *plehaną
Pflug [m] plough/plow plow plōh *plōgaz
pflücken;
pflückte;
(ge)pflückt		 pluck;
plucked;
plucked		 to pluck,
to pick		 plukka,
plokka		 *plukkōną
Pfuhl [m] pool quagmire,
mudhole		 pōl *pōlaz
Rumpf [m] rump hull,
torso,
trunk
stampfen;
stampfte;
(ge)stampft		 stamp;
stamped;
stamped		 to stamp
stampfen;
stampfte;
(ge)stampft		 stomp;
stomped;
stomped		 to stamp
stapfen;
stapfte;
(ge)stapft		 step;
stepped;
stepped		 to trudge stæppan,
steppan		 *stapjaną
stopfen;
stopfte;
(ge)stopft		 stop;
stopped;
stopped		 to stoff,
to plug,
to darn (sewing)		 stoppian *stuppōną
Stumpf [m] stump stump *stumpaz
tapfer dapper brave,
plucky		 dapr *dapraz
Tropfe(n) [m] drop drop dropa dropi *drupô
tropfen;
tropfte;
(ge)tropft		 drip;
dripped;
dripped		 to drop;
to drip
tröpf(el)n;
tröpf(el)te;
(ge)tröpf(el)t		 drip;
dripped;
dripped		 to drip
Proto-Germanic *t edit
German s, ss, ß ~ English t, tt edit
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
aus out out,
out of,
from		 ūt út *ūt
beißen;
biss;
(ge)bissen		 bite;
bit;
bitten		 to bite bītan bíta *bītaną
besser (adj.);
besser- (prefix)		 better better betera betri *batizô
Binse bent bent (grass),
rush (grass)		 Proto-West Germanic *binut
bloß bloat mere;
bare;
nude		 blautr *blautaz
das that that þæt þat *þat
dass that that þæt þat *þat
Einguss ingot in-pouring;
sprue		 *geutaną
essen;
aß;
(geg)essen		 eat;
ate;
eaten		 to eat (of a person) etan eta *etaną
Fass [n] vat barrel,
keg,
drum,
cask,
vat		 fæt fat *fatą
fressen;
fraß;
(ge)fressen		 fret;
frate/fretted;
fretten/fretted		 to eat (of an animal) fretan *fraetaną
Fuß [m];
Füße		 foot;
feet		 foot fōt fótr *fōts
Gosse [f] gote gutter
Grieß [m] grit semolina grēot grjót *greutą
groß great big,
huge,
large		 grēat *grautaz
grüßen;
grüßte;
(ge)grüßt		 greet;
greeted;
greeted		 greet grētan *grōtijaną
Hass [m] hate hate hete hatr *hataz
hassen;
haste;
(ge)hasst		 hate;
hated;
hated		 to hate hatian hata *hatāną
Hornisse [f] hornet hornet hyrnet *hurznutō
Kessel [m] kettle kettle ketill *katilaz
Kloß [m] clod lump,
dumpling		 clūd;
clūt,
clod		 *klūtaz
Kloß [m] cloud lump,
dumpling		 clūd;
clūt,
clod		 *klūtaz
lassen;
ließ;
(ge)lassen		 let;
let;
let		 to let lǣtan láta *lētaną
Los [n] lot lot,
fate		 hlot hlutr *hlutą
messen;
maß;
(ge)messen		 mete;
meted;
meted		 to measure metan meta *metaną
Nuss [f] nut nut hnutu hnot *hnuts
reißen;
riss;
(ge)rissen		 write;
wrote;
written		 to tip,
to tear		 wrītan rita *wrītaną
(Ge)säß seat backside,
buttocks
scheißen;
schiss;
(ge)schissen		 shit;
shitted;
shitted		 to shit sċītan skíta *skītaną
schießen;
schoss;
(ge)schossen		 shoot;
shot;
shot		 to shoot sċēotan *skeutaną
schmeißen;
schmiss;
(ge)schmissen		 smite;
smote;
smitten/smited		 to throw smītan *smītaną
Schweiß [m] sweat sweat swāt *swait-
Sessel [m] settle chair setl sjǫtull *setlaz
sitzen;
saß;
(ge)sessen		 sit;
sat;
sitten/sat		 to sit sittan sitja *sitjaną
spießen;
spießte;
(ge)spießt		 spit;
spitted;
spitted		 to skewer,
to spear		 spitu *spitō
vergessen;
vergaß;
vergessen		 forget;
forgot;
forgotten		 to forget forgietan Proto-West Germanic *fragetan
was what what hwæt *hwat
Wasser [n] water water wæter *watōr
Zwielicht [n] twilight twilight,
dusk
German tz, z ~ English t, tt edit
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Beize bait mordant;
marinade		 beita *baitō
Filz felt felt felt *felt
furzen;
furzte;
(ge)furzt		 fart;
farted;
farted		 to fart freta,
frata		 *fertaną
grunzen;
grunzte;
(ge)grunzt		 grunt;
grunted;
grunted		 to grunt grunnettan *grunnatjaną
Herz [n] heart heart heorte hjarta *hertô
Hitze [f] heat heat hǣte *haitį̄
Kauz kite (bird) barn owl,
screech owl		 cȳta *kūtijô
Milz milt spleen,
milt		 milt,
milte		 *meltǭ
ritzen;
ritzte;
(ge)ritzt		 write;
wrote;
written		 to scratch wrītan rita *wrītaną
Salz [n] salt salt salt,
sealt		 salt *saltą
Schmutz smut filth,
dirt,
smut
schmutzig smutty filthy,
dirty,
smutty
Schürze [f] shirt apron sċyrte *skurtijǭ
Schürze [f] skirt apron skyrta *skurtijǭ
setzen;
setzte;
(ge)setzt		 set;
set;
set		 to place,
to put,
to set,
to sit down		 settan setja *satjaną
sitzen;
saß;
(ge)sessen		 sit;
sat;
sitten/sat		 to sit sittan sitja *sitjaną
Stelze [f] stilt stilt
stürzen;
stürzte;
(ge)stürzt		 start;
started;
started		 to fall down,
to dash,
to throw		 *sturtijaną
Sülze silt brine
Warze [f] wart wart wearte *wartǭ
Weize(n) [m] wheat wheat hwǣte *hwaitijaz
Witz [m] wit joke witt *witją
witzig witty funny,
humorous		 wittiġ
Wurz(el) [f] wort root wyrt *wrōts
zäh tough chewy,
tough		 tōh *tanhuz
Zahl [f] tale number,
figure		 talu tala *talō
zählen;
zählte;
(ge)zählt
(cf. erzählen: to tell)		 tell;
told;
told		 to count tellan telja *taljaną
zahm tame tame tam tamr *tamaz
Zange [f] tong pliers,
pincers,
tongs		 tange tǫng
zart tart delicate,
tender		 teart
Zaum [m] team bridle tēam taumr *taumaz
Zaun [m] town fence tūn tún *tūną
Zecke [f] tick tick
Zeh [m] toe toe tā tá *taihwǭ
zehn ten ten tīen *tehun
zehren;
zehrte;
(ge)zehrt		 tear;
tore;
torn		 to live on sth. teran *teraną
Zeichen [n] token sign tācn teikn *taikną
Zeit [f] tide time tīd *tīdiz
zeitig tidy seasonal,
timely
zerren;
zerrte;
(ge)zerrt		 tear;
tore;
torn		 to tug,
to drag sth.,
to wrench		 teran *teraną
Zeug [n] toy stuff,
things		 *teugą
Ziel til/till goal til *tilą
zielen;
zielte;
(ge)zielt		 till;
tilled;
tilled		 to aim tilian *tilōną
Zimmer [n] timber room timber timbr *timrą
Zinn [n] tin tin tin tin *tiną
Zinne [f] tine merlon,
roof terrace		 tind *tindaz
Zitze [f] tit tit (of an animal)
zu to to,
too		 tō *tō,
*ta
zu too to,
too		 tō *tō,
*ta
zucken;
zuckte;
(ge)zuckt		 tuck;
tucked;
tucked		 to jerk tucian *tukkōną
Zunder [m] tinder tinder tynder *tundrą
Zunge [f] tongue tongue tunge tunga *tungǭ
Zweig [m] twig twig twīg *twīgą
zwei two two twā *twai
zwicken;
zwickte;
(ge)zwickt		 twitch;
twitched;
twitched		 to pinch *twikkijaną
zwingen,
zwang,
(ge)zwungen		 twinge,
twinged,
twinged		 to force *twangijaną
zwink(er)n;
zwink(er)t;
(ge)zwink(er)t		 twink(le);
twink(le)d;
twink(le)d		 to blink,
to wink
Zwist [m] twist turmoil,
strife,
discord
zwölf twelve twelve twelf *twalif
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