normal
EnglishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Latin normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square; later: according to a rule”), from nōrma (“carpenter's square”), of uncertain origin.[1][2][3][4] The earliest use of the word in English was to mean "perpendicular; forming a right angle" like something normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square”),[1][5] but by Late Latin normālis had also come to mean "according to a rule", from which modern English senses of the word derive:[5] in the 1800s, as people began to quantitatively study things like height and weight and blood pressure, the usual or most common values came to be referred to as "normal", and by extension values regarded as healthy or desirable came to be called "normal" regardless of their usuality.[6]
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal (comparative normaler or more normal, superlative normalest or most normal)
- According to norms or rules or to a regular pattern.
- Organize the data into third normal form.
- 2007, Steven Wilson, "Normal", Porcupine Tree, Nil Recurring.
- Prescription drugs, they help me through the day / And that restraining order keeps me well at bay / And what's normal now, anyway?
- 2014, Michael Rush, Politics & Society, Routledge (→ISBN), page 210:
- In other words, although the legal processes were observed, it was not a normal transfer of power within each of the ruling communist parties. […] Demonstrations of the sort that brought about the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe were not normal, and where attempts had previously been made to hold them, they were invariably suppressed by force.
- (mathematics) Adhering to or being what is considered natural or regular in a particular field or context:
- (number theory, of a real number) In whose representation in a given base b ≥ 2, for every positive integer n, the bn possible strings of n digits follow a uniform distribution.
- A number whose individual digits in a given base representation follow a uniform distribution is said to be simply normal.
- A number that is normal for every base b ≥ 2 is said to be absolutely normal.
- (algebra, of a subgroup) With cosets which form a group.
- (algebra, of a field extension of a field K) Which is the splitting field of a family of polynomials in K.
- (probability theory, statistics, of a distribution) Which has a very specific bell curve shape; that is or has the qualities of a normal distribution.
- (probability theory, statistics, of a random variable, etc.) Which has a normal distribution; which is associated with random variable that has a normal distribution.
- (complex analysis, of a family of continuous functions) Which is pre-compact.
- (set theory, of a function from the ordinals to the ordinals) Which is strictly monotonically increasing and continuous with respect to the order topology.
- (linear algebra, of a matrix) Which commutes with its conjugate transpose.
- (functional analysis, of a Hilbert space operator) Which commutes with its adjoint.
- (category theory) Being (as a morphism) or containing (as a category) only normal epimorphism(s) or monomorphism(s), that is, those which are the kernel or cokernel of some morphism, respectively.
- (topology, of a topology) In which disjoint closed sets can be separated by disjoint neighborhoods.
- (number theory, of a real number) In whose representation in a given base b ≥ 2, for every positive integer n, the bn possible strings of n digits follow a uniform distribution.
- Usual, healthy; not sick or ill or unlike oneself.
- John is feeling normal again.
- (education, of a school) teaching teachers how to teach (to certain norms)
- My grandmother attended Mankato State Normal School.
- (chemistry) Of, relating to, or being a solution containing one equivalent weight of solute per litre of solution.
- (organic chemistry) Describing a straight chain isomer of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, or an aliphatic compound in which a substituent is in the 1- position of such a hydrocarbon.
- (physics, of a mode in an oscillating system) In which all parts of an object vibrate at the same frequency (see normal mode).
- (rail transport, of points) In the default position, set for the most frequently used route.
- (geometry) Perpendicular to a tangent of a curve or derivative of a surface.
- The interior normal vector of an ideal perfect sphere will always point toward the center, and the exterior normal vector directly away, and both will always be co-linear with the ray whose' tip ends at the point of intersection, which is the intersection of all three sets of points.
Usage notesEdit
- When used to describe a group of people, normal can be understood as meaning that those not part of the group are strange or freakish. Its usage can therefore be understood as offensive to those it excludes.
SynonymsEdit
- (usual): conventional, customary, ordinary, standard, usual, regular, routine, average, expected, natural, typical, everyday, common, commonplace, general
- (healthy): hale, healthy, well
- (perpendicular): at right angles to, perpendicular, orthogonal
- (statistics): Gaussian, standard normal
AntonymsEdit
- (usual): unconventional, nonstandard, unusual
- (healthy): ill, poorly (British), sick, unwell
- (perpendicular): tangential
- (rail transport): reverse
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
according to norms or rules
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usual, ordinary
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healthy; not sick or ill
pertaining to a school to teach teachers how to teach
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NounEdit
normal (countable and uncountable, plural normals)
- (geometry) A line or vector that is perpendicular to another line, surface, or plane.
- (slang, countable) A person who is normal, who fits into mainstream society, as opposed to those who live alternative lifestyles.
- (uncountable) The usual state.
- 1930, Norman Lindsay, Redheap, Sydney: Ure Smith, published 1965, page 269:
- Still, there was a hitch somewhere in the gathering that threw it out of normal.
- His workload is now back to normal.
- Heavy workload is the new normal.
SynonymsEdit
- (normal person): see Thesaurus:mainstreamer
TranslationsEdit
mathematics: a line perpendicular to another
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “normal” in Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary.
- ^ “normal” in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
- ^ “normal” in Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001–2021.
- ^ normal in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories (1991, →ISBN), age 321
- ^ Brent Davis, Dennis Sumara, Complexity and Education (2014, →ISBN)
AnagramsEdit
CatalanEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal (masculine and feminine plural normals)
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “normal” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “normal” in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana.
- “normal” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “normal” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
Borrowed from Latin normālis. Synchronically analysable as norme + -al.
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal (feminine singular normale, masculine plural normaux, feminine plural normales)
- normal (according to norms, usual, pertaining to a school to teach teachers how to teach)
- okay, alright.
- Antonym: anormal
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “normal” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
GermanEdit
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal (comparative normaler, superlative am normalsten)
DeclensionEdit
Positive forms of normal
| number & gender | singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | all genders | ||
| predicative | er ist normal | sie ist normal | es ist normal | sie sind normal | |
| strong declension (without article) |
nominative | normaler | normale | normales | normale |
| genitive | normalen | normaler | normalen | normaler | |
| dative | normalem | normaler | normalem | normalen | |
| accusative | normalen | normale | normales | normale | |
| weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der normale | die normale | das normale | die normalen |
| genitive | des normalen | der normalen | des normalen | der normalen | |
| dative | dem normalen | der normalen | dem normalen | den normalen | |
| accusative | den normalen | die normale | das normale | die normalen | |
| mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein normaler | eine normale | ein normales | (keine) normalen |
| genitive | eines normalen | einer normalen | eines normalen | (keiner) normalen | |
| dative | einem normalen | einer normalen | einem normalen | (keinen) normalen | |
| accusative | einen normalen | eine normale | ein normales | (keine) normalen | |
Comparative forms of normal
| number & gender | singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | all genders | ||
| predicative | er ist normaler | sie ist normaler | es ist normaler | sie sind normaler | |
| strong declension (without article) |
nominative | normalerer | normalere | normaleres | normalere |
| genitive | normaleren | normalerer | normaleren | normalerer | |
| dative | normalerem | normalerer | normalerem | normaleren | |
| accusative | normaleren | normalere | normaleres | normalere | |
| weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der normalere | die normalere | das normalere | die normaleren |
| genitive | des normaleren | der normaleren | des normaleren | der normaleren | |
| dative | dem normaleren | der normaleren | dem normaleren | den normaleren | |
| accusative | den normaleren | die normalere | das normalere | die normaleren | |
| mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein normalerer | eine normalere | ein normaleres | (keine) normaleren |
| genitive | eines normaleren | einer normaleren | eines normaleren | (keiner) normaleren | |
| dative | einem normaleren | einer normaleren | einem normaleren | (keinen) normaleren | |
| accusative | einen normaleren | eine normalere | ein normaleres | (keine) normaleren | |
Superlative forms of normal
| number & gender | singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | all genders | ||
| predicative | er ist am normalsten | sie ist am normalsten | es ist am normalsten | sie sind am normalsten | |
| strong declension (without article) |
nominative | normalster | normalste | normalstes | normalste |
| genitive | normalsten | normalster | normalsten | normalster | |
| dative | normalstem | normalster | normalstem | normalsten | |
| accusative | normalsten | normalste | normalstes | normalste | |
| weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der normalste | die normalste | das normalste | die normalsten |
| genitive | des normalsten | der normalsten | des normalsten | der normalsten | |
| dative | dem normalsten | der normalsten | dem normalsten | den normalsten | |
| accusative | den normalsten | die normalste | das normalste | die normalsten | |
| mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein normalster | eine normalste | ein normalstes | (keine) normalsten |
| genitive | eines normalsten | einer normalsten | eines normalsten | (keiner) normalsten | |
| dative | einem normalsten | einer normalsten | einem normalsten | (keinen) normalsten | |
| accusative | einen normalsten | eine normalste | ein normalstes | (keine) normalsten | |
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “normal” in Duden online
HunsrikEdit
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal
DeclensionEdit
| Declension of normal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | ||
| Weak inflection | nominative | normal | normal | normal | normale |
| accusative | normale | normal | normal | normale | |
| dative | normale | normale | normale | normale | |
| Strong inflection | nominative | normaler | normale | normales | normale |
| accusative | normale | normale | normales | normale | |
| dative | normalem | normaler | normalem | normale | |
Further readingEdit
InterlinguaEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal (comparative plus normal, superlative le plus normal)
IrishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Borrowing from English normal.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
normal m (genitive singular normail, nominative plural normail)
DeclensionEdit
Declension of normal
Derived termsEdit
- aonadnormal m (“unit normal”)
- normalach (“normal”, adjective)
- normalacht f (“normality”)
Further readingEdit
- "normal" in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- “normal” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
LadinEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal m (feminine singular normala, masculine plural normai, feminine plural normales)
Norwegian BokmålEdit
EtymologyEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal (neuter singular normalt, definite singular and plural normale)
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “normal” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian NynorskEdit
EtymologyEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal (neuter singular normalt, definite singular and plural normale)
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “normal” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
PortugueseEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal m or f (plural normais, comparable)
Related termsEdit
RomanianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Borrowed from French normal, Latin normālis.
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal m or n (feminine singular normală, masculine plural normali, feminine and neuter plural normale)
Related termsEdit
AdverbEdit
normal
SpanishEdit
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
normal (plural normales)
- normal, standard, regular, fine
- (geometry) perpendicular
- Synonym: perpendicular
- Antonyms: oblicuo, paralelo
Derived termsEdit
NounEdit
normal f (plural normales)
SwedishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Latin nōrmālis, from nōrma + -ālis, equivalent to norm + -al.
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
AdjectiveEdit
normal (comparative normalare, superlative normalast)
DeclensionEdit
| Inflection of normal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Positive | Comparative | Superlative2 |
| Common singular | normal | normalare | normalast |
| Neuter singular | normalt | normalare | normalast |
| Plural | normala | normalare | normalast |
| Definite | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| Masculine singular1 | normale | normalare | normalaste |
| All | normala | normalare | normalaste |
| 1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine. 2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. | |||
Related termsEdit
NounEdit
normal c
- (geometry) a normal (a line which is perpendicular to another line or to a surface)
- Antonym: tangent
DeclensionEdit
| Declension of normal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | normal | normalen | normaler | normalerna |
| Genitive | normals | normalens | normalers | normalernas |