Appendix:Luwian Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Luwian, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
[script needed]
| No. | English | Luwian |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | (a)mu |
| 2 | you (singular) | tī |
| 3 | he, she, it | -as, apās |
| 4 | we | - |
| 5 | you (plural) | - |
| 6 | they | -ata, apinzi |
| 7 | this | zās |
| 8 | that | apās |
| 9 | here | zāwi(n) |
| 10 | there | - |
| 11 | who | kuis |
| 12 | what | kuī |
| 13 | where | kuwar(i) (?) |
| 14 | when | kuwati |
| 15 | how | - |
| 16 | not | nāwa |
| 17 | all | pūnatinzi, tanimminzi |
| 18 | many | - |
| 19 | some | - |
| 20 | few | - |
| 21 | other | - |
| 22 | one | in |
| 23 | two | an |
| 24 | three | tarris |
| 25 | four | māwinzi |
| 26 | five | - |
| 27 | big | urazzas |
| 28 | long | ārrāyis |
| 29 | wide | - |
| 30 | thick | - |
| 31 | heavy | 𒋗𒉿𒀀𒊒𒍑 (suwārus), 𒆪𒉿𒀭𒍪𒍑 (kuwanzus) |
| 32 | small | - |
| 33 | short | mannakunas |
| 34 | narrow | - |
| 35 | thin | - |
| 36 | woman | 𒉿𒈾𒀜𒋾𒅖 (wanattis), 𒉿𒉿𒈾𒀸 (wānas) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 𒍣𒋾𒅖 (zītis) |
| 38 | man (human being) | 𒍣𒋾𒅖 (zītis) |
| 39 | child | nimuwizas |
| 40 | wife | - |
| 41 | husband | 𒍣𒋾𒅖 (zītis) |
| 42 | mother | 𒀀𒀭𒉌𒅖 (ānnis) |
| 43 | father | 𒋫𒀀𒋾𒅖 (tātis) |
| 44 | animal | 𒄷𒌋𒄿𒋻𒊭 (huitarsa) |
| 45 | fish | - |
| 46 | bird | - |
| 47 | dog | zuwanis |
| 48 | louse | - |
| 49 | snake | - |
| 50 | worm | - |
| 51 | tree | - |
| 52 | forest | - |
| 53 | stick | winal |
| 54 | fruit | 𒀀𒆷𒀜𒋻𒊭 (alattarsa) |
| 55 | seed | warwalan |
| 56 | leaf | - |
| 57 | root | - |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | - |
| 59 | flower | - |
| 60 | grass | zuhri |
| 61 | rope | - |
| 62 | skin | - |
| 63 | meat | - |
| 64 | blood | āsharsa |
| 65 | bone | 𒄩𒀀𒀸𒊭 (hāssa) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | - |
| 67 | egg | - |
| 68 | horn | zurni |
| 69 | tail | - |
| 70 | feather | - |
| 71 | hair | 𒋰𒉺𒀀𒉌𒅖 (tappānis) |
| 72 | head | harmahis |
| 73 | ear | 𒌈𒈠𒀀𒀭 (tummān) |
| 74 | eye | tāwīs |
| 75 | nose | - |
| 76 | mouth | 𒀀𒀀𒀸𒊭 (āssa) |
| 77 | tooth | - |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | lālis |
| 79 | fingernail | - |
| 80 | foot | 𒉺𒋫𒀀𒀸 (patās) |
| 81 | leg | pārtas (?) |
| 82 | knee | - |
| 83 | hand | 𒄿𒅖𒊭𒊑𒅖 (īssaris) |
| 84 | wing | aruti |
| 85 | belly | - |
| 86 | guts | - |
| 87 | neck | - |
| 88 | back | - |
| 89 | breast | tītan |
| 90 | heart | 𒍝𒀀𒅈𒍝 (zārza) |
| 91 | liver | - |
| 92 | to drink | ūtti |
| 93 | to eat | azti |
| 94 | to bite | - |
| 95 | to suck | - |
| 96 | to spit | tappāti |
| 97 | to vomit | - |
| 98 | to blow | - |
| 99 | to breathe | - |
| 100 | to laugh | - |
| 101 | to see | manāti |
| 102 | to hear | tūmmantitti |
| 103 | to know | un(a)i- |
| 104 | to think | maliti |
| 105 | to smell | - |
| 106 | to fear | kuwaya- |
| 107 | to sleep | - |
| 108 | to live | - |
| 109 | to die | *walati |
| 110 | to kill | - |
| 111 | to fight | - |
| 112 | to hunt | - |
| 113 | to hit | dūpiti |
| 114 | to cut | kuwarti, karsti |
| 115 | to split | - |
| 116 | to stab | - |
| 117 | to scratch | - |
| 118 | to dig | - |
| 119 | to swim | - |
| 120 | to fly | - |
| 121 | to walk | - |
| 122 | to come | awīti |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | zīyari |
| 124 | to sit | asti |
| 125 | to stand | tāi |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | kuwalīti (?) |
| 127 | to fall | - |
| 128 | to give | piyai |
| 129 | to hold | - |
| 130 | to squeeze | wisiti |
| 131 | to rub | kūsāti |
| 132 | to wash | īlhāti, lāhunti |
| 133 | to wipe | ammassiti |
| 134 | to pull | - |
| 135 | to push | - |
| 136 | to throw | - |
| 137 | to tie | hishiti, hāpiti |
| 138 | to sew | - |
| 139 | to count | - |
| 140 | to say | āssatti (?) |
| 141 | to sing | - |
| 142 | to play | - |
| 143 | to float | - |
| 144 | to flow | ārsi(ya)- |
| 145 | to freeze | - |
| 146 | to swell | - |
| 147 | sun | 𒋾𒉿𒊍 (tiwaz) |
| 148 | moon | *armas |
| 149 | star | - |
| 150 | water | 𒉿𒀀𒅈𒊭 (wārsa) |
| 151 | rain | - |
| 152 | river | 𒄩𒀀𒁉𒅖 (hāpis) |
| 153 | lake | - |
| 154 | sea | 𒀀𒆷𒀸𒊭𒄠𒈪𒅖 (alasammis) |
| 155 | salt | - |
| 156 | stone | - |
| 157 | sand | - |
| 158 | dust | pasūriyas (?) |
| 159 | earth | 𒋾𒄿𒀀𒄠𒈪𒅖 (tiyammis) |
| 160 | cloud | - |
| 161 | fog | - |
| 162 | sky | 𒋫𒀊𒉺𒀸𒊭 (tappassa) |
| 163 | wind | - |
| 164 | snow | - |
| 165 | ice | - |
| 166 | smoke | - |
| 167 | fire | 𒉺𒀀𒄷𒌋𒌨 (pāhūr) |
| 168 | ash | - |
| 169 | to burn | - |
| 170 | road | harwas |
| 171 | mountain | *ariyattis |
| 172 | red | - |
| 173 | green | hahhaluwantis |
| 174 | yellow | hahhaluwantis |
| 175 | white | - |
| 176 | black | dakkuīs, marwāy- |
| 177 | night | - |
| 178 | day | halli |
| 179 | year | ussis |
| 180 | warm | - |
| 181 | cold | - |
| 182 | full | - |
| 183 | new | nāwis |
| 184 | old | - |
| 185 | good | wāsus |
| 186 | bad | ādduwālis |
| 187 | rotten | - |
| 188 | dirty | - |
| 189 | straight | - |
| 190 | round | - |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | - |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | - |
| 193 | smooth | - |
| 194 | wet | - |
| 195 | dry | - |
| 196 | correct | - |
| 197 | near | - |
| 198 | far | - |
| 199 | right | isarwilis |
| 200 | left | ipalis |
| 201 | at | - |
| 202 | in | ānta |
| 203 | with | - |
| 204 | and | -ha |
| 205 | if | mān |
| 206 | because | kuiza |
| 207 | name | atamanza (?) |