-io
Esperanto edit
Etymology edit
From Latin -ia in country names.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io
- a place, usually a country, named after the root, whether that is a people, person, city, or river
- andaluzo (“Andalusian”) + -io → Andaluzio (“Andalusia”)
- Esperanto (“the Esperanto language”) + -io → Esperantio (“a notional Esperanto-speaking land”)
- flandro (“Fleming”) + -io → Flandrio (“Flanders”)
- japano (“a Japanese person”) + -io → Japanio (“Japan”)
- Kolumbo (“Columbus”) + -io → Kolumbio (“Colombia”)
- Niĝero (“the Niger River”) + -io → Niĝerio (“Nigeria”)
- Romo (“Rome”) + -io → Romio (“the Roman Empire”)
- ŝvabo (“Swabian”) + -io → Ŝvabio (“Swabia”)
- a science named after its practitioner
- -ium; used to form the names of chemical elements
Synonyms edit
- (place): -ujo for places named after their inhabitants: Anglujo (“England”)
- (place): lando is also sometimes used for places named after inhabitants: Svedlando = Svedio (“Sweden”)
- (science): scienco is used like a suffix with root words to form names of some sciences: vulkanoscienco = vulkanologio (“volcanology”)
Derived terms edit
Finnish edit
Etymology edit
From multiple sources, including extraction from words derived with -o from verb stems ending in -i, as well as from earlier and still dialectal -i(j)o, from -ja-i (for labial ai > o, compare plural forms of kala-type nouns), from -ja + -i.
Suffix edit
-io (front vowel harmony variant -iö, linguistic notation -iO)
- Forms nouns from verbs or verbal stems.
- Forms nouns from other nouns, adjectives, numbers or their stems.
Declension edit
| Inflection of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -io | -iot | ||
| genitive | -ion | -ioiden -ioitten | ||
| partitive | -iota | -ioita | ||
| illative | -ioon | -ioihin | ||
| singular | plural | |||
| nominative | -io | -iot | ||
| accusative | nom. | -io | -iot | |
| gen. | -ion | |||
| genitive | -ion | -ioiden -ioitten | ||
| partitive | -iota | -ioita | ||
| inessive | -iossa | -ioissa | ||
| elative | -iosta | -ioista | ||
| illative | -ioon | -ioihin | ||
| adessive | -iolla | -ioilla | ||
| ablative | -iolta | -ioilta | ||
| allative | -iolle | -ioille | ||
| essive | -iona | -ioina | ||
| translative | -ioksi | -ioiksi | ||
| abessive | -iotta | -ioitta | ||
| instructive | — | -ioin | ||
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | |||
| Possessive forms of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms edit
Anagrams edit
Ido edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from English -ia, French -ie, Italian -ia, Russian -ия (-ija), Spanish -ia, ultimately from Latin -ia, from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).
Suffix edit
-io
- suffix denoting the country, region, domain, territory or province dependent upon the authority of a person
Usage notes edit
A common but false misconception is that countries that end with -ia in Ido, for example Albania, use this suffix when in fact it's part of the root itself. Though, -io at times can help shape country names to fit; Mexikia uses the extra i so not to be confused with Mexiko (“Mexico City”) at the same time resembling other country names.
Derived terms edit
Italian edit
Etymology 1 edit
Unknown. Perhaps from Latin -ērium.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)
- used with verb roots to derive nouns with durative, intensive or frequentative connotation; -le
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ii, feminine plural -ie)
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)
- Alternative form of -ivo
Derived terms edit
Etymology 3 edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -i or -ii, feminine plural -ie)
- added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”; -y
Etymology 4 edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)
- (uncommon) used with verb roots to derive simple deverbal nouns
Derived terms edit
Etymology 5 edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i or -ii)
- forms the name of chemical elements; -ium
Derived terms edit
Etymology 6 edit
From Latin -īvit via Vulgar Latin -īut.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- (archaic, Dantesque) used with a stem to form the third-person singular past historic of regular -ire verbs
Derived terms edit
Latin edit
Etymology 1 edit
Suffix -ō on i-stems.
Suffix edit
-iō f (genitive -iōnis); third declension
- Used to form abstract nouns from verbs.
Usage notes edit
The suffix -iō is added to a verb to create a third-declension feminine abstract noun.
Declension edit
Third-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -iō | -iōnēs |
| Genitive | -iōnis | -iōnum |
| Dative | -iōnī | -iōnibus |
| Accusative | -iōnem | -iōnēs |
| Ablative | -iōne | -iōnibus |
| Vocative | -iō | -iōnēs |
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Etymology 2 edit
Extension of -ō (possibly by rebracketing).
Suffix edit
-iō m (genitive -iōnis); third declension
- Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms various nouns designating persons that are characterized by or related to the base word, such as nicknames or names of professions.
- Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms certain nouns designating things; often described as a kind of diminutive.
Usage notes edit
Personal appellations ending in -iō appear to have often had a derogatory or pejorative shade of meaning, which in some cases resulted in a sense near that of a diminutive, as in the case of homunciō.[1]
Declension edit
Third-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -iō | -iōnēs |
| Genitive | -iōnis | -iōnum |
| Dative | -iōnī | -iōnibus |
| Accusative | -iōnem | -iōnēs |
| Ablative | -iōne | -iōnibus |
| Vocative | -iō | -iōnēs |
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Etymology 3 edit
From -i-ō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yeti.
Suffix edit
-iō (present infinitive -iāre, perfect active -iāvī, supine -iātum); first conjugation
- Used to form factitive verbs from adjectives.
Conjugation edit
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
Derived terms edit
Etymology 4 edit
From Proto-Italic *-jō, from Proto-Indo-European -yé-ti in which the first person singular ends in *-yóh₂.
Suffix edit
-iō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation iō-variant
- Used to form some irregular third conjugation verbs.
Conjugation edit
| Conjugation of -iō (third conjugation iō-variant) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -iō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -iunt |
| imperfect | -iēbam | -iēbās | -iēbat | -iēbāmus | -iēbātis | -iēbant | |
| future | -iam | -iēs | -iet | -iēmus | -iētis | -ient | |
| perfect | -ī | -istī | -it | -imus | -istis | -ērunt, -ēre | |
| pluperfect | -eram | -erās | -erat | -erāmus | -erātis | -erant | |
| future perfect | -erō | -eris | -erit | -erimus | -eritis | -erint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -int | |
| passive | present | -ior | -eris, -ere |
-itur | -imur | -iminī | -iuntur |
| imperfect | -iēbar | -iēbāris, -iēbāre |
-iēbātur | -iēbāmur | -iēbāminī | -iēbantur | |
| future | -iar | -iēris, -iēre |
-iētur | -iēmur | -iēminī | -ientur | |
| perfect | -us + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -us + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -or | -eris | -itur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -iam | -iās | -iat | -iāmus | -iātis | -iant |
| imperfect | -erem | -erēs | -eret | -erēmus | -erētis | -erent | |
| perfect | -erim | -erīs | -erit | -erīmus | -erītis | -erint | |
| pluperfect | -issem | -issēs | -isset | -issēmus | -issētis | -issent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -im | -īs | -īt | -īmus | -ītis | -int | |
| passive | present | -iar | -iāris, -iāre |
-iātur | -iāmur | -iāminī | -iantur |
| imperfect | -erer | -erēris, -erēre |
-erētur | -erēmur | -erēminī | -erentur | |
| perfect | -us + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -e | — | — | -ite | — |
| future | — | -itō | -itō | — | -itōte | -iuntō | |
| passive | present | — | -ere | — | — | -iminī | — |
| future | — | -itor | -itor | — | — | -iuntor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -ere | -isse | -ūrum esse | -ī | -um esse | -um īrī | |
| participles | -iēns | — | -ūrus | — | -us | -iendus, -iundus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -iendī | -iendō | -iendum | -iendō | -um | -ū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
Etymology 5 edit
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (denominative suffix). The question of how it came to be differentiated from third-conjugation -iō, -ere is still debated. Vine 2012 derives denominatives such as serviō from *serw-e-yé/ó- (with the thematic vowel *-e- before the suffix), proposing that unaccented Proto-Indo-European *-e- came to be assimilated in Italic to an immediately following *-y-.[2] Alternative explanations include an Italic version of Sievers's law (that is, a prosodically conditioned development of postconsonantal *-y-* to *-iy- in certain contexts) or combination of the suffix with stems ending in *-i-.
Suffix edit
-iō (present infinitive -īre, perfect active -īvī, supine -ītum); fourth conjugation
- Used to form fourth conjugation verbs.
Conjugation edit
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
Derived terms edit
References edit
- ^ Petersen, Walter, 1910. Greek diminutives in -ION; a study in semantics, pages 194-195
- ^ Vine, Brent (2012) “PIE mobile accent in Italic: Further evidence”, in Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, editors, The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics, Museum Tusculanum Press
Old Spanish edit
Etymology edit
From Latin -ium, from the adjectival suffix -ius.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io
- (added to nouns) A suffix forming abstract nouns.
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
- Spanish: -ío
Portuguese edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Old Galician-Portuguese -io, from Latin -īvus. Doublet of -ivo.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ios, feminine plural -ias)
- -ive; -y (forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or inclination)
- escorregar (“to slip”) + -io → escorregadio (“slippery”)
- arredar (“to withdraw from”) + -io → arredio (“withdrawn, solitary”)
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io m (noun-forming suffix, uncountable)
Etymology 3 edit
Suffix edit
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)
Etymology 4 edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
-io
Spanish edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from New Latin -ium, from Latin -um, based on Latin terms for metals, such as ferrum (“iron”).
Suffix edit
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- “-io”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Welsh edit
Etymology edit
Variant of -o, initially after a stem that contained /j/ (for Brythonic /ɣ/ or from palatalization after a diphthong), later extended to other verbstems.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-io
- Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech.
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
- -o (Forms verbnouns from verb stems ending in i̯)