故
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TranslingualEdit
Stroke order | |||
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Han characterEdit
故 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 十口人大 (JROK), four-corner 48640, composition ⿰古攵)
Derived charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 469, character 25
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13161
- Dae Jaweon: page 820, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1453, character 5
- Unihan data for U+6545
ChineseEdit
simp. and trad. |
故 |
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Glyph originEdit
Historical forms of the character 故 | ||||
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Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Old Chinese | |
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箇 | *kaːls |
個 | *kaːls |
居 | *kɯ, *kas |
橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
嫴 | *kaː |
姑 | *kaː |
辜 | *kaː |
酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
蛄 | *kaː |
鴣 | *kaː |
沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
古 | *kaːʔ |
罟 | *kaːʔ |
估 | *kaːʔ |
鈷 | *kaːʔ |
詁 | *kaːʔ |
牯 | *kaːʔ |
故 | *kaːs |
固 | *kaːs |
稒 | *kaːɡs |
痼 | *kaːɡs |
錮 | *kaːɡs |
鯝 | *kaːɡs |
棝 | *kaːɡs |
凅 | *kaːɡs |
枯 | *kʰaː |
軲 | *kʰaː |
跍 | *kʰaː |
骷 | *kʰaː |
苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
餬 | *ɡaː |
瑚 | *ɡaː |
湖 | *ɡaː |
鶘 | *ɡaː |
猢 | *ɡaː |
醐 | *ɡaː |
糊 | *ɡaː |
箶 | *ɡaː |
蝴 | *ɡaː |
胡 | *ɡaː |
瓳 | *ɡaː |
怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
据 | *ka |
裾 | *ka |
琚 | *ka |
椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
鶋 | *ka |
蜛 | *ka |
崌 | *ka |
涺 | *ka |
腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
鋸 | *kas |
倨 | *kas |
踞 | *kas |
涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːs): phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic 攵.
Etymology 1Edit
Derivative of 古 (OC *kaːʔ, “old”). The sense “cause, reason” may be related to (“thing or person of former times”), or the same word as 固 (OC *kaːs, “solid, secure, sure”) (Schuessler 2007, apud Pulleyblank 1989).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
故
- old; of the past
- cause; reason
- accident; misfortune; unexpected event
- past things; antiquity
- old friend; good friend; close friend
- 孔子曰:「吾聞之,親者不失其為親也,故者不失其為故也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The School Sayings of Confucius, c. 206 BCE– 220 CE
- Kǒngzǐ yuē: “Wú wén zhī, qīnzhě bùshī qí wéiqīn yě, gùzhě bùshī qí wéigù yě.” [Pinyin]
- Confucius said: "I have heard that kinfolk lose not what makes them kinfolk and old friends lose not what makes them old friends."
孔子曰:“吾闻之,亲者不失其为亲也,故者不失其为故也。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to die; to pass away
- 已故 ― yǐgù ― deceased [lit. has passed away]
- deceased; dead
- formerly; originally
- intentionally; deliberately
- still; as before
- therefore; so
- 我思故我在 ― wǒ sī gù wǒ zài ― I think, therefore I am
- 故名「北京」 ― gù míng “běijīng” ― hence the name "Northern Capital"
- 生亦我所欲,所欲有甚於生者,故不為苟得也;死亦我所惡,所惡有甚於死者,故患有所不辟也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Shēng yì wǒ suǒ yù, suǒ yù yǒu shèn yú shēng zhě, gù bù wéi gǒudé yě; sǐ yì wǒ suǒ wù, suǒ wù yǒu shèn yú sǐ zhě, gù huàn yǒusuǒ bù bì yě. [Pinyin]
- like life indeed, but there is that which I like more than life, and therefore, I will not seek to possess it by any improper ways. I dislike death indeed, but there is that which I dislike more than death, and therefore there are occasions when I will not avoid danger.
生亦我所欲,所欲有甚于生者,故不为苟得也;死亦我所恶,所恶有甚于死者,故患有所不辟也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
SynonymsEdit
- (to die):
Synonyms of 故
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- (therefore; so):
Synonyms of 故
Variety | Location | Words |
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Classical Chinese | 是以, 是故, 故, 以, 以是, 以故 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 所以, 因此, 因而, 故, 故此, 故而 | |
Mandarin | Taiwan | 所以 |
Guilin | 所以 | |
Yangzhou | 所以 | |
Singapore | 所以 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 所以, 故此 |
Hong Kong | 所以 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 所以 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 故是 |
Hakka | Meixian | 所以, 故此 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 故所, 所以 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 故所, 所以, 故所以 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 所以 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 所以 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 所以, 故所 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 所以 | |
Huizhou | Jixi | 所以上 |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 故此 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 故此 |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 所以 |
Quanzhou | 所以 | |
Zhangzhou | 所以 | |
Tainan | 所以 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 所以 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 所以 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 所以 | |
Wenchang | 所以 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 所以, 咾, 葛咾, 因此, 故所以 dated, 故而 dated, 所以緣故 dated, 為此緣故 dated, 因此緣故 dated |
Shanghai (Chongming) | 故所以 | |
Xiang | Loudi | 故所以 |
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 故
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DescendantsEdit
Others:
- → Proto-Tai: *kawᴮ (“old”)
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
故
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
故
ReadingsEdit
CompoundsEdit
Kanji in this term |
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故 |
こ Grade: 5 |
kan’on |
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
AffixEdit
KoreanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Chinese 故 (MC kuoH). Recorded as Middle Korean 고 (kwo) (Yale: kwo) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
PronunciationEdit
- (in 고향 (故鄕, gohyang)):
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ko̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [고]
- (old; cause; accident; etc.):
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ko̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [고(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
HanjaEdit
- Hanja form? of 고 (“old; ancient”).
- Hanja form? of 고 (“cause; reason”).
- Hanja form? of 고 (“accident; unexpected event”).
- Hanja form? of 고 (“late (deceased)”).
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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