離

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

離 (radical 172, 隹+10, 18 strokes, cangjie input 卜月人土 (YBOG), four-corner 0041₄, composition ⿰离隹)

Derived charactersEdit

㒧囄攡灕(漓) 㰚䙰
蘺(蓠) 㒿䍦(䍠) 籬(篱)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1369, character 16
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42140
Dae Jaweon: page 1875, character 14
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4106, character 2
Unihan data for U+96E2

ChineseEdit

trad.		離
simp.		离^*

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (离) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
謧	reːl, rel
璃	reːl, rel
離	reːls, rel, *rels
縭	*rel
离	rel, r̥ʰel
醨	*rel
樆	*rel
褵	*rel
漓	*rel
黐	rel, r̥ʰel
籬	*rel
灕	*rel
蘺	*rel
攡	*rel
魑	*r̥ʰel
螭	*r̥ʰel
摛	*r̥ʰel

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *reːls, *rel, *rels): phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel) + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis). This sense is preserved in the compound 離黃.

Phonetically borrowed for the sense "to depart".

Pronunciation 1Edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lí (li²)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˊ

(Chengdu, SP): ni²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): lei⁴, lei⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): li³
Gan (Wiktionary): li⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lì

(Meixian, Guangdong): li²
Jin (Wiktionary): li¹
Min Bei (KCR): lī
Min Dong (BUC): liè / liê
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): lī / lî

(Teochew, Peng'im): li⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): li (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): li²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: lí
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˊ
  - Wade–Giles: li²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: li
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ni²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: li
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: lei⁴, lei⁶
  - Yale: lèih, leih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lei⁴, lei⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: léi⁴, léi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lei̯²¹/, /lei̯²²/

Note: lei6 - rare (e.g. 離群索居／离群索居).

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: li³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: li⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lì
  - Hakka Romanization System: liˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: li²
  - Sinological IPA: /li¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: li²
  - Sinological IPA: /li¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: li¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /li¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: liè / liê
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ie⁵³/, /l̃iɛ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lī / lî
  - Tâi-lô: lī / lî
  - Phofsit Daibuun: li, lii
  - IPA (Xiamen): /li²²/, /li²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /li⁴¹/, /li²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /li²²/, /li¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /li³³/, /li²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /li³³/, /li²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: li⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lî
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: li (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: li²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 離
Mandarin	Beijing	/li³⁵/
	Harbin	/li²⁴/
	Tianjin	/li⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/li⁴²/
	Qingdao	/li⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/li⁴²/ ～婚 /li³¹²/ ～開
	Xi'an	/li²⁴/ ～別 /li⁴⁴/ ～開
	Xining	/l̩²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/li⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/li⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/li⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ni²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ni³¹/
	Guiyang	/ni²¹/
	Kunming	/li³¹/
	Nanjing	/li²⁴/ /li⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/zz̩⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/li¹¹/
	Pingyao	/li¹³/ ～別 /li³⁵/ 分開了
	Hohhot	/li³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/li²³/
	Suzhou	/li¹³/
	Hangzhou	/li¹³/
	Wenzhou	/lei³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/li⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/li⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/li¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ni¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/li⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/li¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/li¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/lei²¹/
	Nanning	/li²¹/
	Hong Kong	/lei²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/li³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/lie⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/li⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/li⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/li³¹/

Middle Chinese: /liᴇ/, /liᴇ^H/

Rime
Character	離	離
Reading #	1/3	2/3
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	支 (11)	支 (11)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	呂支切	力智切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liᴇ/	/liᴇ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/liɛ/	/liɛ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ljɛ/	/ljɛ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/liə̆/	/liə̆^H/
Li Rong	/lie/	/lie^H/
Wang Li	/lǐe/	/lǐe^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/lie̯/	/lie̯^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lí	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lei⁴	lei⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]aj/, /*raj-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*rel/, /*rels/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	離	離	離
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lí	lí	lì
Middle Chinese	‹ lje ›	‹ lje ›	‹ lje^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]aj/	/*[r]aj/	/*raj-s/
English	meet with, encounter	depart from	reject
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	離	離
Reading #	2/3	3/3
No.	7780	7794
Phonetic component	离	离
Rime group	歌	歌
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	離	詈
Old Chinese	/*rel/	/*rels/
Notes	甲文象隹入網羅，離反爲省文

DefinitionsEdit

離

to leave, to depart
to go away
to separate
away from
3rd of the 8 trigrams
30th hexagram of the I Ching
^† Alternative form of 罹 (lí, “to suffer; to be hit with”).

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 離

ReferencesEdit

“離”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Pronunciation 2Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lì (li⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: lì
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
  - Wade–Giles: li⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lì
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: /lei^H/

Rime
Character	離
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	郎計切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lei^H/
Pan Wuyun	/lei^H/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛj^H/
Li Rong	/lei^H/
Wang Li	/liei^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/liei^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lai⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*reːls/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	離
Reading #	1/3
No.	7779
Phonetic component	离
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	麗
Old Chinese	/*reːls/

DefinitionsEdit

離

Used in 離枝／离枝 (lízhī).
Alternative form of 麗／丽 (lì, “to adhere”).

Pronunciation 3Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lǐ (li³)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: lǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˇ
  - Wade–Giles: li³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lii
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lǐ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²¹⁴/

DefinitionsEdit

離

Only used in 離跂／离跂.

Pronunciation 4Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chī (chi¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄔ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: chī
  - Zhuyin: ㄔ
  - Wade–Giles: chʻih¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chy
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chih
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/

DefinitionsEdit

離

Alternative form of 螭 (chī, “a kind of dragon”).
Alternative form of 离 (chī, “a kind of legendary beast”).

Pronunciation 5Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gǔ (gu³)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: gǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
  - Wade–Giles: ku³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹⁴/

DefinitionsEdit

離

Only used in 離瞀／离瞀.

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

離

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

separate, detach, digress

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: り (ri, Jōyō)
Kan-on: り (ri, Jōyō)
Kun: はなれる (hanareru, 離れる, Jōyō); はなす (hanasu, 離す, Jōyō); つく (tsuku, 離く)

CompoundsEdit

乖離(かいり) (kairi)
距離(きょり) (kyori)
不即不離(ふそくふり) (fusokufuri)
分離(ぶんり) (bunri): isolation
離間(りかん) (rikan)
離婚(りこん) (rikon)
離脱(りだつ) (ridatsu)
離別(りべつ) (ribetsu)
幽体離脱(ゆうたいりだつ) (yūtai ridatsu): out-of-body experience
体外離脱(たいがいりだつ) (taigai ridatsu): out-of-body experience

KoreanEdit

Yakja (略字, simplified form) of 離.

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle Chinese 離 (MC liᴇ, liᴇ^H). Recorded as Middle Korean 리 (Yale: li) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

PronunciationEdit

(initial position)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [i(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [이(ː)]
  - Long vowel distinction only applies at the initial position. Most speakers no longer distinguish vowel length at any position.
(non-initial position)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɾi]
- Phonetic hangul: [리]

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

離

Wikisource

離 (eumhun 떠날 리 (tteonal ri), South Korea 떠날 이 (tteonal i))

Hanja form^? of 리/이 (“to leave”).
Hanja form^? of 리/이 (“separation; departure”).
Hanja form^? of 리/이 (“division”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

거리 (距離, geori, “distance”)
괴리 (乖離, goeri, “estrangement”)
분리 (分離, bulli, “separation”)
이탈 (離脫, ital, “breakaway”)
격리 (隔離, gyeongni, “isolation”)
이륙 (離陸, iryuk, “take off”)
이직 (離職, ijik, “move one's job”)
이산 (離散, isan, “dispersion”)
이혼 (離婚, ihon, “divorce”)
이별 (離別, ibyeol, “farewell, parting”)
난리 (亂離, nalli, “fuss, mess, panic”)
이간질 (離間 질, iganjil, “to come between, alienate something from others”)
사거리 (射距離, sageori, “range (of a weapon)”)
가시 거리 (可視距離, gasigeori, “visibility”)

Etymology 2Edit

Related to Middle Chinese 螭 / 离 (MC ʈʰˠiᴇ).

HanjaEdit

離 (eumhun 교룡(蛟龍) 치 (gyoryong chi))
離 (eumhun 맹수(猛獸) 치 (maengsu chi))

(literary Chinese) Alternative form of 螭 (“Hanja form^? of 치 (“a kind of dragon”).”)
(literary Chinese) Alternative form of 离 (“Hanja form^? of 치 (“a kind of legendary beast”).”)

Etymology 3Edit

Related to Middle Chinese 麗 / 儷 (MC lei^H).

HanjaEdit

離 (eumhun 붙을 려 (buteul ryeo), South Korea 붙을 여 (buteul yeo))
離 (eumhun 나란히 할 려 (naranhi hal ryeo), South Korea 나란히 할 여 (naranhi hal yeo))

(literary Chinese) Alternative form of 麗 (“Hanja form^? of 려/여 (“to adhere”).”)
(literary Chinese) Alternative form of 儷 (“Hanja form^? of 려/여 (“in pair”).”)

ReferencesEdit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

離: Hán Nôm readings: li, ly, le, lè, lì, lìa, lia

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

ReferencesEdit

Nom Foundation