Presentation
edit
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
References
edit
Henrik Liljegren (2016 ) A grammar of Palula (Studies in Diversity Linguistics)[1] →DOI →ISBN Liljegren, Henrik, Haider, Naseem (2011 ) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[2] →ISBN
№ English Phalurapaaluulaá edit (201) 1 I (1sg )ma 2 you (2sg )tu 3 he , she , it (3sg )anú proximal eenú proximal eeṛó distal eesó remote 4 we (1pl )be 5 you (2pl )tus 6 they (3pl )aní proximal eení proximal eeṛé distal eesé remote 7 this anú eenú 8 that aṛó eeṛó eesó remote 9 here índa 10 there eeṛáa visible eetáa invisible 11 who koó 12 what ga gubáa 13 where góo 14 when kareé 15 how kanáabhe 16 not na 17 all buṭheé 18 many bíiḍu 19 some tuúš 20 few úču 21 other dúi 22 one áak áa 23 two dúu 24 three tróo 25 four čúur 26 five páanǰ 27 big čóolu gháanu "large" gáaḍu "big, grown, important" 28 long dhrígu 29 wide čóolu "thick, wide, big" 30 thick čóolu "thick, wide, big" bhakúlu "fat, thick" 31 heavy ungúru 32 small léku "small" lhoóku "small, young" 33 short khaṭáanu 34 narrow tang 35 thin čúṇu "thin, small" tróku "thin, weak" 36 woman kúṛi 37 man (adult male)míiš 38 man (human being)ǰáanu 39 child kuṇaák lhoóku 40 wife kúṛi 41 husband bharíiw 42 mother yéey 43 father baábu mháalu 44 animal haiwán zinaawúr 45 fish reemáts 46 bird čalúṭi 47 dog kučúru kuṇéeki kuṇóoku 48 louse ǰhií∼ rare instance of obligatory nasal 49 snake ǰhanduraá 50 worm ghroónk 51 tree muṭ 52 forest adráx zangal 53 stick yhúṇḍi lhaléemi chéeṇi 54 fruit meewá 55 seed bíi 56 leaf paalaá 57 root zeelái A neeṛíi B 58 bark (of a tree)pátaṛ 59 flower ghambúri 60 grass ǰabá 61 rope ráaǰ 62 skin púustu 63 meat mhaás 64 blood ráat 65 bone haáḍ 66 fat (noun)bhakúlu čaáx thúlu 67 egg haṇoó 68 horn ṣíng 69 tail laméeṭi 70 feather pháaṭu 71 hair bóolu 72 head ṣiṣ 73 ear kaṇ 74 eye achíi 75 nose náas 76 mouth dhut 77 tooth dan 78 tongue (organ)ǰip 79 fingernail náang 80 foot khur 81 leg khúṭ 82 knee khúṭu 83 hand haát 84 wing préku pháaṭu 85 belly ḍheér 86 guts aandáaru 87 neck máaṭu 88 back ḍóok 89 breast číči kiroóṛ chest siiná chest 90 heart híṛu 91 liver ǰhangaár 92 to drink dhruusíi píla 93 to eat khóo 94 to bite čukíi 95 to suck čuuṣíi 96 to spit thúki 97 to vomit čháaḍa 98 to blow phuukíi 99 to breathe šiíš ghína 100 to laugh háansa 101 to see ḍhoó díi páaša 102 to hear ṣúṇa 103 to know ǰhóona 104 to think číta dúna soóč thíi xiaál thíi 105 to smell ṣuumbóo 106 to fear bhíia 107 to sleep níindra 108 to live hóonsa 109 to die máara 110 to kill mhaaríi 111 to fight bulooṣṭóo 112 to hunt neečíir bíi 113 to hit ḍháaka ǰíi khaṇíi 114 to cut čhína lúna phaalíi ṭoḍusóo 115 to split bhaagíi 116 to stab 117 to scratch karooṛíi pičhóo 118 to dig karooṛíi 119 to swim bhéengi ǰíi 120 to fly phútu urbhíi 121 to walk gíra tíla 122 to come nikhíi ukhíi whíi yhíi 123 to lie (as in a bed) 124 to sit bhéša 125 to stand uthíi 126 to turn (intransitive) gíra núuṭa nuuṭóo 127 to fall čhínǰa díi lháasa šíia wháida 128 to give díi 129 to hold ghašíi ṭing thíi 130 to squeeze tsiipíi 131 to rub 132 to wash dhóo 133 to wipe pičhóo 134 to pull beeṣṭíi dhrakíi háara traác̣ dí 135 to push ṭookóo 136 to throw galíi ṣugalíi 137 to tie ghaṇḍíi 138 to sew síla 139 to count lekhíi 140 to say maníi thaníi 141 to sing rhoó díi 142 to play šišoó thíi 143 to float šišoó thíi 144 to flow 145 to freeze šid díi šid ṣáača 146 to swell pháamba 147 sun súuri 148 moon yúun 149 star tóoru 150 water wíi 151 rain báaṣ 152 river sooṇíi 153 lake sáar 154 sea samandár 155 salt lhoóṇ 156 stone baṭ 157 sand číčal 158 dust dúṛi 159 earth dharaáṇ 160 cloud áabru 161 fog dhun 162 sky aaghaá 163 wind húuši 164 snow kir 165 ice soór 166 smoke dhuumíi kaš thíi 167 fire angóor 168 ash 169 to burn daáǰa 170 road páand 171 mountain ɣar kháaṇ 172 red lhóilu 173 green níilu "blue, green" 174 yellow zeṛ 175 white paṇáaru 176 black kriṣíṇu 177 night raát róot 178 day deés 179 year kaál 180 warm táatu "hot" 181 cold šidáalu 182 full purá 183 new náawu 184 old búuḍu puróoṇu 185 good šúi 186 bad kháaču xaraáp 187 rotten pac̣halíila 188 dirty axsaá ǰhuṭá 189 straight c̣húuṇc̣u ? 190 round piṇḍúuru 191 sharp (as a knife)tíiṇu 192 dull (as a knife)búku 193 smooth 194 wet síndu 195 dry šúku 196 correct sahí 197 near nhiáaṛa 198 far dhúura 199 right deec̣híṇu 200 left khúšu left-handed 201 at sangí the 202 in maǰí šíiṭi wée 203 with ghiní kéeči ki sangí 204 and ba ee óo oór ta 205 if ágar 206 because keéki 207 name nóo
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template )
