ë
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English edit
Symbol edit
ë
- (lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨e⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FACE vowel, as in the word "cafe".
Albanian edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (lower case Ë)
- The eighth letter of the Albanian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Chipewyan edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (upper case Ë)
- A letter of the Chipewyan alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Dinka edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (upper case Ë)
- A letter of the Dinka alphabet, written in the Latin script.
French edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (lower case Ë)
Hungarian edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (lower case, upper case Ë)
- The close-mid front unrounded vowel as used in several Hungarian dialects;[1][2] more closed than the sound of e and shorter than that of é; used instead of e in certain, lexically determined places.
- The symbol to indicate this sound.[3]
Usage notes edit
It can distinguish certain words that are otherwise homophones in the current standard (so it can act like a phoneme), e.g. nem: nem (“gender, genus”) and nëm (“not”);[4] mentek: mentëk (“I save”), mentek (“exempt [plural]”), mëntëk (“you go [plural]”), and mëntek (“they went”).[5]
Declension edit
Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ë | ë-k |
accusative | ë-t | ë-ket |
dative | ë-nek | ë-knek |
instrumental | ë-vel | ë-kkel |
causal-final | ë-ért | ë-kért |
translative | ë-vé | ë-kké |
terminative | ë-ig | ë-kig |
essive-formal | ë-ként | ë-kként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | ë-ben | ë-kben |
superessive | ë-n | ë-ken |
adessive | ë-nél | ë-knél |
illative | ë-be | ë-kbe |
sublative | ë-re | ë-kre |
allative | ë-hez | ë-khez |
elative | ë-ből | ë-kből |
delative | ë-ről | ë-kről |
ablative | ë-től | ë-ktől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
ë-é | ë-ké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
ë-éi | ë-kéi |
Possessive forms of ë | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | ë-m | ë-im |
2nd person sing. | ë-d | ë-id |
3rd person sing. | ë-je | ë-i |
1st person plural | ë-nk | ë-ink |
2nd person plural | ë-tek | ë-itek |
3rd person plural | ë-jük | ë-ik |
Derived terms edit
See also edit
- (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.
References edit
- ^ …a zárt ë-t azonban lakosságunknak körülbelül 60%-a megkülönbözteti a nyílt e-től, tehát sokak számára természetes. Nem csupán nyelvjárási jelenség tehát, bár a nagyvárosi beszédből valóban hiányzik. (“…however, closed ë is distinguished from open e by approximately 60% of our population, so it is natural for many. Therefore, it is not only a dialectal phenomenon, although it is indeed missing from urban speech.”) In: Zimányi, Árpád. Nyelvhelyesség (’Standard Usage’). Eger: EKF Líceum Kiadó, 2005. A hatodik kiadás digitális változata (’Digital version of the sixth edition’), page 18.
- ^ Especially in the Western Transdanubian, Central Transdanubian, and the Székely/Szekler dialects. In: A. Jászó, Anna, editor. A magyar nyelv könyve (’A Book of the Hungarian Language’). Eighth edition. Budapest: Trezor Kiadó, 2007. (First edition: 1991.) →ISBN, pp. 665–676.
- ^ See in square brackets e.g. by clicking the declension code “2B” at elv in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (‘A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2024) as well as at the top of the entry of ember in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
- ^ Ëe-ző szótár. Alapszókincs (Kiejtes.hu)
- ^ Buvári Márta: Az „ë-zés” köznyelvisége (Kiejtes.hu)
Further reading edit
- A zárt ë rendszere, szabályai és mércéje a magyar köznyelvben. “The system, rules, and yardstick of closed ë in standard Hungarian” by András Mészáros (with an extensive list of minimal pairs in Appendix 1 and partly in Appendix 2; Kiejtes.hu)
- Mindent a zárt ë hangról “Everything on the closed ë sound” by László Fejes (Nyest.hu)
- Ilyen lënne az új helyësírás “This is what the new spelling would be like” by László Fejes (Nyest.hu)
- Fejes László tévedései pontokba szedve “Mr. László Fejes’ mistakes, itemized” by András Mészáros (Kiejtes.hu)
- Section 89 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ë in Pusztai, Ferenc (ed.). Magyar értelmező kéziszótár (’A Concise Explanatory Dictionary of Hungarian’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2003. 2nd, expanded and revised edition. →ISBN
- Mészáros, András. Igényës (ë-ző) kiejtési kisszótár : adalékok a 15 magánhangzós magyar köznyelvi kiejtés mércéjének kialakításához. “Pocket dictionary of a discerning (ë-) pronunciation: contributions to shaping everyday standard Hungarian with 15 vowels.” 2nd, rev. ed. Bicske: Gondos Bt., 1999. →ISBN
Kashubian edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and ë for development of the glyph itself.
Letter edit
ë (lower case, upper case Ë)
- The ninth letter of the Kashubian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
- (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, Ã ã, B b, C c, D d, E e, É é, Ë ë, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, O o, Ò ò, Ó ó, Ô ô, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ù ù, W w, Y y, Z z, Ż ż
Etymology 2 edit
Conjunction edit
ë
- Alternative form of i
Further reading edit
- Stefan Ramułt (1893) “é”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego[1] (in Kashubian), page 35
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) chapter I, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi[2], volume 1, page 515
- “ë”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
Ladin edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (upper case Ë)
- The open-mid central unrounded vowel as used in the Gherdëina variant of Ladin.
See also edit
Luxembourgish edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (upper case Ë)
- A letter of the Luxembourgish alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Middle High German edit
Etymology edit
The letter ë indicates the sound /ɛ/, which derives from Proto-Germanic *e (as in ëȥȥen) or *i (as in lëben), distinguished from e /e/ (also spelt ẹ), which usually derives from Proto-Germanic *a.
Letter edit
ë
- A letter sometimes used in normalised Middle High German spelling. It is optional in editions and never found in actual manuscripts.
Noon edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (upper case Ë)
- A letter of the Noon alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Romani edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (lower case, upper case Ë)
- (International Standard) The letter e with the umlaut.
Usage notes edit
Although it is pronounced the same as ä, it indicates a dialectal pronunciation of e.[1]
See also edit
- (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).
References edit
Further reading edit
- Marcel Courthiade (2009) “DECISION : "THE ROMANI ALPHABET"”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 499
- “Introduction 3. How to read Rromani”, in R.E.D-RROM[3], 2021 October 2 (last accessed)
Slovene edit
Etymology 1 edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (lower case, upper case Ë)
- (linguistics) Letter used for transcription of Russian Ё / ё.
Etymology 2 edit
Letter E with diaeresis (¨) to signify centralization.
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (lower case, upper case Ë)
- The ninth letter of the Resian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
References edit
Slovincian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *i.
Pronunciation edit
Conjunction edit
ë
- coordinating conjunction; and
Particle edit
ë
- Introduces interrogative sentences.
Further reading edit
- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “ä”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch[4] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 7
Tagalog edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (lower case, upper case Ë, Baybayin spelling ᜁ)
Usage notes edit
- In Tagalog and its standardized form Filipino, ë is used to represent the schwa, particularly in words originating from other Philippine languages, for instance Maranao (Mëranaw), Pangasinan, Ilocano, and Ibaloi. Before introduction of this letter, the schwa was ambiguously represented by a or e.
- Writing the diaeresis is recommended but not required as long as the reader is aware that the unaccented form is supposed to sound like a schwa (/ə/).
- The use of the diaeresis to represent the central vowel schwa is possibly inspired by the use of the diaeresis in the IPA to represent centralization.
See also edit
Welsh edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
ë (upper case Ë)
- The letter E, marked for its syllabic pronunciation distinct from adjacent vowels.