R
![]() | ||||||||
|
|
TranslingualEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- Ꝛ (archaic, rare)
EtymologyEdit
From the Etruscan letter 𐌓 (r, “er”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ρ (R, “rho”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤓 (r, “reš”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁶.
LetterEdit
R (lower case r)
- The eighteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin script): Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Sſs Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
- (Variations of letter R): Ŕŕ Řř Ṙṙ Ŗŗ Ȑȑ Ȓȓ Ṛṛ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Ɍɍ Ɽɽ ᵲ ᶉ ɼ ɾ ᵳ Ʀʀ Rr
SymbolEdit
R
- Abbreviation of ronna-.
- (currency symbol) Rand, national currency of South Africa.
- (metrology) roentgen
- (physics) resistance (in electricity)
- (organic chemistry) An unspecified radical.
- Alcohols have the generic formula ROH.
- (genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for any purine.
- (biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for arginine.
- (linguistics) A wildcard for a rhotic consonant or a resonant (sonorant)
- synonyms: S for a sonorant
- (linguistics) rising tone
- (finance) Long-term bond credit rating by S&P Global Ratings, indicating that a bond is extremely speculative and possibly in default, with some prospect of debt recovery.
GalleryEdit
- Letter styles
-
Uppercase and lowercase versions of R, in normal and italic type
-
Uppercase and lowercase R in Fraktur
See alsoEdit
Other representations of R:
EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
PronunciationEdit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ɑː/
Audio (UK) (file) - (General American) enPR: är, IPA(key): /ɑɹ/
Audio (US) (file) - (Ireland) IPA(key): /ɔːɹ/, /aːɹ/
- (AAVE) IPA(key): /ˈɑɹə/
- Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)
- Homophones: or, oar, ore, are, our, hour (in various accents)
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r, plural Rs or R's)
- The eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) letter; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z
NumberEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The ordinal number eighteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.
Etymology 2Edit
Abbreviations
NounEdit
R
- (entomology) radius
- (US, politics) Republican
- (monarchy) rex (“king”) or regina (“queen”); the initial by which a British monarch signs documents after his or her name
- (handbells) ring
- (chess) rook
- (baseball, cricket) runs, the statistic reporting the number of runs scored by a player
- (law) the Crown, the government of a monarchy (abbreviating rex (“king”) or regina (“queen”))
- R v Smith
- (especially in university catalogs) Thursday
- 1986, Cornell University Courses of Study,[1] page 250:
- Lecs, T R 9:05; lab, M T W R or F 1:25—4:25, or M or W 7:30—10:30 p.m.
- 2000 August, M.W. Carter, “A Comprehensive Course Timetabling and Student Scheduling System at the University of Waterloo”, in Edmund Burke and Wilhelm Erben (editors), Practice and Theory of Automated Timetabling III, Springer (2001), →ISBN, page 66:
- 8:30 MWF (3 x 1 hour) […] 8:30-10 TR (2 x 1.5 hours)
- 2007, W. Ted Mahavier, “Syllabus for Analysis” (Lamar University course syllabus), appendix II.A of Charles A. Coppin et al., The Moore Method: A Pathway to Learner-Centered Instruction, Mathematical Association of America (2009), →ISBN, page 201:
- Office Hours: MTWRF: 9:00–11:00, 1:30–3:00 or stop by my office anytime.
- 1986, Cornell University Courses of Study,[1] page 250:
AdjectiveEdit
R
- (film certification) restricted
- reverse
- right (as opposed to left)
Proper nounEdit
R
- (religion) In the context of the documentary hypothesis, the Redactor(s) who compiled and edited the Torah.
- 2006, David Ringo Miano, Shadow on the steps[2] (dissertation), UC San Diego, page 5:
- One needs to be careful, however, to distinguish between original P and the work of the later priestly Redactor (R), who edited P and other documents in the postexilic period.
AfarEdit
LetterEdit
R
- The twelfth letter in the Afar alphabet.
See alsoEdit
AfrikaansEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The eighteenth letter of the Afrikaans alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) letter; Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz
NounEdit
AzerbaijaniEdit
LetterEdit
R upper case (lower case r)
- The twenty-fourth letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
BasqueEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The nineteenth letter of the Basque alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
Central FranconianEdit
EtymologyEdit
- /ʀ/ is from West Germanic *r. In most dialects it is vowelised in two cases: (1.) between a short vowel and an alveolar, (2.) after a long vowel. Especially in the former case it may also be lost entirely.
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R
- A letter in the German-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
- A letter in the Dutch-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
Usage notesEdit
- In the German-based spelling, r is doubled after short vowels except in certain function words and when the letter is followed by another consonant within the word stem.
- In the Dutch-based spelling, r is doubled after short vowels if the syllable were otherwise open.
ChineseEdit
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
R
Etymology 2Edit
Pronunciation 1Edit
LetterEdit
R
- The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet.
Pronunciation 2Edit
LetterEdit
R
- The eighteenth letter used in Pinyin.
Usage notesEdit
- 《汉语拼音方案》 defines a standard pronunciation for each letter. However, these pronunciations are rarely used in education; another pronunciation is commonly used instead.
- The pronunciation above are only used while referring to letters in Pinyin. They are not used in other context (such as English).
DutchEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (capital, lowercase r)
- The eighteenth letter of the Dutch alphabet.
See alsoEdit
EsperantoEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The twenty-first letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called ro and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
EstonianEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The eighteenth letter of the Estonian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
FinnishEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The eighteenth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called är or er and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
GermanEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (letter name) IPA(key): /ɛr/, [ʔɛʁ], [ʔɛɐ̯]
- (phoneme) IPA(key): /r/, [ʁ], [ɾ], [ɐ̯], [ː]
Audio (file)
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The eighteenth letter of the German alphabet.
Usage notesEdit
- The letter R has a variety of possible realisations in contemporary German. Three positions must be distinguished:
- Before vowels, the variation is mostly between a uvular consonant (fricative, approximant, or rarely trill) and an alveolar consonant (trill, flap, or rarely approximant). In northern, central, and south-western Germany, the alveolar pronunciation is now rare and chiefly restricted to the elderly generation of some areas. In south-eastern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and South Tyrol, it remains more common; but even in these regions the uvular R is gaining ground and is already strongly predominant in some parts (e.g. Vienna).
- Word-finally and before consonants, most accents may vowelise R to [ɐ̯]~[ə̯], but in different ways. Vowelisation is commonest after long vowels and /ə/, where it is also prescribed in the broadcasting standard. A majority of speakers, however, vowelise R after short vowels, too. The resulting diphthongs may be contracted and length distinctions before vowelised R may be lost. The degree to which this happens differs regionally and idiolectally.
- Before the syllable -en /ən/, many speakers also vowelise R, though this is commonest in fast or casual speech, and consonantal realisations may be retained depending on the rhythm of the phrase as well as the formality of the context.
Related termsEdit
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The twenty-ninth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.
DeclensionEdit
Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | R | R-ek |
accusative | R-et | R-eket |
dative | R-nek | R-eknek |
instrumental | R-rel | R-ekkel |
causal-final | R-ért | R-ekért |
translative | R-ré | R-ekké |
terminative | R-ig | R-ekig |
essive-formal | R-ként | R-ekként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | R-ben | R-ekben |
superessive | R-en | R-eken |
adessive | R-nél | R-eknél |
illative | R-be | R-ekbe |
sublative | R-re | R-ekre |
allative | R-hez | R-ekhez |
elative | R-ből | R-ekből |
delative | R-ről | R-ekről |
ablative | R-től | R-ektől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
R-é | R-eké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
R-éi | R-ekéi |
Possessive forms of R | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | R-em | R-jeim |
2nd person sing. | R-ed | R-jeid |
3rd person sing. | R-je | R-jei |
1st person plural | R-ünk | R-jeink |
2nd person plural | R-etek | R-jeitek |
3rd person plural | R-jük | R-jeik |
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.
IdoEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (lower case r)
- The eighteenth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
ItalianEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R f or m (invariable, upper case, lower case r)
- The sixteenth letter of the Italian alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
JapaneseEdit
EtymologyEdit
From the romanization, which begins with R.
PronunciationEdit
Proper nounEdit
- Abbreviation of 令和 (Reiwa).
LatinEdit
Alternative formsEdit
Proper nounEdit
R
- Abbreviation of Roma, Rome.
- Abbreviation of Romanus, Roman.
- Abbreviation of Rufus.
NounEdit
R
- (Catholicism) Abbreviation of responsorium, responsory, breviary.
- (Judaism) Abbreviation of rabbī.
- 1655, Edward Pococke, באב מוסי: Porta Moſis, ſive, diſſertationes aliqvot à R. Moſe Maimonide, main title
AdjectiveEdit
R (plural RR)
- Abbreviation of reverendus, holy, reverend.
- Abbreviation of reverendissimus, most holy, most reverend.
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- R in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
LatvianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The twenty-fifth letter of the Latvian alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
MalayEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (Name of letter) IPA(key): [ar]
- (Phoneme, Syllable initial) IPA(key): [r]
- (Phoneme, Syllable final) IPA(key): [(r)]
LetterEdit
R
- The eighteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
NupeEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The twentieth letter of the Nupe alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
PolishEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The twenty-third letter of the Polish alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ę ę, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ó ó, P p (Q q), R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u (V v), W w (X x), Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż
Further readingEdit
PortugueseEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The eighteenth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
RomaniEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- (International Standard) The twenty-second letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
- (Pan-Vlax) The twenty-third letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).
ReferencesEdit
RomanianEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The twenty-first letter of the Romanian alphabet, called er, re, or rî and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
Skolt SamiEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (lower case r)
- The twenty-seventh letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
SloveneEdit
LetterEdit
R (capital, lowercase r)
- The 18th letter of the Slovene alphabet. Preceded by P and followed by S.
SomaliEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R upper case (lower case r)
- The eighth letter of the Somali alphabet, called ra and written in the Latin script.
Usage notesEdit
- The eighth letter of the Somali alphabet, which follows Arabic abjad order. It is preceded by D and followed by S.
See alsoEdit
SpanishEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- the 19th letter of the Spanish alphabet
TurkishEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The twenty-first letter of the Turkish alphabet, called re and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
VietnameseEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ zəː˨˩], [zəː˨˩]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ ʐəː˦˩], [ʐəː˦˩]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ ɹəː˨˩], [ɹəː˨˩]
- Phonetic: e rờ, rờ
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The twenty-second letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called e-rờ or rờ and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
- (Quốc ngữ letters) chữ cái; A a (À à, Ả ả, Ã ã, Á á, Ạ ạ), Ă ă (Ằ ằ, Ẳ ẳ, Ẵ ẵ, Ắ ắ, Ặ ặ), Â â (Ầ ầ, Ẩ ẩ, Ẫ ẫ, Ấ ấ, Ậ ậ), B b, C c (Ch ch), D d, Đ đ, E e (È è, Ẻ ẻ, Ẽ ẽ, É é, Ẹ ẹ), Ê ê (Ề ề, Ể ể, Ễ ễ, Ế ế, Ệ ệ), G g (Gh gh, Gi gi), H h, I i (Ì ì, Ỉ ỉ, Ĩ ĩ, Í í, Ị ị), K k (Kh kh), L l, M m, N n (Ng ng, Ngh ngh, Nh nh), O o (Ò ò, Ỏ ỏ, Õ õ, Ó ó, Ọ ọ), Ô ô (Ồ ồ, Ổ ổ, Ỗ ỗ, Ố ố, Ộ ộ), Ơ ơ (Ờ ờ, Ở ở, Ỡ ỡ, Ớ ớ, Ợ ợ), P p (Ph ph), Q q (Qu qu), R r, S s, T t (Th th, Tr tr), U u (Ù ù, Ủ ủ, Ũ ũ, Ú ú, Ụ ụ), Ư ư (Ừ ừ, Ử ử, Ữ ữ, Ứ ứ, Ự ự), V v, X x, Y y (Ỳ ỳ, Ỷ ỷ, Ỹ ỹ, Ý ý, Ỵ ỵ)
WelshEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The twenty-second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ph and followed by Rh.
MutationEdit
- R cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further readingEdit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “R”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
YorubaEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The nineteenth letter of the Yoruba alphabet, called rí and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) lẹ́tà; A a (Á á, À à, Ā ā), B b, D d, E e (É é, È è, Ē ē), Ẹ ẹ (Ẹ́ ẹ́, Ẹ̀ ẹ̀, Ẹ̄ ẹ̄), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Ī ī), J j, K k, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ō ō), Ọ ọ (Ọ́ ọ́, Ọ̀ ọ̀, Ọ̄ ọ̄), P p, R r, S s, Ṣ ṣ, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Ū ū), W w, Y y
ZuluEdit
LetterEdit
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The eighteenth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.