Wiktionary

R

See also: Appendix:Variations of "r"

R U+0052, R
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R
← Q
[U+0051] 		Basic Latin S →
[U+0053]
Ｒ U+FF32, Ｒ
FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R
← Ｑ
[U+FF31] 		Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms Ｓ →
[U+FF33]

Translingual Edit

 R (disambiguation) on Wikipedia

Alternative forms Edit

  • Ꝛ (archaic, rare)

Etymology Edit

From the Etruscan letter 𐌓 (r, “er”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ρ (R, “rho”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤓‎ (r, “reš”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁶.

Letter Edit

R (lower case r)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.

See also Edit

Symbol Edit

R

  1. Abbreviation of ronna-.
  2. (currency symbol) Rand, national currency of South Africa.
  3. (metrology) roentgen
  4. (physics) resistance (in electricity)
  5. (organic chemistry) An unspecified radical, usually containing a carbon atom that binds to the structure of interest.
    Alcohols have the generic formula ROH.
  6. (genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for any purine.
  7. (biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for arginine.
  8. (linguistics) A wildcard for a rhotic consonant or a resonant (sonorant)
    synonyms: S for a sonorant
  9. (linguistics) rising tone
    synonyms: more commonly LH, or more specifically LM or MH
  10. (finance) Long-term bond credit rating by S&P Global Ratings, indicating that a bond is extremely speculative and possibly in default, with some prospect of debt recovery.

Gallery Edit

  • Letter styles
  •  

    Uppercase and lowercase versions of R, in normal and italic type

  •  

    Uppercase and lowercase R in Fraktur

See also Edit

Other representations of R:

English Edit

 R (disambiguation) on Wikipedia

Etymology 1 Edit

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation Edit

(Name of letter)

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r, plural Rs or R's)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.
See also Edit

Number Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The ordinal number eighteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2 Edit

Abbreviations

 
"Elizabeth R", hand of Elizabeth II

Noun Edit

R

  1. (entomology) radius
  2. (US, politics) Republican
  3. (monarchy) rex (“king”) or regina (“queen”); the initial by which a British monarch signs documents after his or her name
  4. (handbells) ring
  5. (chess) rook
  6. (baseball, cricket) runs, the statistic reporting the number of runs scored by a player
  7. (law) the Crown, the government of a monarchy (abbreviating rex (“king”) or regina (“queen”))
    R v Smith
  8. (especially in university catalogs) Thursday
    • 1986, Cornell University Courses of Study, page 250:
      Lecs, T R 9:05; lab, M T W R or F 1:25—4:25, or M or W 7:30—10:30 p.m.
    • 2000 August, M.W. Carter, “A Comprehensive Course Timetabling and Student Scheduling System at the University of Waterloo”, in Edmund Burke, Wilhelm Erben, editors, Practice and Theory of Automated Timetabling III, Springer, published 2001, →ISBN, page 66:
      8:30 MWF (3 x 1 hour) […] 8:30-10 TR (2 x 1.5 hours)
    • 2007, W. Ted Mahavier, “Syllabus for Analysis” (Lamar University course syllabus), appendix II.A of Charles A. Coppin et al., The Moore Method: A Pathway to Learner-Centered Instruction, Mathematical Association of America (2009), →ISBN, page 201:
      Office Hours: MTWRF: 9:00–11:00, 1:30–3:00 or stop by my office anytime.

Adjective Edit

R

  1. (film certification) restricted
  2. reverse
  3. right (as opposed to left)

Proper noun Edit

R

  1. (religion) In the context of the documentary hypothesis, the Redactor(s) who compiled and edited the Torah.
    • 2006, David Ringo Miano, Shadow on the steps‎[1] (dissertation), UC San Diego, page 5:
      One needs to be careful, however, to distinguish between original P and the work of the later priestly Redactor (R), who edited P and other documents in the postexilic period.

Afar Edit

Letter Edit

R

  1. The twelfth letter in the Afar alphabet.

See also Edit

Afrikaans Edit

Pronunciation Edit

  • (letter name): IPA(key): /ɛr/

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Afrikaans alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Noun Edit

R (plural R's, diminutive R'etjie)

  1. R

Azerbaijani Edit

Letter Edit

R upper case (lower case r)

  1. The twenty-fourth letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Basque Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The nineteenth letter of the Basque alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Central Franconian Edit

Etymology Edit

  • /ʀ/ is from West Germanic *r. In most dialects it is vowelised in two cases: (1.) between a short vowel and an alveolar, (2.) after a long vowel. Especially in the former case it may also be lost entirely.

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R

  1. A letter in the German-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
  2. A letter in the Dutch-based alphabet of Central Franconian.

Usage notes Edit

Doubling of R
  • In the German-based spelling, r is doubled after short vowels except in certain function words and when the letter is followed by another consonant within the word stem.
  • In the Dutch-based spelling, r is doubled after short vowels if the syllable were otherwise open.

Chinese Edit

Etymology 1 Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

Verb Edit

R

  1. (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𢯎

Etymology 2 Edit

Pronunciation 1 Edit

Note: aa1 - Used by non-rhotic proficient speakers of English, mostly in Hong Kong.
Letter Edit

R

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet.

Pronunciation 2 Edit

Letter Edit

R

  1. The eighteenth letter used in Pinyin.
Usage notes Edit
  • 《汉语拼音方案》 defines a standard pronunciation for each letter. However, these pronunciations are rarely used in education; another pronunciation is commonly used instead.
  • The pronunciation above are only used while referring to letters in Pinyin. They are not used in other context (such as English).

Dutch Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (capital, lowercase r)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Dutch alphabet.

See also Edit

  • Previous letter: Q
  • Next letter: S

Esperanto Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twenty-first letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called ro and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Estonian Edit

 
Estonian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia et

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Estonian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Finnish Edit

Etymology Edit

The Finnish orthography using the Latin script was based on Swedish, German and Latin. No earlier script is known. See the Wikipedia article on Finnish for more information, and R for development of the glyph itself.

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called är or er and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

German Edit

Pronunciation Edit

  • (letter name) IPA(key): /ɛr/, [ʔɛʁ], [ʔɛɐ̯]
  • (phoneme) IPA(key): /r/, [ʁ], [ɾ], [ɐ̯], [ː]
  • Audio(file)

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the German alphabet.

Usage notes Edit

  • The letter R has a variety of possible realisations in contemporary German. Three positions must be distinguished:
    • Before vowels, the variation is mostly between a uvular consonant (fricative, approximant, or rarely trill) and an alveolar consonant (trill, flap, or rarely approximant). In northern, central, and south-western Germany, the alveolar pronunciation is now rare and chiefly restricted to the elderly generation of some areas. In south-eastern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and South Tyrol, it remains more common; but even in these regions the uvular R is gaining ground and is already strongly predominant in some parts (e.g. Vienna).
    • Word-finally and before consonants, most accents may vowelise R to [ɐ̯]~[ə̯], but in different ways. Vowelisation is commonest after long vowels and /ə/, where it is also prescribed in the broadcasting standard. A majority of speakers, however, vowelise R after short vowels, too. The resulting diphthongs may be contracted and length distinctions before vowelised R may be lost. The degree to which this happens differs regionally and idiolectally.
    • Before the syllable -en /ən/, many speakers also vowelise R, though this is commonest in fast or casual speech, and consonantal realisations may be retained depending on the rhythm of the phrase as well as the formality of the context.

Related terms Edit

Hungarian Edit

Pronunciation Edit

  • (phoneme): IPA(key): [ˈr]
  • (letter name): IPA(key): [ˈɛrː]

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twenty-ninth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.

Declension Edit

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)
singular plural
nominative R R-ek
accusative R-et R-eket
dative R-nek R-eknek
instrumental R-rel R-ekkel
causal-final R-ért R-ekért
translative R-ré R-ekké
terminative R-ig R-ekig
essive-formal R-ként R-ekként
essive-modal — —
inessive R-ben R-ekben
superessive R-en R-eken
adessive R-nél R-eknél
illative R-be R-ekbe
sublative R-re R-ekre
allative R-hez R-ekhez
elative R-ből R-ekből
delative R-ről R-ekről
ablative R-től R-ektől
non-attributive
possessive - singular 		R-é R-eké
non-attributive
possessive - plural 		R-éi R-ekéi
Possessive forms of R
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. R-em R-jeim
2nd person sing. R-ed R-jeid
3rd person sing. R-je R-jei
1st person plural R-ünk R-jeink
2nd person plural R-etek R-jeitek
3rd person plural R-jük R-jeik

See also Edit

Ido Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (lower case r)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Italian Edit

 
Italian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia it

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R f or m (invariable, upper case, lower case r)

  1. The sixteenth letter of the Italian alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Japanese Edit

 
R1年〜R2年

Etymology Edit

From the romanization, which begins with R.

Pronunciation Edit

Proper noun Edit

R(れいわ) • (Reiwa) 

  1. Abbreviation of 令和 (Reiwa).

Kashubian Edit

Etymology Edit

The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and R for development of the glyph itself.

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twenty-fifth letter of the Kashubian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Latin Edit

Alternative forms Edit

Proper noun Edit

R

  1. Abbreviation of Roma, Rome.
  2. Abbreviation of Romanus, Roman.
  3. Abbreviation of Rufus.

Noun Edit

R

  1. (Catholicism) Abbreviation of responsorium, responsory, breviary.
  2. (Judaism) Abbreviation of rabbī.

Adjective Edit

R (plural RR)

  1. Abbreviation of reverendus, holy, reverend.
  2. Abbreviation of reverendissimus, most holy, most reverend.

Derived terms Edit

References Edit

  • R in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette

Latvian Edit

 
Latvian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia lv

Etymology Edit

Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.

Pronunciation Edit

  This entry needs audio files. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record some and upload them. (For audio required quickly, visit WT:APR.)

Letter Edit

 
R

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twenty-fifth letter of the Latvian alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Malay Edit

 
Malay Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ms

Pronunciation Edit

  • (Name of letter) IPA(key): [ar]
  • (Phoneme, Syllable initial) IPA(key): [r]
  • (Phoneme, Syllable final) IPA(key): [(r)]

Letter Edit

R

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Nupe Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twentieth letter of the Nupe alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Polish Edit

Etymology Edit

The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and R for development of the glyph itself.

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twenty-third letter of the Polish alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Portuguese Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Romani Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. (International Standard) The twenty-second letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
  2. (Pan-Vlax) The twenty-third letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

References Edit

  • Yūsuke Sumi (2018), “R, r”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 14

Romanian Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twenty-first letter of the Romanian alphabet, called er, re, or rî and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Silesian Edit

Etymology Edit

The Silesian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Silesian language article on Wikipedia for more, and R for development of the glyph itself.

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twenty-fifth letter of the Silesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Skolt Sami Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (lower case r)

  1. The twenty-seventh letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Slovene Edit

 
Slovene Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia sl

Letter Edit

R (capital, lowercase r)

  1. The 18th letter of the Slovene alphabet. Preceded by P and followed by S.

Somali Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R upper case (lower case r)

  1. The eighth letter of the Somali alphabet, called ra and written in the Latin script.

Usage notes Edit

  1. The eighth letter of the Somali alphabet, which follows Arabic abjad order. It is preceded by D and followed by S.

See also Edit

Spanish Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. the 19th letter of the Spanish alphabet

Tagalog Edit

Etymology Edit

From Spanish R. Each pronunciation has a different source:

  • Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English R.
  • Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜇ (da/ra).
  • Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish R.

Pronunciation Edit

  • Hyphenation: R
  • (letter name, Filipino alphabet): IPA(key): /ʔaɾ/, [ʔɐɾ]
  • (letter name, Abakada alphabet): IPA(key): /ɾa/, [ɾɐ]
  • (letter name, Abecedario): IPA(key): /ˈʔeɾe/, [ˈʔɛ.ɾɛ]
  • (phoneme): IPA(key): /ɾ/, [ɾ]
  • Rhymes: -aɾ, -a, -eɾe

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔)

  1. The twentieth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (Filipino alphabet), called ar and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r, Baybayin spelling ᜇ)

  1. The fifteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (Abakada alphabet), called ra and written in the Latin script.

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜇᜒ)

  1. (historical) The twenty-first letter of the Tagalog alphabet (Abecedario), called ere and written in the Latin script.

Further reading Edit

Turkish Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twenty-first letter of the Turkish alphabet, called re and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Vietnamese Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twenty-second letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called e-rờ or rờ and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Welsh Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The twenty-second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ph and followed by Rh.

Mutation Edit

  • R cannot be mutated in Welsh.

See also Edit

Further reading Edit

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “R”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yoruba Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The nineteenth letter of the Yoruba alphabet, called rí and written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

Zulu Edit

Letter Edit

R (upper case, lower case r)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also Edit

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