憂愁
See also: 忧愁
Chinese
editworried | worry about | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (憂愁) | 憂 | 愁 | |
simp. (忧愁) | 忧 | 愁 |
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jau1 sau4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yù-sèu
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iu-chhiû / iu-chhô͘
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 1ieu-zhieu6 / 1ieu-zeu2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ ㄔㄡˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: youchóu
- Wade–Giles: yu1-chʻou2
- Yale: yōu-chóu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iouchour
- Palladius: ючоу (jučou)
- Sinological IPA (key): /joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: юцу (i͡ucu, I-I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /iou²⁴ t͡sʰou²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: jau1 sau4
- Yale: yāu sàuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jau1 sau4
- Guangdong Romanization: yeo1 seo4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɐu̯⁵⁵ sɐu̯²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù-sèu
- Hakka Romanization System: iuˇ seuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yiu2 seu2
- Sinological IPA: /i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù-sèu
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iuˇ seuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yiu2 seu2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: 'juw dzrjuw
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)u [dz]riw/
- (Zhengzhang): /*qu zrɯw/
Adjective
edit憂愁
- sad; worried; depressed
- 屈平疾王聽之不聰也,讒諂之蔽明也,邪曲之害公也,方正之不容也,故憂愁幽思而作《離騷》。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Qū Píng jí wáng tīng zhī bù cōng yě, chánchǎn zhī bì míng yě, xiéqū zhī hài gōng yě, fāngzhèng zhī bùróng yě, gù yōuchóu yōusī ér zuò “Lísāo”. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
屈平疾王听之不聪也,谗谄之蔽明也,邪曲之害公也,方正之不容也,故忧愁幽思而作《离骚》。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 人面獸心,去留難測,既易水草,痾恙將多,憂愁致困,死亡必甚。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
- From: Wei Shou, Book of Wei, 551 – 554 CE
- Rén miàn shòu xīn, qùliú náncè, jì yì shuǐcǎo, kēyàng jiāng duō, yōuchóu zhì kùn, sǐwáng bì shèn. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
人面兽心,去留难测,既易水草,疴恙将多,忧愁致困,死亡必甚。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
Synonyms
edit- 京京 (jīngjīng) (literary)
- 傷心/伤心 (shāngxīn)
- 傷悲/伤悲 (shāngbēi) (literary)
- 傷感/伤感 (shānggǎn)
- 傷懷/伤怀 (shānghuái) (literary)
- 傷痛/伤痛 (shāngtòng)
- 傷神/伤神 (shāngshén) (literary)
- 刺心 (cìxīn)
- 哀傷/哀伤 (āishāng)
- 哀切 (āiqiè)
- 哀怨 (āiyuàn)
- 哀悽/哀凄 (āiqī)
- 哀慟/哀恸 (āitòng)
- 哀戚 (āiqī) (literary)
- 哀痛 (āitòng)
- 心酸 (xīnsuān)
- 怛傷/怛伤 (dáshāng) (literary)
- 悄然 (qiǎorán) (literary)
- 情傷/情伤 (qíngshāng) (literary)
- 悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
- 悲傷/悲伤 (bēishāng)
- 悲切 (bēiqiè) (literary)
- 悲哀 (bēi'āi)
- 悲悽/悲凄 (bēiqī)
- 悱惻/悱恻 (fěicè) (literary)
- 悽惶/凄惶 (qīhuáng) (literary)
- 悲愴/悲怆 (bēichuàng) (literary)
- 悽愴/凄怆 (qīchuàng) (literary)
- 悲慘/悲惨 (bēicǎn)
- 悲慟/悲恸 (bēitòng)
- 悽戚/凄戚 (qīqī) (literary)
- 悲戚 (bēiqī)
- 悲摧 (bēicuī) (literary)
- 悲楚 (bēichǔ) (literary)
- 悲涼/悲凉 (bēiliáng)
- 悲痛 (bēitòng)
- 悲苦 (bēikǔ)
- 感傷/感伤 (gǎnshāng)
- 愀愴/愀怆 (qiǎochuàng)
- 愁楚 (chóuchǔ) (literary)
- 惻然/恻然 (cèrán) (literary)
- 愴然/怆然 (chuàngrán) (literary)
- 慘/惨 (cǎn)
- 憂傷/忧伤 (yōushāng)
- 慘悽/惨凄 (cǎnqī)
- 憂戚/忧戚 (yōuqī) (literary)
- 慘淡/惨淡 (cǎndàn)
- 憯懍/憯懔 (cǎnlǐn)
- 懤懤/㤽㤽 (chóuchóu)
- 沉痛 (chéntòng)
- 淒切/凄切 (qīqiè)
- 淒惻/凄恻 (qīcè) (literary)
- 淒慘/凄惨 (qīcǎn)
- 淒楚/凄楚 (qīchǔ)
- 淒涼/凄凉 (qīliáng)
- 淒然/凄然 (qīrán) (literary)
- 痛心 (tòngxīn)
- 艱苦心/艰苦心 (Hokkien)
- 蒼涼/苍凉 (cāngliáng)
- 酸心 (suānxīn)
- 難受/难受 (nánshòu)
- 難過/难过 (nánguò)
- 青凊 (Hokkien)
- 黯然 (ànrán)
Descendants
editJapanese
editKanji in this term | |
---|---|
憂 | 愁 |
ゆう Grade: S |
しゅう Grade: S |
on'yomi |
Pronunciation
editAdjective
edit憂愁 • (yūshū) ←いうしう (iusiu)?-na (adnominal 憂愁な (yūshū na), adverbial 憂愁に (yūshū ni))
Inflection
editInflection of 憂愁
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 憂愁だろ | ゆうしゅうだろ | yūshū daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 憂愁で | ゆうしゅうで | yūshū de |
Terminal (終止形) | 憂愁だ | ゆうしゅうだ | yūshū da |
Attributive (連体形) | 憂愁な | ゆうしゅうな | yūshū na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 憂愁なら | ゆうしゅうなら | yūshū nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 憂愁であれ | ゆうしゅうであれ | yūshū de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 憂愁ではない 憂愁じゃない |
ゆうしゅうではない ゆうしゅうじゃない |
yūshū de wa nai yūshū ja nai |
Informal past | 憂愁だった | ゆうしゅうだった | yūshū datta |
Informal negative past | 憂愁ではなかった 憂愁じゃなかった |
ゆうしゅうではなかった ゆうしゅうじゃなかった |
yūshū de wa nakatta yūshū ja nakatta |
Formal | 憂愁です | ゆうしゅうです | yūshū desu |
Formal negative | 憂愁ではありません 憂愁じゃありません |
ゆうしゅうではありません ゆうしゅうじゃありません |
yūshū de wa arimasen yūshū ja arimasen |
Formal past | 憂愁でした | ゆうしゅうでした | yūshū deshita |
Formal negative past | 憂愁ではありませんでした 憂愁じゃありませんでした |
ゆうしゅうではありませんでした ゆうしゅうじゃありませんでした |
yūshū de wa arimasen deshita yūshū ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 憂愁で | ゆうしゅうで | yūshū de |
Conditional | 憂愁なら(ば) | ゆうしゅうなら(ば) | yūshū nara (ba) |
Provisional | 憂愁だったら | ゆうしゅうだったら | yūshū dattara |
Volitional | 憂愁だろう | ゆうしゅうだろう | yūshū darō |
Adverbial | 憂愁に | ゆうしゅうに | yūshū ni |
Degree | 憂愁さ | ゆうしゅうさ | yūshūsa |
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 憂愁なら | いうしうなら | iusiunara | |
Continuative (連用形) | 憂愁に[1] 憂愁なり[2] |
いうしうに いうしうなり |
iusiuni iusiunari | |
Terminal (終止形) | 憂愁なり | いうしうなり | iusiunari | |
Attributive (連体形) | 憂愁なる | いうしうなる | iusiunaru | |
Realis (已然形) | 憂愁なれ | いうしうなれ | iusiunare | |
Imperative (命令形) | 憂愁なれ | いうしうなれ | iusiunare | |
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | 憂愁ならず | いうしうならず | iusiunarazu | |
Contrasting conjunction | 憂愁なれど | いうしうなれど | iusiunaredo | |
Causal conjunction | 憂愁なれば | いうしうなれば | iusiunareba | |
Conditional conjunction | 憂愁ならば | いうしうならば | iusiunaraba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 憂愁なりき | いうしうなりき | iusiunariki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 憂愁なりけり | いうしうなりけり | iusiunarikeri | |
Adverbial | 憂愁に | いうしうに | iusiuni | |
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. |
Noun
editVerb
edit憂愁する • (yūshū suru) ←いうしう (iusiu)?suru (stem 憂愁し (yūshū shi), past 憂愁した (yūshū shita))
- to be depressed
Conjugation
editConjugation of "憂愁する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 憂愁し | ゆうしゅうし | yūshū shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 憂愁し | ゆうしゅうし | yūshū shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 憂愁する | ゆうしゅうする | yūshū suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 憂愁する | ゆうしゅうする | yūshū suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 憂愁すれ | ゆうしゅうすれ | yūshū sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 憂愁せよ¹ 憂愁しろ² |
ゆうしゅうせよ¹ ゆうしゅうしろ² |
yūshū seyo¹ yūshū shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 憂愁される | ゆうしゅうされる | yūshū sareru | |
Causative | 憂愁させる 憂愁さす |
ゆうしゅうさせる ゆうしゅうさす |
yūshū saseru yūshū sasu | |
Potential | 憂愁できる | ゆうしゅうできる | yūshū dekiru | |
Volitional | 憂愁しよう | ゆうしゅうしよう | yūshū shiyō | |
Negative | 憂愁しない | ゆうしゅうしない | yūshū shinai | |
Negative continuative | 憂愁せず | ゆうしゅうせず | yūshū sezu | |
Formal | 憂愁します | ゆうしゅうします | yūshū shimasu | |
Perfective | 憂愁した | ゆうしゅうした | yūshū shita | |
Conjunctive | 憂愁して | ゆうしゅうして | yūshū shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 憂愁すれば | ゆうしゅうすれば | yūshū sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
References
editKorean
editHanja in this term | |
---|---|
憂 | 愁 |
Noun
editVietnamese
editchữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
憂 | 愁 |
Adjective
edit憂愁
Noun
edit憂愁
- chữ Hán form of ưu sầu (“sorrow; worry; depression”).
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