Wiktionary

敢

敢 U+6562, 敢
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6562
← 敡
[U+6561] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 散 →
[U+6563]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
Mainland China
 

Alternative forms edit

  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing 新字形), the upper left component is written 乛 (one stroke).
  • In other regions, the upper left component is written 丅 (two strokes) which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.

Han character edit

敢 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 11 strokes in mainland China, cangjie input 弓十人大 (NJOK) or 一十人大 (MJOK), four-corner 18140 or 18440, composition ⿰⿱乛耳攵(G) or ⿰⿱丅耳攵(HTJKV))

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 472, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13260
  • Dae Jaweon: page 825, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1463, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6562

Chinese edit

trad. 敢
simp. # 敢
2nd round simp. 攼

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 敢
Western Zhou Warring States
Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script
     
Characters in the same phonetic series (敢) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
撖 *kʰɯːm, *kʰreːmʔ, *ɡraːmʔ
澉 *l̥ʰaːms, *klaːmʔ
噉 *l'aːmʔ
敢 *klaːmʔ
橄 *klaːmʔ
瞰 *kʰlaːms
闞 *kʰlaːms, *qʰreːmʔ, *hŋraːms
憨 *qʰaːm, *qʰlaːms
譀 *qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb
巖 *ŋraːm
礹 *ŋraːm, *ŋamʔ
豃 *qʰraːmʔ
讝 *kjam
玁 *hŋramʔ
嚴 *ŋam
儼 *ŋamʔ
曮 *ŋamʔ
釅 *ŋams

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːmʔ): semantic 爭 (“to fight”) + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm).

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-wam (“to dare”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

Pronunciation edit

Note: Southern Sixian kam - variant used for the rhetorical/interrogative adverb.
Note:
  • káⁿ - vernacular (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
  • kám - literary (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, as well as the rhetorical/interrogative adverb in Taiwan);
  • kiám/kán - variants used for the rhetorical adverb.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 敢
    Mandarin Beijing /kan²¹⁴/
    Harbin /kan²¹³/
    Tianjin /kan¹³/
    Jinan /kã⁵⁵/
    Qingdao /kã⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /kan⁵³/
    Xi'an /kã⁵³/
    Xining /kã⁵³/
    Yinchuan /kan⁵³/
    Lanzhou /kɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
    Ürümqi /kan⁵¹/
    Wuhan /kan⁴²/
    Chengdu /kan⁵³/
    Guiyang /kan⁴²/
    Kunming /kã̠⁵³/
    Nanjing /kaŋ²¹²/
    Hefei /kæ̃²⁴/
    Jin Taiyuan /kæ̃⁵³/
    Pingyao /kɑŋ⁵³/
    Hohhot /kæ̃⁵³/
    Wu Shanghai /kø³⁵/
    Suzhou /kø⁵¹/
    Hangzhou /kẽ̞⁵³/
    Wenzhou /ky³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /kɛ³⁵/
    Tunxi /kɛ³¹/
    Xiang Changsha /kan⁴¹/
    Xiangtan /kan⁴²/
    Gan Nanchang /kɵn²¹³/
    Hakka Meixian /kam³¹/
    Taoyuan /kɑm³¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐm³⁵/
    Nanning /kam³⁵/
    Hong Kong /kɐm³⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kam⁵³/
    /kã⁵³/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kaŋ³²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kɔŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /kã⁵³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ka²¹³/
    Rime
    Character 敢
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 談 (143)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 古覽切
    Baxter kamX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɑmX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kɑmX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kɑmX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kamX/
    Li
    Rong         		/kɑmX/
    Wang
    Li         		/kɑmX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kɑmX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		gǎn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gam2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 敢
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		gǎn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kamX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[k]ˁamʔ/
    English dare

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 敢
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 3674
    Phonetic
    component         		敢
    Rime
    group         		談
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		敢
    Old
    Chinese         		/*klaːmʔ/
    Notes 說文從爪又，古聲，金文從爭甘聲，
    此爲隸變

    Definitions edit

    敢

    1. bold; brave; daring
    2. to dare (to); to venture (to)
      我們必須敢想，敢說，敢幹。 [MSC, trad.]
      我们必须敢想，敢说，敢干。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒmen bìxū gǎn xiǎng, gǎn shuō, gǎn gàn. [Pinyin]
      We must dare to think, speak up and act.
      他不敢正眼看她。  ―  Tā bù gǎn zhèng yǎnkàn tā.  ―  He didn't dare to look at her in the face.
      在那個風雨交加的夜晚，很少有人敢出去。 [MSC, trad.]
      在那个风雨交加的夜晚，很少有人敢出去。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zài nà ge fēngyǔ jiāojiā de yèwǎn, hěn shào yǒurén gǎn chūqù. [Pinyin]
      Very few people ventured to go out on that stormy night.
    3. to be sure; to be certain; to bet; to presume
      敢肯定  ―  gǎn kěndìng  ―  to be sure, to be certain
      敢說／敢说  ―  gǎn shuō  ―  to be sure, to be certain
      我敢說你解決不了這個難題。 [MSC, trad.]
      我敢说你解决不了这个难题。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ gǎn shuō nǐ jiějuébuliǎo zhè ge nántí. [Pinyin]
      I bet you can't do this puzzle.
    4. (polite) may I venture
      敢問／敢问  ―  gǎn wèn  ―  may I ask
    5. (literary or Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka, rhetorical question) can it be possible that; how
      alt. forms: 豈／岂 (qǐ)
      敢通按呢？ [Taiwanese Hokkien]  ―  Kám thang án-ne? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  How could it be like this?
    6. (archaic or Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou Hokkien) perhaps
    7. (Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka) Interrogative adverb, placed before the verb to create a yes-no question.
      alt. forms: 咁 (hán), 甘 (gān), 干
      你敢有閒？／你敢有闲？ [Taiwanese Hokkien]  ―  Lí kám ū-êng? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  Are you free?

    Synonyms edit

    • (can it be possible that):
    Dialectal synonyms of 難道 (“could it be that; is it possible that”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 莫非, 豈, 莫不是
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 莫非, 豈, 難道, 莫不是
    Mandarin Beijing 難道, 難不成, 甭
    Taiwan 難道, 難不成
    Cantonese Guangzhou 唔通
    Hong Kong 唔通
    Taishan 唔成, 敢係, 唔得旨, 毋旨, 毋旨估
    Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 無成, 敢講, 敢係
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 無成, 敢講, 敢係
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 無成, 敢講, 敢係
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 無成, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 無成, 毋成, 敢講, 敢係
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 無敢, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係
    Min Nan Xiamen 敢, 總無
    Quanzhou 敢, 總無, 攏無
    Zhangzhou 敢, 總無
    Tainan 敢
    Manila (Hokkien) 敢
    Shantou 未是
    Jieyang 未是, 敢, 敢是
    Wu Shanghai 只勿
    Xiang Changsha 冇過

    See also edit

    Compounds edit

    Further reading edit

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    敢

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. daring, brave, bold
    2. sad, tragic, pitiful

    Readings edit

    Etymology edit

    Kanji in this term
    敢
    かん
    Grade: S
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 敢 (MC kamX).

    Pronunciation edit

    Affix edit

    敢(かん) • (kan) 

    1. daring; brave; bold

    Derived terms edit

    Derived terms

    Korean edit

    Hanja edit

    敢 (eumhun 감히 감 (gamhi gam))

    1. Hanja form? of 감 (“dare”).

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    敢: Hán Nôm readings: cám, cảm, dám

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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