U+6562, 敢
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6562

[U+6561]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+6563]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
Mainland China
 

Alternative forms edit

  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing 新字形), the upper left component is written (one stroke).
  • In other regions, the upper left component is written (two strokes) which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 66, +8, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 11 strokes in mainland China, cangjie input 弓十人大 (NJOK) or 一十人大 (MJOK), four-corner 18140 or 18440, composition ⿰⿱(G) or ⿰⿱(HTJKV))

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 472, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13260
  • Dae Jaweon: page 825, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1463, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6562

Chinese edit

trad.
simp. #
2nd round simp.

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Warring States
Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script
     

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *klaːmʔ): semantic (to fight) + phonetic (OC *kaːm).

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-wam (to dare) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

Pronunciation edit


Note: Southern Sixian kam - variant used for the rhetorical/interrogative adverb.
Note:
  • káⁿ - vernacular (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
  • kám - literary (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, as well as the rhetorical/interrogative adverb in Taiwan);
  • kiám/kán - variants used for the rhetorical adverb.
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /kan²¹⁴/
    Harbin /kan²¹³/
    Tianjin /kan¹³/
    Jinan /kã⁵⁵/
    Qingdao /kã⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /kan⁵³/
    Xi'an /kã⁵³/
    Xining /kã⁵³/
    Yinchuan /kan⁵³/
    Lanzhou /kɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
    Ürümqi /kan⁵¹/
    Wuhan /kan⁴²/
    Chengdu /kan⁵³/
    Guiyang /kan⁴²/
    Kunming /kã̠⁵³/
    Nanjing /kaŋ²¹²/
    Hefei /kæ̃²⁴/
    Jin Taiyuan /kæ̃⁵³/
    Pingyao /kɑŋ⁵³/
    Hohhot /kæ̃⁵³/
    Wu Shanghai /kø³⁵/
    Suzhou /kø⁵¹/
    Hangzhou /kẽ̞⁵³/
    Wenzhou /ky³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /kɛ³⁵/
    Tunxi /kɛ³¹/
    Xiang Changsha /kan⁴¹/
    Xiangtan /kan⁴²/
    Gan Nanchang /kɵn²¹³/
    Hakka Meixian /kam³¹/
    Taoyuan /kɑm³¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐm³⁵/
    Nanning /kam³⁵/
    Hong Kong /kɐm³⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kam⁵³/
    /kã⁵³/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ³²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kɔŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Teochew) /kã⁵³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ka²¹³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (28)
    Final () (143)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () I
    Fanqie
    Baxter kamX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /kɑmX/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /kɑmX/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /kɑmX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /kamX/
    Li
    Rong
    /kɑmX/
    Wang
    Li
    /kɑmX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /kɑmX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    gǎn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    gam2
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    gǎn
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ kamX ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*[k]ˁamʔ/
    English dare

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 3674
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    1
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*klaːmʔ/
    Notes

    Definitions edit

    1. bold; brave; daring
    2. to dare (to); to venture (to)
      我們必須 [MSC, trad.]
      我们必须 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒmen bìxū gǎn xiǎng, gǎn shuō, gǎn gàn. [Pinyin]
      We must dare to think, speak up and act.
      眼看  ―  Tā bù gǎn zhèng yǎnkàn tā.  ―  He didn't dare to look at her in the face.
      風雨交加夜晚有人出去 [MSC, trad.]
      风雨交加夜晚有人出去 [MSC, simp.]
      Zài nà ge fēngyǔ jiāojiā de yèwǎn, hěn shào yǒurén gǎn chūqù. [Pinyin]
      Very few people ventured to go out on that stormy night.
    3. to be sure; to be certain; to bet; to presume
      肯定  ―  gǎn kěndìng  ―  to be sure, to be certain
        ―  gǎn shuō  ―  to be sure, to be certain
      解決不了難題 [MSC, trad.]
      解决不了难题 [MSC, simp.]
      gǎn shuō nǐ jiějuébuliǎo zhè ge nántí. [Pinyin]
      I bet you can't do this puzzle.
    4. (polite) may I venture
        ―  gǎn wèn  ―  may I ask
    5. (literary or Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka, rhetorical question) can it be possible that; how
      alt. forms: ()
      按呢 [Taiwanese Hokkien]  ―  Kám thang án-ne? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  How could it be like this?
    6. (archaic or Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou Hokkien) perhaps
    7. (Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka) Interrogative adverb, placed before the verb to create a yes-no question.
      alt. forms: (hán), (gān),
      有閒有闲 [Taiwanese Hokkien]  ―  kám ū-êng? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  Are you free?

    Synonyms edit

    • (can it be possible that):

    See also edit

    Compounds edit

    Further reading edit

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. daring, brave, bold
    2. sad, tragic, pitiful

    Readings edit

    Etymology edit

    Kanji in this term
    かん
    Grade: S
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese (MC kamX).

    Pronunciation edit

    Affix edit

    (かん) (kan

    1. daring; brave; bold

    Derived terms edit

    Korean edit

    Hanja edit

    (eumhun 감히 (gamhi gam))

    1. Hanja form? of (dare).

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Nôm readings: cám, cảm, dám

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.