Wiktionary

末

See also: 夫, 禾, 天, 未, 夭, and 木
末 U+672B, 末
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672B
← 未
[U+672A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 本 →
[U+672C]

Translingual Edit

Stroke order
 

Han character Edit

末 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 木十 (DJ), four-corner 50900, composition ⿻一木)

Derived characters Edit

Descendants Edit

References Edit

  • KangXi: page 509, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14420
  • Dae Jaweon: page 891, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1150, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+672B

Chinese Edit

simp. and trad.
 末

Glyph origin Edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (末) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
眛 *maːds, *mɯːds
沬 *maːds, *hmɯːds, *mɯds
佅 *mraːds
韎 *mreːds, *maːd
帓 *mraːd
粖 *meːd, *maːd
末 *maːd
昩 *maːd
秣 *maːd
靺 *maːd
眜 *maːd
抹 *maːd
妺 *maːd
怽 *maːd
沫 *maːd
袜 *maːd

Ideogram (指事): a tree (木) with its top highlighted with an extra stroke, implying the meaning of “apex”; contrast 本, 朱.

Pronunciation 1 Edit

Note:
  • boa̍h - vernacular;
  • boa̍t - literary.
Note:
  • bhuah8 - vernacular;
  • muêg8, muag8 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 末
    Mandarin Beijing /mo⁵¹/
    Harbin /mɤ⁵³/
    Tianjin /mo⁵³/
    Jinan /mə²¹/
    Qingdao /mə⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /mo²⁴/
    Xi'an /mo²¹/
    Xining /mɔ⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /muə¹³/
    Lanzhou /mə¹³/ ～尾
    /mə⁴⁴²/ ～～子
    Ürümqi /mɤ²¹³/
    Wuhan /mo²¹³/
    Chengdu /mo³¹/
    Guiyang /mo²¹/
    Kunming /mo³¹/
    Nanjing /moʔ⁵/
    Hefei /mɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /maʔ²/
    Pingyao /mʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /maʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /məʔ¹/
    Suzhou /məʔ³/
    Hangzhou /moʔ²/
    Wenzhou /mø²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /mɔ²²/
    Tunxi /mo¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /mo²⁴/
    Xiangtan /mo²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /mɵʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /mat̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /mɑt̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /mut̚²/
    Nanning /mut̚²²/
    Hong Kong /mut̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /buat̚⁵/
    /buaʔ⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /muaʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /muɛ⁴²/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /muak̚⁵/
    /buaʔ⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /muak̚⁵/
    /muak̚³/
    Rime
    Character 末
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 明 (4)
    Final (韻) 桓 (64)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 莫撥切
    Baxter mat
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/muɑt̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/mʷɑt̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/muɑt̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/mwat̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/muɑt̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/muɑt̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/muɑt̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		mò
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		mut6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 末
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		mò
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mat ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*mˁat/
    English end of a branch

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 末
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 9223
    Phonetic
    component         		末
    Rime
    group         		月
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		末
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maːd/

    Definitions Edit

    末

    1. tip; treetop
      末梢  ―  mòshāo  ―  tip; end
    2. (by extension) effect; result
      本末  ―  běnmò  ―  cause and effect
    3. late or the last stage; conclusion; close
      Antonyms: 首 (shǒu), 初 (chū), 始 (shǐ)
      月末  ―  yuèmò  ―  month-end
      明末清初  ―  Míng mò Qīng chū  ―  late-Ming and early-Qing era
      文末提到  ―  wén mò tídào  ―  Toward the end of the article, it was mentioned…
    4. final; the last; concluding; closing; terminal
      Antonyms: 首 (shǒu), 初 (chū), 始 (shǐ)
      末代  ―  mòdài  ―  the last (in one's lineage)
      末日  ―  mòrì  ―  doomsday; apocalypse
      末法時期／末法时期  ―  mò fǎ shíqī  ―  Dharma-ending age
    5. insignificant; trivial; inferior; low-priority; low-class
      捨本逐末／舍本逐末  ―  shěběnzhúmò  ―  pursuing the unimportant while neglecting the essential
    6. powder; fine particulate matter
      粉末  ―  fěnmò  ―  powder
    7. (literary, dated) not; none; no (negative indicator)
      Synonyms: 未 (wèi), 莫, 無／无
    8. mo (a category of male roles in traditional Chinese theatre and opera)

    Compounds Edit

    Pronunciation 2 Edit

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 末
    Mandarin Beijing /mo⁵¹/
    Harbin /mɤ⁵³/
    Tianjin /mo⁵³/
    Jinan /mə²¹/
    Qingdao /mə⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /mo²⁴/
    Xi'an /mo²¹/
    Xining /mɔ⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /muə¹³/
    Lanzhou /mə¹³/ ～尾
    /mə⁴⁴²/ ～～子
    Ürümqi /mɤ²¹³/
    Wuhan /mo²¹³/
    Chengdu /mo³¹/
    Guiyang /mo²¹/
    Kunming /mo³¹/
    Nanjing /moʔ⁵/
    Hefei /mɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /maʔ²/
    Pingyao /mʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /maʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /məʔ¹/
    Suzhou /məʔ³/
    Hangzhou /moʔ²/
    Wenzhou /mø²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /mɔ²²/
    Tunxi /mo¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /mo²⁴/
    Xiangtan /mo²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /mɵʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /mat̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /mɑt̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /mut̚²/
    Nanning /mut̚²²/
    Hong Kong /mut̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /buat̚⁵/
    /buaʔ⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /muaʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /muɛ⁴²/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /muak̚⁵/
    /buaʔ⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /muak̚⁵/
    /muak̚³/

    Definitions Edit

    末

    1. Same as 麼／么 (me).

    Pronunciation 3 Edit

    Definitions Edit

    末 (Northern Wu)

    1. Used to mark a conditional subordinate clause.
      要是儂一家頭拿勿到末，叫個人來幫忙。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
      要是侬一家头拿勿到末，叫个人来帮忙。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
      5iau-zy 6non 7iq-ka-deu 6nau-veq-tau-meq 5ciau-gheq 6gnin 6le 1paon-maon [Wugniu]
      If you can’t carry it on your own, ask for someone to help.
      儂勿去蘇州末，要告訴我一聲。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
      侬勿去苏州末，要告诉我一声。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
      From: 2007, Qian Nairong, 上海话大词典, page 309
      6non 8veq-chi 1su-tseu-meq 5iau 5kau-su 6ngu 7iq-san [Wugniu]
      If you're not going to Suzhou, let me know.
    2. Used to mark the topic in a topic-comment construction.
      新衣裳末，我已經買了兩件。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
      新衣裳末，我已经买了两件。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
      From: 2007, Qian Nairong, 上海话大词典, page 309
      1shi-i-zaon-meq 6ngu 5i-cin 6ma-leq 6lian-ci [Wugniu]
      As for the new clothes, I've already bought two of them.

    Japanese Edit

    Kanji Edit

    末

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. tip, top
    2. end, terminal

    Readings Edit

    Compounds Edit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    末
    すえ
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    末(すえ) • (sue) ←すゑ (swe)?

    1. [from 720] the tip or top of a plant
      1. a twig or shoot
        Synonym: 枝先 (edasaki)
      2. a treetop
        Synonym: 梢 (kozue)
    2. [from 712] the tip or end of something
      Synonyms: 先 (saki), 先端 (sentan)
    3. [from 720] the top or peak of a mountain
      Synonyms: 頂 (itadaki), 山頂 (sanchō)
    4. [from 1205] the edge or verge of a road or field
      Synonym: 外れ (hazure)
    5. [from early 1000s] a descendant
      Synonyms: 足末 (anasue), 子孫 (shison)
    6. [from 720] the future, later, after
      Synonyms: (future) 未来 (mirai), (future) 将来 (shōrai), (later) 後 (nochi)
    7. [from early 800s] the end of a period of time
      Synonyms: 終わり (owari), 末期 (makki)
    8. [from early 1000s] (by extension) old age, the end period of a lifetime
      Synonym: 晩年 (bannen, literally “evening years”)
    9. [from 1435] (by extension) a degraded world, a world with low morals and corrupt politics
      Synonym: 末の世 (sue no yo)
    10. [from late 1500s] the end of a month, the latter third of a month
      Synonym: 下旬 (gejun)
    11. [from early 1000s] some time considerably later
    12. [from early 1000s] the result, outcome, or trace, remains of something having been done
      Synonyms: (result) 結果 (kekka), 名残 (nagori, “trace, remains”)
      思(おも)い悩(なや)んだ末(すえ)
      omoinayanda sue
      at the end of deliberation
    13. [from 1120] the direction in which someone has gone or will go
      Synonym: 方向 (hōkō)
    14. [from early 1000s] the youngest or last child
      Synonym: 末子 (sueko)
    15. [from early 1000s] youth, childhood
      Synonym: 幼少 (yōshō)
    16. [from early 1000s] the lowest seat, the seat at the foot of a table; the lowest rank
      Synonyms: 末座 (matsuza), 末席 (masseki), 下座 (shimoza)
    17. [from early 900s] the last two seven-mora stanzas or lines of a 短歌 (tanka) poem
      Synonyms: 下の句 (shimo no ku), 下句 (shimoku)
    18. [from early 1000s] the end of a sentence or word
      Synonyms: (of a sentence) 文末 (bunmatsu), (of a word) 語尾 (gobi)
    19. [from mid-1000s] the latter portion of a book or serial
      Synonym: 後編 (kōhen)
    20. [from 1182] the origin, the starting point
      Synonyms: (origin) 元 (moto), (starting point) 起点 (kiten)
    21. [from 1435] (historical) the interior rooms of a palace or manor where maids worked; a maid who worked in such a household
      Synonym: 御末 (osue)
    22. [from 1682] a low class or grade; an item of low class or grade
      Synonyms: (low class or grade) 下級 (kakyū), (item of low class or grade) 下級品 (kakyūhin), (low class or grade) 下等 (katō), (item of low class or grade) 下等品 (katōhin)
    23. [unknown] something minor, a trifle
    24. [from 1179] downstream
      Synonyms: 川下 (kawashita), 下流 (karyū)
    25. [from late 800s] (kagura, music) in a 神楽 (kagura) performance, the seats on the right side facing the altar or shrine; the performers playing in these seats
      Synonym: 末方 (suekata)

    Etymology 2 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    末
    うら
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū completed in 759.[1]

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    末(うら) • (ura) 

    1. [from 759] (archaic) the tip or top of a plant
      1. a twig or shoot
        Synonym: 枝先 (edasaki)
      2. a treetop
        Synonym: 梢 (kozue)
    2. [from late 1500s] (archaic) the tip or end of something
      Synonyms: 末 (sue), 先 (saki), 先端 (sentan)

    Etymology 3 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    末
    うれ
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū completed in 759.[1]

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    末(うれ) • (ure) 

    1. [from 759] (archaic) the tip or top of a plant
      1. a twig or shoot
        Synonym: 枝先 (edasaki)
      2. a treetop
        Synonym: 梢 (kozue)

    Etymology 4 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    末
    まつ
    Grade: 4
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 末 (MC mat).

    First attested in Japanese in 1120.[1]

    Noun Edit

    末(まつ) • (matsu) 

    1. [from 1120] powder
      Synonyms: 粉 (kona), 粉末 (funmatsu)
    2. [from 1804] (theater) in traditional Chinese theater, an extra, a minor part
      Synonym: (extra or minor part in any theatrical tradition) 端役 (hayaku)

    Suffix Edit

    末(まつ) • (-matsu) 

    1. [from at least 1911] the end of a period of time

    See also Edit

    References Edit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    4. ^ 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean Edit

    Hanja Edit

    末 (eumhun 끝 말 (kkeut mal))

    1. (끝): the end, last, low
    2. (가루): flour, powder
    3. (허드레): something coarse, improper, inferior, trivial

    Compounds Edit

    end, last
    flour, powder
    something coarse

    References Edit

    1. ^ This was authored by several scholars at the direction of King Sejong of Yi Dynasty, concerning the folk medical herb gathering by month.
    2. ^ Cited by: 南廣祐 (1997). 敎學古語辭典. 敎學社. p. 538.
    3. ^ "末栗" is a hanja rendering for 말밤(mal-bam), the origin of 마름(mareum, 菱) "water caltrop, water chestnut," literally, "coarse chestnut" such as "horse-chestnut".
    4. ^ Meaning "water caltrop, (also implausibly) water chestnut." Another likely literal reading is malryul.

    Vietnamese Edit

    Han character Edit

    末: Hán Nôm readings: mạt, mất, mặt, mết, mệt, mượt

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=末&oldid=76009417"