Wiktionary

末

See also: 夫, 禾, 天, 未, 夭, and 木
末 U+672B, 末
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672B
← 未
[U+672A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 本 →
[U+672C]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

末 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 木十 (DJ), four-corner 50900, composition ⿻一木)

Derived characters edit

Descendants edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 509, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14420
  • Dae Jaweon: page 891, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1150, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+672B

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 末

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (末) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
眛 *maːds, *mɯːds
沬 *maːds, *hmɯːds, *mɯds
佅 *mraːds
韎 *mreːds, *maːd
帓 *mraːd
粖 *meːd, *maːd
末 *maːd
昩 *maːd
秣 *maːd
靺 *maːd
眜 *maːd
抹 *maːd
妺 *maːd
怽 *maːd
沫 *maːd
袜 *maːd

Ideogram (指事) : a tree (木) with its top highlighted with an extra stroke, implying the meaning of “apex”; contrast 本, 朱.

Etymology 1 edit

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • boa̍h - vernacular (“powder”);
  • boa̍t - literary.
Note:
  • bhuah8 - vernacular;
  • muêg8, muag8 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 末
Mandarin Beijing /mo⁵¹/
Harbin /mɤ⁵³/
Tianjin /mo⁵³/
Jinan /mə²¹/
Qingdao /mə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /mo²⁴/
Xi'an /mo²¹/
Xining /mɔ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /muə¹³/
Lanzhou /mə¹³/ ～尾
/mə⁴⁴²/ ～～子
Ürümqi /mɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /mo²¹³/
Chengdu /mo³¹/
Guiyang /mo²¹/
Kunming /mo³¹/
Nanjing /moʔ⁵/
Hefei /mɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /maʔ²/
Pingyao /mʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /maʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /məʔ¹/
Suzhou /məʔ³/
Hangzhou /moʔ²/
Wenzhou /mø²¹³/
Hui Shexian /mɔ²²/
Tunxi /mo¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /mo²⁴/
Xiangtan /mo²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /mɵʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /mat̚⁵/
Taoyuan /mɑt̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /mut̚²/
Nanning /mut̚²²/
Hong Kong /mut̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /buat̚⁵/
/buaʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /muaʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /muɛ⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /muak̚⁵/
/buaʔ⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /muak̚⁵/
/muak̚³/
Rime
Character 末
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 桓 (64)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 莫撥切
Baxter mat
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/muɑt̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/mʷɑt̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/muɑt̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/mwat̚/
Li
Rong 		/muɑt̚/
Wang
Li 		/muɑt̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/muɑt̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		mò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		mut6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 末
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		mò
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mat ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mˁat/
English end of a branch

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 末
Reading # 1/1
No. 9223
Phonetic
component 		末
Rime
group 		月
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		末
Old
Chinese 		/*maːd/

Definitions edit

末

  1. tip; treetop
    末梢  ―  mòshāo  ―  tip; end
  2. (by extension) effect; result
    本末  ―  běnmò  ―  cause and effect
  3. late or the last stage; conclusion; close
    Antonyms: 首 (shǒu), 初 (chū), 始 (shǐ)
    月末  ―  yuèmò  ―  month-end
    明末清初  ―  Míng mò Qīng chū  ―  late-Ming and early-Qing era
    文末提到  ―  wén mò tídào  ―  Toward the end of the article, it was mentioned…
  4. final; the last; concluding; closing; terminal
    Antonyms: 首 (shǒu), 初 (chū), 始 (shǐ)
    末代  ―  mòdài  ―  the last (in one's lineage)
    末日  ―  mòrì  ―  doomsday; apocalypse
    末法時期／末法时期  ―  mò fǎ shíqī  ―  Dharma-ending age
  5. insignificant; trivial; inferior; low-priority; low-class
    捨本逐末／舍本逐末  ―  shěběnzhúmò  ―  pursuing the unimportant while neglecting the essential
  6. powder; fine particulate matter
    粉末  ―  fěnmò  ―  powder
  7. (literary, dated) not; none; no (negative indicator)
    Synonyms: 未 (wèi), 莫, 無／无
  8. mo (a category of male roles in traditional Chinese theatre and opera)

Compounds edit

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation 1 edit

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 末
Mandarin Beijing /mo⁵¹/
Harbin /mɤ⁵³/
Tianjin /mo⁵³/
Jinan /mə²¹/
Qingdao /mə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /mo²⁴/
Xi'an /mo²¹/
Xining /mɔ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /muə¹³/
Lanzhou /mə¹³/ ～尾
/mə⁴⁴²/ ～～子
Ürümqi /mɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /mo²¹³/
Chengdu /mo³¹/
Guiyang /mo²¹/
Kunming /mo³¹/
Nanjing /moʔ⁵/
Hefei /mɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /maʔ²/
Pingyao /mʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /maʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /məʔ¹/
Suzhou /məʔ³/
Hangzhou /moʔ²/
Wenzhou /mø²¹³/
Hui Shexian /mɔ²²/
Tunxi /mo¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /mo²⁴/
Xiangtan /mo²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /mɵʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /mat̚⁵/
Taoyuan /mɑt̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /mut̚²/
Nanning /mut̚²²/
Hong Kong /mut̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /buat̚⁵/
/buaʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /muaʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /muɛ⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /muak̚⁵/
/buaʔ⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /muak̚⁵/
/muak̚³/
Definitions edit

末

  1. Same as 麼／么 (me).

Pronunciation 2 edit

Definitions edit

末 (Northern Wu)

  1. Used to mark a conditional subordinate clause.
    要是儂一家頭拿勿到末，叫個人來幫忙。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    要是侬一家头拿勿到末，叫个人来帮忙。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    5iau-zy 6non 7iq-ka-deu 6nau-veq-tau-meq 5ciau-gheq 6gnin 6le 1paon-maon [Wugniu]
    If you can’t carry it on your own, ask for someone to help.
    儂勿去蘇州末，要告訴我一聲。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    侬勿去苏州末，要告诉我一声。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    From: 2007, Qian Nairong, 上海话大词典, page 309
    6non 8veq-chi 1su-tseu-meq 5iau 5kau-su 6ngu 7iq-san [Wugniu]
    If you're not going to Suzhou, let me know.
  2. Used to mark the topic in a topic-comment construction.
    新衣裳末，我已經買了兩件。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    新衣裳末，我已经买了两件。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    From: 2007, Qian Nairong, 上海话大词典, page 309
    1shi-i-zaon-meq 6ngu 5i-cin 6ma-leq 6lian-ci [Wugniu]
    As for the new clothes, I've already bought two of them.

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

末

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. tip, top
  2. end, terminal

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Compounds

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
末
すえ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

末(すえ) • (sue) ←すゑ (suwe)?

  1. [from 720] the tip or top of a plant
    1. a twig or shoot
      Synonym: 枝先 (edasaki)
    2. a treetop
      Synonym: 梢 (kozue)
  2. [from 712] the tip or end of something
    Synonyms: 先 (saki), 先端 (sentan)
  3. [from 720] the top or peak of a mountain
    Synonyms: 頂 (itadaki), 山頂 (sanchō)
  4. [from 1205] the edge or verge of a road or field
    Synonym: 外れ (hazure)
  5. [from early 1000s] a descendant
    Synonyms: 足末 (anasue), 子孫 (shison)
  6. [from 720] the future, later, after
    Synonyms: (future) 未来 (mirai), (future) 将来 (shōrai), (later) 後 (nochi)
  7. [from early 800s] the end of a period of time
    Synonyms: 終わり (owari), 末期 (makki)
  8. [from early 1000s] (by extension) old age, the end period of a lifetime
    Synonym: 晩年 (bannen, literally “evening years”)
  9. [from 1435] (by extension) a degraded world, a world with low morals and corrupt politics
    Synonym: 末の世 (sue no yo)
  10. [from late 1500s] the end of a month, the latter third of a month
    Synonym: 下旬 (gejun)
  11. [from early 1000s] some time considerably later
  12. [from early 1000s] the result, outcome, or trace, remains of something having been done
    Synonyms: (result) 結果 (kekka), 名残 (nagori, “trace, remains”)
    思(おも)い悩(なや)んだ末(すえ)
    omoinayanda sue
    at the end of deliberation
  13. [from 1120] the direction in which someone has gone or will go
    Synonym: 方向 (hōkō)
  14. [from early 1000s] the youngest or last child
    Synonym: 末子 (sueko)
  15. [from early 1000s] youth, childhood
    Synonym: 幼少 (yōshō)
  16. [from early 1000s] the lowest seat, the seat at the foot of a table; the lowest rank
    Synonyms: 末座 (matsuza), 末席 (masseki), 下座 (shimoza)
  17. [from early 900s] the last two seven-mora stanzas or lines of a 短歌 (tanka) poem
    Synonyms: 下の句 (shimo no ku), 下句 (shimoku)
  18. [from early 1000s] the end of a sentence or word
    Synonyms: (of a sentence) 文末 (bunmatsu), (of a word) 語尾 (gobi)
  19. [from mid-1000s] the latter portion of a book or serial
    Synonym: 後編 (kōhen)
  20. [from 1182] the origin, the starting point
    Synonyms: (origin) 元 (moto), (starting point) 起点 (kiten)
  21. [from 1435] (historical) the interior rooms of a palace or manor where maids worked; a maid who worked in such a household
    Synonym: 御末 (osue)
  22. [from 1682] a low class or grade; an item of low class or grade
    Synonyms: (low class or grade) 下級 (kakyū), (item of low class or grade) 下級品 (kakyūhin), (low class or grade) 下等 (katō), (item of low class or grade) 下等品 (katōhin)
  23. [unknown] something minor, a trifle
  24. [from 1179] downstream
    Synonyms: 川下 (kawashita), 下流 (karyū)
  25. [from late 800s] (kagura, music) in a 神楽 (kagura) performance, the seats on the right side facing the altar or shrine; the performers playing in these seats
    Synonym: 末方 (suekata)

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
末
うら
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū completed in 759.[1]

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

末(うら) • (ura) 

  1. [from 759] (archaic) the tip or top of a plant
    1. a twig or shoot
      Synonym: 枝先 (edasaki)
    2. a treetop
      Synonym: 梢 (kozue)
  2. [from late 1500s] (archaic) the tip or end of something
    Synonyms: 末 (sue), 先 (saki), 先端 (sentan)

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
末
うれ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū completed in 759.[1]

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

末(うれ) • (ure) 

  1. [from 759] (archaic) the tip or top of a plant
    1. a twig or shoot
      Synonym: 枝先 (edasaki)
    2. a treetop
      Synonym: 梢 (kozue)

Etymology 4 edit

Kanji in this term
末
まつ
Grade: 4
goon

From Middle Chinese 末 (MC mat).

First attested in Japanese in 1120.[1]

Noun edit

末(まつ) • (matsu) 

  1. [from 1120] powder
    Synonyms: 粉 (kona), 粉末 (funmatsu)
  2. [from 1804] (theater) in traditional Chinese theater, an extra, a minor part
    Synonym: (extra or minor part in any theatrical tradition) 端役 (hayaku)

Suffix edit

末(まつ) • (-matsu) 

  1. [from at least 1911] the end of a period of time

See also edit

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  4. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean edit

Hanja edit

末 (eumhun 끝 말 (kkeut mal))

  1. (끝): the end, last, low
  2. (가루): flour, powder
  3. (허드레): something coarse, improper, inferior, trivial
    • 1431: 鄕藥採取月令[1] 十二月 (향약채취월령 십이월, hyang-yag-chaechwi-wolryeong sib-iwol):
      芰實鄕名末栗'"`UNIQref0000006DQINU`"' '"`UNIQref0000006EQINU`"' (기실향명말밤, gisilhyangmyeongmalbam, "The folk name of the water caltrop fruit is coarse chestnut.")
      芰實鄕名 末栗 (gisilhyangmyeongmalbam, gisil-hyangmyeong-malbam , "The folk name of the water caltrop fruit is coarse chestnut .)
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Compounds edit

end, last
flour, powder
something coarse

References edit

  1. ^ This was authored by several scholars at the direction of King Sejong of Yi Dynasty, concerning the folk medical herb gathering by month.
  2. ^ Cited by: 南廣祐 (1997). 敎學古語辭典. 敎學社. p. 538.
  3. ^ "末栗" is a hanja rendering for 말밤(mal-bam), the origin of 마름(mareum, 菱) "water caltrop, water chestnut," literally, "coarse chestnut" such as "horse-chestnut".
  4. ^ Meaning "water caltrop, (also implausibly) water chestnut." Another likely literal reading is malryul.

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

末: Hán Nôm readings: mạt, mất, mặt, mết, mệt, mượt

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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