Wiktionary

rat

See also: Appendix:Variations of "rat"

English edit

 
A brown rat, one of the many species of rat.
 
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Pronunciation edit

  • enPR: răt, IPA(key): /ɹæt/
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Audio (UK)(file)
  • Rhymes: -æt

Etymology 1 edit

From Middle English ratte, rat, rotte, from Old English rætt, from Proto-West Germanic *ratt, from Proto-Germanic *rattaz, *rattō (compare West Frisian rôt, Dutch rat), of uncertain origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, scratch, gnaw”). However, the rat may have been unknown in Northern Europe in antiquity, and the Proto-Germanic word may have referred to a different animal; see *rattaz for more.[1] Attestation of this family of words begins in the 12th century. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Some of the Germanic cognates show considerable consonant variation, e.g. Middle Low German ratte, radde; Middle High German rate, ratte, ratze.[1] The irregularity may be symptomatic of a late dispersal of the word, although Kroonen accounts for it with a Proto-Germanic stem *raþō nom., *ruttaz gen.,[1] showing both ablaut and a Kluge's law alternation, with the variation arising from varying remodellings in the descendants. Kroonen states that this requires a Proto-Indo-European etymon in final *t and is incompatible with the usual derivation from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, scratch, gnaw”).[1]

Noun edit

rat (plural rats)

  1. (zoology) A medium-sized rodent belonging to the genus Rattus.
    • 2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 200:
      Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems—surgical foam, a thermal gel depot, a microcapsule or biodegradable polymer beads.
  2. (informal) Any of the numerous members of several rodent families (e.g. voles and mice) that resemble true rats in appearance, usually having a pointy snout, a long, bare tail, and body length greater than about 12 cm, or 5 inches.
  3. (informal) A person who is known for betrayal; a scoundrel; a quisling.
    rat bastard
    What a rat, leaving us stranded here!
    • 1936, F.J. Thwaites, chapter XVIII, in The Redemption, Sydney: H. John Edwards, published 1940, page 185:
      "Ah, so you damn rat, this is a put-up job eh?"
  4. (informal) An informant or snitch.
  5. (informal) A scab: a worker who acts against trade union policies.
  6. (slang) A person who routinely spends time at a particular location.
    Our teenager has become a mall rat.
    He loved hockey and was a devoted rink rat.
  7. A wad of shed hair used as part of a hairstyle.
  8. A roll of material used to puff out the hair, which is turned over it.
  9. (UK, north-west London, slang, vulgar) Vagina.
    Get your rat out.
  10. (chiefly informal) Short for muskrat.
    • 1910, L. W. Pierce, “Muskrats are fast disappearing”, in Hunter-trader-trapper, page 70:
      The price of rats began to rise and soon after the marsh froze over, spearing rats began, which was done with a one tine three-eighths inch steel rod, with a wooden handle […]
    • 1929, E. J. Dailey, in Hardings Magazine's Question Box, printed in Fur Fish Game, page 73:
      Where natural marshes, or natural foods are found, are best places for raising muskrats. Louisiana and other southern states raise millions of rats, but they do not bring as good prices as northern raised ones. Delaware and Maryland have famed marshes. Other states are becoming noted for muskrat raising, also.
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Terms derived from rat
Translations edit
See also edit

Verb edit

rat (third-person singular simple present rats, present participle ratting, simple past and past participle ratted)

  1. (of a dog, etc.) To hunt or kill rats. [from 19th c.]
  2. (intransitive) To betray a political party, cause or principle; to betray someone, to desert a person or thing. [from 19th c.]
  3. (informal, intransitive) To work as a scab, going against trade union policies. [from 19th c.]
  4. (chiefly US) To backcomb (hair). [from 20th c.]
    • 2021, Rickie Lee Jones, Last Chance Texaco, Grove Press, published 2022, page 31:
      In 1962, the higher a girl's hair was ratted the more available she was, it was simply understood.
  5. (intransitive, with on or out) To inform on someone; to betray someone to the police or authorities. [from 20th c.]
    He ratted on his coworker.
    He is going to rat us out!
Synonyms edit
Translations edit
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Guus Kroonen, The Proto-Germanic n-stems (2011), page 222

Etymology 2 edit

From Middle English ratten, further etymology unknown. Compare Middle High German ratzen (“to scratch; rasp; tear”). Could be related to write. See also rit.

Noun edit

rat (plural rats)

  1. (regional) A scratch or a score.
  2. (nautical, regional) A place in the sea with rapid currents and crags where a ship is likely to be torn apart in stormy weather.

Verb edit

rat (third-person singular simple present rats, present participle ratting, simple past and past participle ratted)

  1. (regional) To scratch or score.
    He ratted a vertical line on his face with a pocket knife.
  2. (regional, rare, obsolete) To tear, rip, rend.
    Ratted to shreds.
  3. Damn, drat, blast; used in oaths.
    • 1904, Rafael Sabatini, chapter XXVI, in The Tavern Knight:
      “But, rat me, sir,” cried Foster in bewilderment, “tis too generous—'pon honour it is. I can't consent to it. No, rat me, I can't.”
Usage notes edit

The verb rat is rarely used in the second sense. In the sense to tear, rip, rend, the form to-rat is more common. Compare German zerreißen (“to rip up, tear, rend”).

References edit

Etymology 3 edit

Noun edit

rat (plural rats)

  1. (military, slang) A ration.
    • 2014, John, Buffoon, page 243:
      With regards to the testing of his product, the initial blood analysis had come back confirming huge, distinctive nutritional superiority for Stewart's military ration pack. Given that the policy of the British Army is to be fully ready for war at the drop of a hat, he was sitting on the potential of supplying new rats for the entire army […]
Derived terms edit

Anagrams edit

Catalan edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

rat m (plural rats)

  1. rat
    Synonym: rata

Further reading edit

Danish edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Low German rat (“wheel”), from Old Saxon rath.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

rat n (singular definite rattet, plural indefinite rat)

  1. wheel, steering wheel

Inflection edit

Declension of rat
neuter
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative rat rattet rat rattene
genitive rats rattets rats rattenes

Dutch edit

Alternative forms edit

  • rot (Northern Dutch, dialectal)

Etymology edit

From Middle Dutch ratte.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

rat f (plural ratten, diminutive ratje n)

  1. (zoology) A rat, medium-sized rodent belonging to the genus Rattus, or of certain other genera in the family Muridae.
  2. (informal) Any of the numerous, fairly large members of several rodent families that resemble true rats in appearance.
  3. (informal) A traitor; a scoundrel; a quisling.
  4. (informal) An informant or snitch.
  5. (informal) An urchin.
  6. (informal) A pauper; undesirable commoner.
  7. (slang) A watch.

Derived terms edit

- animal species

Descendants edit

  • Afrikaans: rot
  • Jersey Dutch: rot
  • Negerhollands: rotto, roto
    • → Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)
  • →? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)
  • →? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)

French edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Middle French rat (“rat”), from Old French rat (“rat”).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

rat m (plural rats, feminine rate)

  1. rat
  2. (informal) sweetheart
  3. scrooge

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

Further reading edit

Anagrams edit

Indonesian edit

Etymology edit

From Javanese rat (ꦫꦠ꧀),

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): [ˈrat̪̚]
  • Hyphenation: rat

Noun edit

rat (first-person possessive ratku, second-person possessive ratmu, third-person possessive ratnya)

  1. (archaic) world
    Synonyms: alam, dunia, jagat

Further reading edit

Kalasha edit

Etymology edit

From Sanskrit रात्रि (rātri). Cognate with Hindi रात (rāt).

Noun edit

rat (Arabic رات)

  1. night

Maltese edit

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

rat

  1. third-person feminine singular perfect of ra

Middle Dutch edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Old Dutch *rath, from Proto-Germanic *raþą, from Proto-Indo-European *Hret-.

Noun edit

rat n

  1. wheel
    Synonym: wiel
Inflection edit

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Descendants edit

Etymology 2 edit

From Old Dutch *rath, from Proto-Germanic *raþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *Hret-.

Adjective edit

rat

  1. fast, quick
Inflection edit
Adjective
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative Indefinite rat radde rat radde
Definite radde radde
Accusative Indefinite radden radde rat radde
Definite radde
Genitive rats radder rats radder
Dative radden radder radden radden
Descendants edit

Further reading edit

Middle English edit

Noun edit

rat

  1. Alternative form of ratte

Norman edit

Etymology edit

From Old French rat (“rat”).

Noun edit

rat m (plural rats)

  1. (Jersey, Guernsey) rat

Derived terms edit

Occitan edit

Pronunciation edit

  • Audio (Languedocien)(file)

Noun edit

rat m (plural rats)

  1. (Rattus rattus)[1] black rat

Synonyms edit

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

References edit

  1. ^ Gui Benoèt, "Las bèstias", 2008, Toulouse, IEO Edicions, 2008, →ISBN, p. 161

Old French edit

Etymology edit

Of Germanic origin, from Old High German rato (“rat”) or Frankish *rato (“rat”).

Noun edit

rat oblique singular, m (oblique plural raz or ratz, nominative singular raz or ratz, nominative plural rat)

  1. rat (rodent)

Descendants edit

References edit

Brachet, A. (1873) “rat”, in Kitchin, G. W., transl., Etymological dictionary of the French language (Clarendon Press Series), 1st edition, London: Oxford/MacMillan and Co.

Old Javanese edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daʀat.

Noun edit

rat

  1. land

Romani edit

Etymology 1 edit

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀭𑀢𑁆𑀢 (ratta),[1][2] from Sanskrit रक्त (rakta).[1][2][3] Cognate with dialectal Hindi रात (rāt)[3] and Punjabi ਰੱਤ (ratta).

Pronunciation edit

IPA(key): /ɾat/

Noun edit

rat m (nominative plural rata)

  1. blood[1][2][3][4]

Etymology 2 edit

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀭𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺 (ratti),[5][6] from Sanskrit रात्रि (rātri).[5][6]

Alternative forms edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA(key): /ɾat/, /ɾʲat/

Noun edit

rat f (nominative plural ratǎ)

  1. night[6][7]
Derived terms edit

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “rakta1”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 610
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “rat²”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 243a
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Dieter W. Halwachs (2001 September) “Origin and Denomination”, in ROMBASE Cultural Database‎[1], Graz, Austria, archived from the original on 19 August 2021
  4. ^ Marcel Courthiade (2009) “o rat, -es- ʒ. [sic] -a, -en-”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 303ab
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “rāˊtrī”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 619
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “rat¹”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 242b-243a
  7. ^ Marcel Courthiade (2009) “i rat, -ǎ- ʒ. -ǎ, -ěn- = e rǎt, -ǎ- ʒ. -ǎ, -ěn- = e rǎt/ǐ, -ǎ- ʒ. -ǎ, -ěn-”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 303b

Romansch edit

Etymology edit

From Frankish *rato (“rat”).

Noun edit

rat m (plural rats)

  1. (Surmiran) rat

Synonyms edit

Serbo-Croatian edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ortь, from the o-grade of Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to rise, to attack”), cognate to Ancient Greek ἔρις (éris, “quarrel, strife”), Sanskrit ऋति (ṛti, “assault”) and Proto-Germanic *ernustuz (“struggle, fight”).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

rȁt m (Cyrillic spelling ра̏т, relational adjective rȁtnī)

  1. war
    Synonym: vojna
    Samo idioti misle da rat r(j)ešava probleme. ― Only idiots think that war solves problems.

Declension edit

Declension of rat
singular plural
nominative rȁt rȁtovi
genitive rȁta rȁtōvā
dative rȁtu rȁtovima
accusative rȁt rȁtove
vocative rȁte rȁtovi
locative rȁtu rȁtovima
instrumental rȁtom rȁtovima

Torres Strait Creole edit

Etymology edit

From English rat.

Noun edit

rat

  1. rat or mouse

Synonyms edit

Volapük edit

Etymology edit

Borrowed from English rat.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

rat (nominative plural rats)

  1. rat (rodent of the family Muridae)

Declension edit

declension of rat
singular plural
nominative rat rats
genitive rata ratas
dative rate rates
accusative rati ratis
vocative 1 o rat! o rats!
predicative 2 ratu ratus
  • 1 status as a case is disputed
  • 2 in later, non-classical Volapük only

Hypernyms edit

Hyponyms edit

Derived terms edit

See also edit

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