User:KYPark/Korean etymology
This page concerning Korean etymology will focus on, but not be limited to, Jeong-Beom Seo's 2000 thesis.[1]
가 edit
See also : #갓
가라앉다 edit
- gara-anjda v. to sink
The author here recontructs a hypothetical ancestor verb *garda "to sink" and claims that its root *gar is a noun cognate with garam(江) "river" and geor(渠) "rivulet."
In response, it may be said that the river flows ripping the earth, while the ship sails forward ripping the water, and often sinks down to the bottom so doing as well, hence perhaps no use of such reconstruction!
가락 edit
- garag n.
See also : #가르다
가람 edit
See also : #가르다
가랑비 edit
- garangbi n. drizzle
See also : #가르다
가랑이 edit
See also : #가르다
가래 edit
- (not included in the book)
See also : #가르다
See also : #가르다
- (not included in the book)
See also : #가르다
- => #가래톳
See also : #
가래톳 edit
가렵다 edit
- garyeobda a. to itch (v.)
See also : #
가로 edit
See also : #
가루 edit
가르다 edit
- (not included in the book)
- Derived and related terms
- # 가락 (garak, “spindle, something long like fingers”)
- # 가락 (garak, “tune, melody”)
- # 가람 (garam, “river”)
- # 가랑니 (garangni, “nit, baby louse”)
- # 가랑머리 (garangmeori, “hairdo with two pigtails”)
- # 가랑무우 (garangmuu, “forked radish”)
- # 가랑비 (garangbi, “drizzle”)
- # 가랑이 (garang`i, “fork, crotch”)
- # 가래 (garae, “plough, spade”)
- # 가래 (garae, “long round chunk (of rice-cake or taffy)”)
- # 가래톳 (garaetot, “bubo”)
- # 가루 (garu, “powder”)
- # 가르마 (gareuma, “part in one's hair”) 가리마
- # 가리 (gari, “weir (made of willow or bamboo)”) 통발
- # 가리 (gari, “rib”) 갈비
- # 가리가리 (garigari, “in/to pieces, shreds”)
- # 가리개 (garigae, “blind, curtain”)
- # 가리마 (garima, “part in one's hair”) 가르마
- # 가리비 (garibi, “scallop”)
- # 가리새 (garisae, “thread, drift”) 갈피
- # 갈 (gal, “knife, sword”) 칼
- # 갈 (gal, “reed”) 갈대
- # 갈기 (galgi, “mane”)
- # 갈래 (gallae, “division, branch, fork”)
- # 갈비 (galbi, “rib”) 가리
- # 갈치 (galchi, “scabbard fish, cutlassfish”) 칼
- # 갈퀴 (galkwi, “rake”) 갈퀴다, 할퀴다 to rake, scratch
- # 갈피 (galpi, “thread, drift”) 가리새
- verbs
- # 가르치다 (gareuchida, “to teach”)
- # 가리다 (garida, “to pick out, sort, distinguish”)
- # 가리다 (garida, “to conceal, hide, shield”)
- # 가리키다 (garikida, “to point to”)
가르마 edit
- (not included in the book)
See also : #가르다
가르치다 edit
- gareuchida v. to teach
See also : #
가리다 edit
See also : #가르다
- garida v. to choose, sort; to discriminate, distinguish (right from wrong)
See also : #가르다
가리비 edit
- (not included in the book)
See also : #갋다
가리키다 edit
- garikida v. to point (at, to)
가마 edit
- gama n.
See also : #
- gama n.
See also : #
가위 edit
- gawi n.
See also : #
- gawi n.
See also : #
- gawi n.
See also : #
가죽 edit
- (not included in the book)
가지 edit
- gaji n.
See also : #
가지다 edit
See also : #
갈 edit
See also : #가르다
See also : #가르다
갈가지 edit
- galgaji n.
See also : #
갈기 edit
- galgi n.
See also : #
- galgi-galgi adv.
See also : #
갈기다 edit
See also : #
갈다 edit
- garda v.
- (not included in the book)
See also : #
갈래 edit
See also : #
갈매기 edit
See also : #
갈모 edit
- galmo n. conical corrugated oilpaper hat looking and serving like an oilpaper umbrella
- (not included in the book)
See also : #가르다
갈보 edit
See also : #
갈비 edit
See also : #갋다
갈퀴 edit
- galkwi n. rake
See also : #가르다, #Nouns from verbs
갈피 edit
- (not included in the book)
갉다 edit
갋다 edit
- (not included in the book)
Cognates
See also : #갈기
갓 edit
- gas n.
See also : #
거죽 edit
- (not included in the book)
겉 edit
- geot n.
See also : #곁
겨 edit
- geo n. husk
- (not included in the book)
See also : #곁
결 edit
- 결은 '걸'로 소급되며 물의 뜻을 지닌다. (p. 45)
Neither Korean gyeor nor English wave may not have originated from the notion of water, but from the neighborhood, alternating the two states, such as annual rings or w:growth rings (나이테) of the tree trunk that annually alternates the denser and the less dense rings owing to alternating seasons, hence more visible in temperate zones.
Therefore the gyeor is more likely to originate from Korean 곁 (gyeot, “neighborhood”), which may have also rendered 겨드랑이 (gyeodeurang`i, “armpit”), 겨레 (gyeore, “countrymen”), 겨루다 (gyeoruda, “to compete, rival”), 겨리 (gyeori, “plough drawn by two neighboring oxen under the same yoke”), 겹 (gyeop, “two-fold”), 켜 (kyeo, “layer”), 켤레 (kyeolle, “pair”), etc.
See also : #곁
겸 edit
- (not included in the book)
See also : #곁
곁 edit
- (not included in the book)
- Derived or related terms
- 겨드랑이 (gyeodeurang`i, “armpit”)
- 겨레 (gyeore, “countrymen”)
- 겨루다 (gyeoruda, “to compete, rival”)
- 겨리 (gyeori, “plough drawn by two neighboring oxen under the same yoke”)
- 결 (gyeol, “wave”)
- 겹 (gyeop, “two-fold”)
- 켜 (kyeo, “layer”)
- 켤레 (kyeolle, “pair”)
See also : #겉
계집 edit
- 겨집은 겨다(在有)의 어간 '겨'와 집(家)이라는 명사와 합친 것으로 재가(在家)의 뜻으로 보는 견해가 있다. 그러나 이러한 견해는 어려움이 따른다. 고대어로 올라갈수록 동사의 어간에 명사가 직접 붙는 어휘형성은 드물기 때문이다. (p. 46)
The author definitely prefers the material or what something is made of to the work or what it is made for. That is to say, he suspects the verb of its role in creating new words. But his view is unwarranted, judging from some Korean nouns derived from verbs.
See also : #곁
다리 edit
- (not included in the book)
The legs are to keep or support the main body aloof from the ground. The piers are, as it were, the legs of a bridge, similar to those of a ladder, table, tripod, etc. Arguably, Korean dari for "leg" is cognate with that for "bridge."
- Derived terms
- 교각 (橋脚, gyogak) legs or piers of a bridge (다리의 다리)
- 상다리 (sangdari, “sangdari”) legs of a table
- 다리쇠 (darisoe, “darisoe”) tripod (아리쇠, 삼발이)
- Related terms
- 사다리 (sadari, “sadari”) ladder
- 사닥다리 (sadakdari, “sadakdari”) ladder
- 징검다리 (jinggeomdari, “jinggeomdari”) stepping stones
- 층층다리 (cheungcheungdari, “cheungcheungdari”) stairs
The above quote assumes that Korean dari for "bridge" originally makes sense of "tree" as the material it is made of, and also suggests that such is the case with Korean sadari for "ladder" and darak for "attic or garret," which share the common root *dar meaning "tree."
In old good days, all these may have been made of tree or wood indeed. However, this and other facts may not be enough to establish such a hypothetical common root. On the other hand, they commonly appear to hinge around the idea of leg as well, hence a likely etymon.
- Related terms
닻 edit
Unfortunately, the etymology is inconclusive, getting lost among the three different fabrication materials.
닿다 edit
Feet are absolutely far more tangent to the earth than hands. So are most thing useful, whether directly or indirectly, hence the phrase on earth. That is, they are tangent to each other by way of the "mother earth," or the mother of everything. Few things are more vital for life than to remain tangent to the earth. Therefore, the notion of tangent from Latin tangere "to touch" appears to be most closely related to that of earth. In Korean, the former may have been derived from the latter, or vice versa.
See also : #따ㅎ
대들보 edit
See also : #들다
도리깨 edit
- '도리'의 어근은 '돌'로서 나무의 본뜻을 지닌다. (p.182)
The above quote alleges that the dori [of dorikkae] is derived from the root dor so that it originally means tree or wood. This allegation happens to coincide with the fact that the two hanja blocks 枷 and 柫 commonly meaning "flail" share the same radical 木 "tree." Such is the perspective overriding throughout this thesis, reducingly relating the origin of meaning to one of the elementary materials, namely, Five Elements (五行), including fire, water, tree, metal, and earth, (火, 水, 木, 金, 土), or the like. Nevertheless, native Korean words for such tools as flails are more likely to make sense of the use or work they are made for than the material they are made of. That is, they are more likely to use verbs than nouns to this end. For example, Korean 가르다 (gareuda, “to divide, rip, sever, split”) may have rendered such derivatives.
The failure in accepting 가르다 (gareuda, “to divide”) as the origin of the above examples is reflected on most of such entries among them as included in the book as well.
The dorikkae or its archaic form dorigae is most likely to relate to the verb 돌다 (dor-, dol-da, “to turn”). Note that throwing or turning a sheaf of straw on the round wood block is a way of threshing without the flail. Further refer to the following Wikipedia articles to be more convinced of the reason why the turning motion is the most remarkable feature in common of the various flails, hence worth the Korean name:
- w:Flail, for threshing
- w:Flail (weapon), equivalent to 쇠도리깨, literally, "iron flail"
- w:Nunchaku, analogous to the flail
Basically, the author suspects Korean verbs of their contribution to new words.[2] In response, some more Korean nouns for tools similarly derived from verbs are illustrated in the following:
See also : #돌다, #Nouns from verbs
도리 edit
- dori n. purlin
- (not included in the book)
도리도리 edit
The notions involved here are shake and head, as manifested by the Sino-Korean words. Thus, the meaning of dori-dori should be one of them. As usual, the author prepers the noun to the verb. Nonetheless, the verbial root dor is real while the nominal is extremely unreal, or hypothetical at best. Furthermore, such frequentives should be as advervial or verbial as "shake shake" rather than as nominal as "head head," if any.
See also : #돌다
도마 edit
- 도마는 '도'와 '마'로 나뉜다. '도'는 돋>돌>도로서 나무의 본뜻을 지닌다. '마'는 맏>말>마로서 말(橛)은 본디 나무의 뜻을 지니는 말이라 하겠다. (p. 183)
The chopping board crucially helps chop or cut the food stuff to pieces, or #도막 (domag) in Korean. Such is suggested by Sino-Korean 切板, literally, cutting or chopping board. Thus, English "chopping board" and Sino-Korean "切板" exactly look like a calque, while Korean "도마" roughly like another.
도마뱀 edit
- doma-baem n. lizard
- 도마뱀의 '도마'는 [...] 도마와 관련되지 않나 한다. '도마'는 나무의 토막이라 하겠다. 긴 뱀이 아니고 토막 뱀이라는 뜻이 아닐까. (p. 184)
"Many [lizards] can shed their tails in order to escape from predators,"[3] or "긴 꼬리는 위험을 당하면 저절로 끊어졌다가 새로 난다,"[4] as if they were cut on the chopping board. Korean doma is not so named as to make sense of chopped (as suggested as "나무의 토막" or "piece of wood" in the quote) but chopping board (as manifested in English).
도막 edit
- (not included in the book)
돈 edit
- don n. money
See also : #돌다
돋다 edit
- dodda v. to rise
See also : #솟다
돌 edit
- dor n. stone
See also : #돋다
- dor n. anniversary
See also : #돌다
돌다 edit
See also : #두르다
돌쩌귀 edit
- doljjeogwi n. hinge
See also : #돌다
돕다 edit
- dobda v. to help
- 돕는 것은 손의 행위라 하겠다. 따라서 돕다의 조어형 '돋'은 손의 뜻을 지닌다고 하겠으며, 다루다(扱)의 어근 '달(닫, 手)'과 동원어(同源語)가 된다고 하겠다. (p. 190)
``To help is said to do with the hand. Thus, the etymon "dod" of Korean 돕다 (dobda) is supposed to mean "hand," and to be cognate with the root "dar(dad, 手)" of Korean 다루다 (daruda, 扱).`` [My translation. I could help no more.]
See also : #
돗자리 edit
See also : #
돛 edit
- doch n. sail
See also : #돋다
돼지 edit
- dwaeji n. pig
See also : #두텁다
두꺼비 edit
The quote says that the gae of 개구리 (gaeguri) means "water" or "rivulet," whereas the dud of 둗거비 (dudgeobi) [...] is supposed to mean "earth."
Korean 개구리 (gaeguri) is most likely of onomatopoeic origin, whereas Korean 두꺼비 (dukkeobi) or 두터비 (duteobi) is most parallel to Korean adjectives 두껍다 (dukkeobda) or 두텁다 (duteobda) "to be thick."
두껍다 edit
- dukkeobda a. to be thick
두더지 edit
- 두더지는 땅속에 있는 쥐이기 때문에 어근 '둗'은 땅의 뜻을 지닌다고 하겠다. ¶두디쥐(두더지)<字會上19>, 두더쥐(두더지)<譯下33>. 두디쥐, 두더쥐는 '두디, 두더'와 쥐의 합성어다. '두디'의 어근은 '둗'이다. '둗'은 명사로서 흙 또는 땅의 뜻을 지닌다고 여겨진다. 굴뚝쥐, 부엌쥐, 살강쥐, 광쥐, 아궁쥐, 박쥐[5]와 같이 쥐 위에는 관형어가 온다. 따라서 두디쥐도 '두디'는 관형어가 될 것이다. 응달(<음달), 양달의 '달'은 땅의 뜻을 지니는데, '닫'이 조어형(祖語形)으로서 일본어의 tsutsi(土)와 비교된다. 돌(石), 들(野), 딜(土. 딜그릇의 '딜')등은 모음변이(母音變異)에 의해 어휘가 분화된다. '둗'은 땅(土, 地類)의 뜻을 지니는 말로서, 흙 또는 땅의 뜻을 지니는 말이라 하겠다. 두디쥐를 두디다(두지다[6])의 어간으로 보는 견해가 있으나, [동사의] 어간에 명사가 붙는 조어법(造語法)은 고대로 올라갈수록 어렵다고 하겠다.[7] 두더지는 땅쥐(地鼠)의 원의(原義)를 지닌다고 하겠다. -- 徐廷範, 國語語源辭典, 보고사, 2001 (p. 195)
See also edit
두던 edit
There are a variety of cognates with this word, reflecting a variety of figurative or frequentive shades or nuances between the thick dug (둑) and the thin dun (둔), often next to the frequentive syllable du (두).
두덩 edit
- dudeong mound or low hill (as of pubes or mons veneris)
- (no entry)
두드리다 edit
- dudeurida v. to knock
See also : #
두렁 edit
See also : #
두레박 edit
See also : #들다
두렵다 edit
- 어근 '둘'은 명사가 될 것이다. 그렇게 본다면 두리다의 어근 '둘'은 소리의 뜻을 지녔을 것이라 여겨진다.
See also : #
두루마기 edit
Perhaps owing to Sino-Korean juui (周衣), the author exceptionally admits that the roots of the verbs are used to form this noun. His usual denial, as illustrated by #두더지, mostly appears self-defeating.
See also : #두르다
두루미 edit
- 두루미는 '두루'와 '미'의 합성어다. tusru<日>, tazu<日>. 어근 tat, taz(tat)은 국어 두루미의 어근 '둘(둗}'과 동원어(同源語)다. turuna(鶴)<터키>, togura(鶴)<蒙>. 어근 tur을 얻을 수 있는데, 두루미의 '둘'과 동원어일 개연성이 있다. 두루미의 '미'는 '매'와 동원어라 여겨진다.
See also : #
두르다 edit
- durumi v. to surround
- (no entry)
See also : #두렵다 (1)
두텁다 edit
See also : #두껍다
두터비 edit
- duteobi n. toad
둘 edit
- dur n. two
See also : #
드리다 edit
See also : #
듣다 edit
See also : #
들 edit
See also : #
들다 edit
See also : #
디다 edit
디디다 edit
- didida v. to tread
See also : #딛다
Nouns from verbs edit
Roman. | Nouns | Verbs |
---|---|---|
geolgae | # 걸개 hanger | 걸다 to hang |
nalgae | # 날개 feather | 날다 to fly |
deopgae | # 덮개 top, deck | 덮다 to top, cover |
doreure | # 도르레 trolley, pulley | 돌다 to turn |
dure | # 두레 drawing | 들다 to draw |
tteugaejil | # 뜨개 knitting | 뜨다 to knit |
magae | # 마개 stopper, cap | 막다 to stop |
begae | # 베개 pillow | 베다 to pillow |
ppallae | # 빨래 washing | 빨다 to wash |
ssagae | # 싸개 wrapper | 싸다 to wrap |
sseore | # 써레 harrow | 써리다 to harrow |
ssusigae | # 쑤시개 pick, poke | 쑤시다 to pick, poke |
sseugae | # 쓰개 headdress | 쓰다 to put on |
jor`igae | # 졸이개 throttle | 졸이다 to throttle |
jige | # 지게 back rack | 지다 to bear |
jiugae | # 지우개 eraser | 지우다 to erase |
jipgae | # 집개 tongs | 집다 to pick up |
cubus edit
- kubos
- Difficult to trace. The word passed to and from a number of languages [1] (compare Latin cubus (mass, quantity)). Pokorny reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *keu(b)- 'to bend, to turn' (Pokorny:1959:588) although not generally accepted.
{{#lst:User:KYPark/Etymology|cubus}}
dolmen edit
- etymonline
1859, from Fr. dolmin applied 1796 by French general and antiquarian Théophile Malo Corret de La Tour d'Auvergne (1743–1800), perhaps from Cornish tolmen "enormous stone slab set up on supporting points," such that a man may walk under it, lit. "hole of stone," from Celt. men "stone." Some suggest the first element may be Bret. taol "table," a loan-word from L. tabula "board, plank," but the Breton form of this compound would be taolvean. "There is reason to think that this [tolmen] is the word inexactly reproduced by Latour d'Auvergne as dolmin, and misapplied by him and succeeding French archaeologists to the cromlech" [OED]. See cromlech, which is properly an upright flat stone, often arranged as one of a circle.
{{#lst:User:KYPark/Etymology|dolmen}}
References edit
- ^ 徐廷範, 國語語源辭典, 보고사, 서울, 2001 (2판)
- ^ "겨집은 겨다(在有)의 어간 '겨'와 집(家)이라는 명사와 합친 것으로 재가(在家)의 뜻으로 보는 견해가 있다. 그러나 이러한 견해는 어려움이 따른다. 고대어로 올라갈수록 동사의 어간에 명사가 직접 붙는 어휘형성은 드물기 때문이다." (p. 46)
- ^ Wikipedia article on the lizard
- ^ 표준국어대사전
- ^ Wiktionary note: Originally, 밝쥐, derived from the root of the verb 밝다 (balgda, “to be bright”), as named as such as if the bat had a bright night sight, which has turned out untrue in reality.
- ^ Wiktionary note: 뒤지다
- ^ Wiktionary note: The author repeatedly denies the likelihood that the root of the verb (or adjective) could be used to make up nouns.