Appendix:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Swadesh List
This is a Swadesh list of words in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| No. | English | Sūret ܣܘܪܝܬ |
Transliteration | IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ܐܢܐ | ānā | [ɑːnɑː] |
| 2 | you (singular) | ܐܢܬ, ܐܢܬܝ | at (m), at (f) | [ʔat], [ʔat] |
| 3 | they (singular) | ܗܘ, ܗܝ | awa (m), aya (f) | [awaː], [ajaː] |
| 4 | we | ܐܚܢܢ | aḥnan | [ax.nan] |
| 5 | you (plural) | ܐܚܬܘܢ | aḥton | [ʔax.tonː] |
| 6 | they (plural) | ܐܢܝ | ānī | [ʔɑːniː] |
| 7 | this | ܕܗܘ, ܕܗܝ | d-awa (m), d-aya (f) | [dəawaː, dəaja] |
| 8 | that | ܕܗܘ, ܕܗܝ | d-awa (m), d-aya (f) | [dəawaː], [dəaja] |
| 9 | here | ܠܐܟܐ | laˀḵā | [lɑːxɑː]] |
| 10 | there | ܬܡܐ | tāmā | [tɑːmɑː] |
| 11 | who | ܡܢ | min | [mɪn] |
| 12 | what | ܡܘܕܝ | modī | [modī] |
| 13 | where | ܐܝܟܐ | aykā | [ʔajkaː] |
| 14 | when | ܐܝܡܢ | īman | [iːman] |
| 15 | how | ܐܝܡܢ | īman | [iːman] |
| 16 | not | ܠܐ | la | [lɑ] |
| 17 | all | ܟܠ | kul | [kul] |
| 18 | many | ܣܓܝܐܐ | sagīˀā | [saɡ.ɡiːʔɑː] |
| 19 | some | ܚܕܬܪܝܢ | ḥattēy | [xatteː] |
| 20 | few | ܚܕܬܪܝܢ | ḥattēy | [xatteː] |
| 21 | other | ܐܚܪܢܐ | ḥēnā | [xeːnɑː] |
| 22 | one | ܚܕ, ܚܕܐ | ḥa (m), ḥḏā (f) | [xa], [xəðɑː] |
| 23 | two | ܬܪܝܢ, ܬܪܬܝܢ | trēn (m), tartēn (f) | [trenː], [tarteːn] |
| 24 | three | ܬܠܬܐ, ܬܠܬ | tlātā (m), tlāt (f) | [tlɑːtɑː], [tlɑtː] |
| 25 | four | ܐܪܒܥܐ, ܐܪܒܥ | arbˁā (m), arbaʿ (f) | [ʔarbəʕaː], [ʔarbaʕ] |
| 26 | five | ܚܡܫ, ܚܡܫ | ḥamšā (m), ḥamiš (f) | [xam.ʃɑː] ,[xammɪʃ] |
| 27 | big | ܪܒܐ, ܟܒܝܪܐ | rabbā, kabbīrā | [rab.bɑː], [kab.biːrɑː] |
| 28 | long | ܝܪܝܟܐ | yarīḵā | [jar.riːxɑː] |
| 29 | wide | ܦܬܝܐ | pityā | [pɪt.jɑː] |
| 30 | thick | |||
| 31 | heavy | ܝܩܘܪܐ | yaqqūrā | [jaq.quːrɑː] |
| 32 | small | ܙܥܘܪܐ | zˁōrā | [z(ə)ʕoːrɑː] |
| 33 | short | ܟܪܝܐ | kiryā | [kɪr.jɑː] |
| 34 | narrow | |||
| 35 | thin | |||
| 36 | woman | ܐܢܬܬܐ | atṯā | [ʔat.tɑː], [ʔat.θɑː] |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ܓܒܪܐ | gaḇrā | [ɡo.rɑː] |
| 38 | man (human being) | ܐܢܫܐ | nāšā | [naːʃaː] |
| 39 | child | ܝܠܕܐ | yālā | [jɑːlɑː] |
| 40 | wife | ܐܢܬܬܐ | atṯā | [ʔat.tɑː], [ʔat.θɑː] |
| 41 | husband | ܓܒܪܐ | gaḇrā | [ɡo.rɑː] |
| 42 | mother | |||
| 43 | father | |||
| 44 | animal | ܚܝܘܬܐ | ḥayyūtā | [xaj.juːtɑː] |
| 45 | fish | ܢܘܢܐ | nuna | [nʊːnɑː] |
| 46 | bird | ܛܝܪܐ | ṭayrā | [tˤaj.rɑː] |
| 47 | dog | ܟܠܒܐ | kalbā | [kal.bɑː] |
| 48 | louse | |||
| 49 | snake | |||
| 50 | worm | |||
| 51 | tree | ܐܝܠܢܐ | īlānā | [ʔiːlɑːnɑː] |
| 52 | forest | |||
| 53 | stick | |||
| 54 | fruit | ܦܐܪܐ | pērā | [peːʔraː] |
| 55 | seed | |||
| 56 | leaf | ܛܪܦܐ | ṭarpā | [tˤarpaː] |
| 57 | root | ܫܪܫܐ | širšā | [ʃɪrʃɑː] |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |||
| 59 | flower | |||
| 60 | grass | |||
| 61 | rope | |||
| 62 | skin | |||
| 63 | meat | |||
| 64 | blood | ܕܡܐ | dimmā | [dɪmmaː] |
| 65 | bone | |||
| 66 | fat (noun) | |||
| 67 | egg | |||
| 68 | horn | |||
| 69 | tail | |||
| 70 | feather | |||
| 71 | hair | ܣܥܪܐ | saˁrā | [saʕ.rɑː] |
| 72 | head | ܪܝܫܐ | rēšā | [reːʃɑː] |
| 73 | ear | |||
| 74 | eye | ܥܝܢܐ | ˁaynā | [ʕaj.nɑː] |
| 75 | nose | |||
| 76 | mouth | ܦܘܡܐ | pummā | [pum.mɑː] |
| 77 | tooth | ܫܢܐ | šinnē | [ʃɪn.nɑː] |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | ܠܫܢܐ | liššānā | [lɪʃˈʃɑːnɑː] |
| 79 | fingernail | |||
| 80 | foot | ܥܩܠܐ | ˁaqlā | [ʕaq.lɑː] |
| 81 | leg | ܪܓܠܐ | riḡlā | [rɪɣ.lɑː] |
| 82 | knee | |||
| 83 | hand | ܐܝܕܐ | īdā | [ʔiːdɑː] |
| 84 | wing | |||
| 85 | belly | |||
| 86 | guts | |||
| 87 | neck | |||
| 88 | back | |||
| 89 | breast | ܨܕܪܐ, ܚܕܝܐ | ṣadrā, ḥaḏyā | [sˤad.rɑː], [ħaðjɑː] |
| 90 | heart | ܠܒܐ | libbē | [lɪbbaː] |
| 91 | liver | |||
| 92 | to drink | ܫܬܐ | šātē | [ʃɑːteː] |
| 93 | to eat | ܐܟܠ | āḵēl | [ɑːxeːl] |
| 94 | to bite | |||
| 95 | to suck | |||
| 96 | to spit | |||
| 97 | to vomit | |||
| 98 | to blow | ܢܦܚ | nāpēḥ | [nɑːpexː] |
| 99 | to breathe | ܢܦܫ | nāpēš | [nɑːpeʃː] |
| 100 | to laugh | ܓܚܟ | gāḥēk | [ɡɑːxekː] |
| 101 | to see | ܚܙܐ | ḥāzē | [xaːzeː] |
| 102 | to hear | ܫܡܥ | šāmēˁ | [ʃɑːmeʕː] |
| 103 | to know | ܝܕܐ | yāḏēˁ | [jɑːðeʕː] |
| 104 | to think | ܚܫܒ | ḥāšēḇ | [xɑːʃuː] |
| 105 | to smell | |||
| 106 | to fear | |||
| 107 | to sleep | ܕܡܟ | dāmēḵ | [dɑːmexː] |
| 108 | to live | ܚܝܐ | ḥayyē | [xaj.jeː] |
| 109 | to die | ܡܐܬ | māˀēṯ | [mɑːʔeθː] |
| 110 | to kill | ܩܛܠ | qāṭēl | [qaːtˤəl] |
| 111 | to fight | |||
| 112 | to hunt | ܨܐܕ | ṣāˀēḏ | [sˤɑːjeðː] |
| 113 | to hit | ܡܚܐ | māḥē | [mɑːxeː] |
| 114 | to cut | ܩܛܥ | qāṭēˁ | [qɑːtˤeːʕ] |
| 115 | to split | |||
| 116 | to stab | |||
| 117 | to scratch | |||
| 118 | to dig | |||
| 119 | to swim | ܣܚܐ | sāḥē | [sɑːxeː] |
| 120 | to fly | ܦܪܚ | pārēḥ | [paːrexː] |
| 121 | to walk | ܗܠܟ | hālēḵ | [hɑːlexː] |
| 122 | to come | ܐܬܐ | āṯē | [ʔɑːθeː] |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | |||
| 124 | to sit | ܝܬܒ | yāṯēḇ | [jɑːtewː] |
| 125 | to stand | |||
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |||
| 127 | to fall | ܢܦܠ | nāpēl | [nɑːpelː] |
| 128 | to give | |||
| 129 | to hold | |||
| 130 | to squeeze | |||
| 131 | to rub | |||
| 132 | to wash | ܚܠܠ | ḥallil | [ħal.lɪl] |
| 133 | to wipe | |||
| 134 | to pull | ܓܪܫ | gārēš | [ɡaːreʃː] |
| 135 | to push | ܙܥܦ | zāˁip | [zaːʕɪp] |
| 136 | to throw | ܪܡܐ | rāmē | [rɑːmeː] |
| 137 | to tie | |||
| 138 | to sew | |||
| 139 | to count | ܡܢܐ | mānē | [mɑːneː] |
| 140 | to say | ܐܡܪ | āmēr | [ɑːmerː] |
| 141 | to sing | ܙܡܪ | zāmēr | [zɑːmerː] |
| 142 | to play | |||
| 143 | to float | |||
| 144 | to flow | ܪܕܐ | zāmēr | [rɑːdeː] |
| 145 | to freeze | |||
| 146 | to swell | |||
| 147 | sun | ܫܡܫܐ | šimšā | [ʃɪm.ʃɑː] |
| 148 | moon | ܣܗܪܐ | šimšā | [sahrɑː] |
| 149 | star | ܟܘܟܒܐ | šimšā | [kawx(ə)vaː] |
| 150 | water | ܟܘܟܒܐ | mayyā | [maj.jɑ] |
| 151 | rain | ܡܛܪܐ | miṭrā | [mɪtˤ.rɑː] |
| 152 | river | ܢܗܪܐ | nahrā | [nah.rɑː] |
| 153 | lake | |||
| 154 | sea | ܝܡܐ | yimmā | [ˈjɪm.mɑː] |
| 155 | salt | |||
| 156 | stone | |||
| 157 | sand | |||
| 158 | dust | |||
| 159 | earth | ܐܪܥܐ | arˁā | [ʔarʕaː] |
| 160 | cloud | |||
| 161 | fog | ܥܪܦܠܐ | ˁarpillā | [ʕar.pɪllɑː] |
| 162 | sky | ܫܡܝܐ | šmayyā | [ʃmaj.jɑː] |
| 163 | wind | |||
| 164 | snow | ܬܠܓܐ | talgā | [tal.ɡɑː] |
| 165 | ice | ܓܠܝܕܐ | glīdā | [ɡ.liːdɑː] |
| 166 | smoke | |||
| 167 | fire | ܢܘܪܐ | nūrā | [nuːrɑː] |
| 168 | ash | ܩܛܡܐ | qiṭmā | [qɪtˤmaː] |
| 169 | to burn | ܝܩܕ | yāqēḏ | [jɑːqeðː] |
| 170 | road | ܐܘܪܚܐ | ūrḥā | [ur.xɑː] |
| 171 | mountain | |||
| 172 | red | ܣܡܘܩܬܐ, ܣܡܘܩܐ | smōqā (m), smōqtā (f) | [səmoːqaː], [smoːqtaː] |
| 173 | green | ܝܪܘܩܬܐ, ܝܪܘܩܐ | yarōqā (m), yarōqtā (f) | [ja.roːqɑː], [ja.roːqtɑː] |
| 174 | yellow | ܫܥܘܬܐ, ܫܥܘܬܐ | šaˁūṯā (m), šaˁūṯē (f) | [ʃaʕʕuːθaː], [ʃaʕʕuːθaː] |
| 175 | white | ܚܘܪܬܐ, ܚܘܪܐ | ḥwārā (m), ḥwārtā (f) | [xəwɑːrɑː], [xwɑr.tɑː] |
| 176 | black | ܐܟܩܡܬܐ, ܐܟܘܡܐ | kōmā (m), kōmtā (f) | [koːmɑː], [komtaː] |
| 177 | night | |||
| 178 | day | ܝܘܡܐ | yāwmā | [jawmɑː] |
| 179 | year | ܫܝܬܐ | šētā | [ʃiːtɑː] |
| 180 | warm | |||
| 181 | cold | ܩܪܝܪܐ | qarīrā | [qarriːraː] |
| 182 | full | |||
| 183 | new | ܚܕܬܐ | ḥadtā | [xad.tɑː] |
| 184 | old | ܥܬܝܩܐ, ܣܒܐ, ܩܫܝܫܐ | ˁatīqā (thing), sāḇā (person), qašīšā (person) | [ʕat.tiːqɑː], [sɑːwɑː], [qa.ʃiːʃɑː] |
| 185 | good | ܛܒܐ | ṭāḇā | [tˤɑvɑ] |
| 186 | bad | ܒܝܫܐ | bīšā | [biːʃɑː] |
| 187 | rotten | |||
| 188 | dirty | ܫܚܬܢܐ | šūḥtānā | [ʃuħtaːnaː] |
| 189 | straight | ܬܪܝܨܐ | trīṣā | [təriːsˤɑː] |
| 190 | round | |||
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ܚܪܝܦܐ | ḥarīpā | [xarriːpɑː] |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |||
| 193 | smooth | |||
| 194 | wet | ܪܛܝܒܐ | raṭīḇā | [ratˤˈtˤiːwɑː] |
| 195 | dry | ܝܒܝܫܐ | yabīšā | [jab.biːʃɑː] |
| 196 | correct | ܬܪܝܨܐ | trīṣā | [təriːsˤɑː] |
| 197 | near | ܩܪܝܒܐ | qarīḇā | [qar.riːwɑː] |
| 198 | far | ܪܚܝܩܐ | raḥīqā | [rax.xiːqɑː] |
| 199 | right | ܝܡܝܢܐ | yamīnā | [jam.miːnɑː] |
| 200 | left | ܣܡܠܐ | simmālā | [sim.mɑːlɑː] |
| 201 | at | ܒ- | b- | [b(ə)-] |
| 202 | in | ܒ- | b- | [b(ə)-] |
| 203 | with | ܥܡ, ܒ- | ˁam, bə- | [ʕam], [b(ə)-] |
| 204 | and | ܘ- | w- | [w(ə)] |
| 205 | if | ܐܢ | in | [in] |
| 206 | because | |||
| 207 | name | ܫܡܐ | šimmā | [ʃɪm.maː] |
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