毋
| ||||||||
| ||||||||
Translingual edit
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |||
Han character edit
毋 (Kangxi radical 80, 毋+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 田十 (WJ), four-corner 77500, composition ⿻⿻𠃋𠃌𠂇(GHTV) or ⿻⿻𠃋𠃌十(JK))
- Kangxi radical #80, ⽏.
Derived characters edit
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 588, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16721
- Dae Jaweon: page 980, character 29
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2380, character 1
- Unihan data for U+6BCB
Chinese edit
| simp. and trad. |
毋 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 不 vernacular Hakka and Min Nan 唔 vernacular Hakka and Min Nan 伓 vernacular Min Nan 呣 vernacular Min Nan 嘸／呒 vernacular Min Nan | |
Glyph origin edit
| Historical forms of the character 毋 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
|
|
|
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 脢 | *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
| 挴 | *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ |
| 海 | *hmlɯːʔ |
| 毐 | *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ |
| 呣 | *mɯ |
| 拇 | *mɯʔ |
| 母 | *mɯʔ |
| 胟 | *mɯʔ |
| 姆 | *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ |
| 畮 | *mɯʔ |
| 踇 | *mɯʔ |
| 苺 | *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs |
| 莓 | *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
| 敏 | *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ |
| 鰵 | *mrɯŋʔ |
| 慜 | *mrɯŋʔ |
| 毋 | *ma |
| 梅 | *mɯː |
| 酶 | *mɯː |
| 鋂 | *mɯː |
| 每 | *mɯːʔ |
| 毎 | *mɯːs |
| 痗 | *mɯːs, *hmɯːs |
| 晦 | *hmɯːs |
| 誨 | *hmɯːs |
| 悔 | *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs |
| 霉 | *mrɯl |
In the oracle bone script, 母 (“mother”) was borrowed to represent this character. It was later specialized to distinguish it from “mother”, replacing the two dots with one stroke.
Etymology edit
Cognate with 無 (OC *ma, “to not have”). Already in Zhou time, phonetically confused with and read like 無 (OC *ma).
Cognate with 唔 in Cantonese, Teochew and Hakka.
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
毋
- (literary) do not, don't
- 宜未雨而綢繆，毋臨渴而掘井。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 朱子家訓 (The Familial Rules of Zhuzi)
- Yí wèi yǔ ér chóumóu, wú lín kě ér jué jǐng. [Pinyin]
- It is proper to bind [the window] tightly when it is not yet raining. Do not dig a well when you are about to be thirsty. (I.e., one should prepare before it is too late. See 未雨綢繆／未雨绸缪 (wèiyǔchóumóu) and 臨渴掘井／临渴掘井 (línkějuéjǐng).)
宜未雨而绸缪，毋临渴而掘井。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary or Hakka, Hokkien) not
- 我毋捌字。 [Hokkien] ― Góa m̄ pat-lī. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― I'm illiterate (literally: I don't know characters)
- (literary) Alternative form of 無／无 (“to not have”)
- a surname
Synonyms edit
Compounds edit
- 不自由毋寧死／不自由毋宁死 (bù zìyóu wúnìng sǐ)
- 四毋
- 寧缺毋濫／宁缺毋滥 (nìngquēwúlàn)
- 將毋／将毋
- 少安毋躁
- 巨毋霸 (jùwúbà)
- 毋乃 (wúnǎi)
- 毋免 (m̄-bián)
- 毋寧／毋宁 (wúnìng)
- 毋庸 (wúyōng)
- 毋庸置疑 (wúyōngzhìyí)
- 毋得
- 毋忘在莒 (wúwàngzàijǔ)
- 毋才 (m̄-chiah)
- 毋是 (m̄ sī)
- 毋望之福
- 毋望之禍／毋望之祸
- 毋枉毋縱／毋枉毋纵
- 毋翼而飛／毋翼而飞
- 毋著 (m̀-chho̍k)
- 毋過／毋过 (m̄-kù)
- 毋須／毋须 (wúxū)
- 豬毋大，大對狗去／猪毋大，大对狗去 (ti m̄ tōa, tōa tùi káu khì)
References edit
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02097
- “Entry #818”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese edit
Kanji edit
Readings edit
Usage notes edit
Not used in Japanese shinjitai in isolation – instead the unsimplified 母 is used – but simplified form is used universally in compound jōyō characters, such as 毎, 海.
However, not used in hyōgaiji, which are written in kyūjitai, such as 姆.
Korean edit
Hanja edit
毋 • (mu) (hangeul 무, revised mu, McCune–Reischauer mu, Yale mu)
- do not
- not
- surname
- rad. 80