Wiktionary

陸

See also: 陆 and 六
陸 U+9678, 陸
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9678
← 陷
[U+9677] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 陹 →
[U+9679]
陸 U+F9D3, 陸
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9D3
← 戮
[U+F9D2] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 倫 →
[U+F9D4]

Translingual Edit

Han character Edit

陸 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中土金土 (NLGCG), four-corner 74214, composition ⿰阝坴)

Derived characters Edit

Related characters Edit

References Edit

  • KangXi: page 1355, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41708
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1858, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4134, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+9678

Chinese Edit

trad. 陸
simp. 陆
alternative forms
 
𤱒
𡽷
𨽐
𨽰
𨽫
𤱒
𡽷
𨽐
𨽰
𨽫
𨽱
𠃈
 
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph origin Edit

Historical forms of the character 陸
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Small seal script
               
Characters in the same phonetic series (坴) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
睦 *mluɡ
坴 *m·ruɡ
陸 *m·ruɡ
稑 *ruɡ
鵱 *ruɡ
鯥 *ruɡ
淕 *ruɡ
踛 *ruɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *m·ruɡ): semantic 阝 + phonetic 坴 (OC *m·ruɡ).

Etymology 1 Edit

Perhaps related to Proto-Wa (*[ʔ]rok, "dry land") (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation Edit

Note: lio̍k - including surname.
Note:
  • lêg8 - vernacular;
  • log8 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 陸
    Mandarin Beijing /lu⁵¹/
    Harbin /lu⁵³/
    Tianjin /lu⁵³/
    Jinan /lu²¹/
    Qingdao /lu⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /lu²⁴/
    Xi'an /lu²¹/
    Xining /lv̩⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /lu¹³/
    Lanzhou /lu¹³/
    Ürümqi /lu²¹³/
    Wuhan /nəu²¹³/
    Chengdu /nu³¹/
    Guiyang /nu²¹/
    Kunming /lu³¹/
    Nanjing /luʔ⁵/
    Hefei /luəʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /luəʔ²/
    Pingyao /luʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /luəʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /loʔ¹/
    Suzhou /loʔ³/
    Hangzhou /loʔ²/
    Wenzhou /lɤu²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /lo²²/
    Tunxi /ləu¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /ləu²⁴/
    Xiangtan /nəɯ²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /luʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /liuk̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /liuk̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /lok̚²/
    Nanning /luk̚²²/
    Hong Kong /luk̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /liɔk̚⁵/
    /lak̚⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /løyʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ly⁴²/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /lek̚⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /lok̚⁵/ ～地
    /lok̚³/ ～續
    Rime
    Character 陸
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 東 (4)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 力竹切
    Baxter ljuwk
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/lɨuk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/liuk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/liuk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/luwk̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/liuk̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/lĭuk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/li̯uk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lù
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		luk6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 陸
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		lù
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ljuwk ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[r]uk/
    English land (as opposed to water)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 陸
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 8533
    Phonetic
    component         		坴
    Rime
    group         		覺
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		六
    Old
    Chinese         		/*m·ruɡ/

    Definitions Edit

    陸

    1. land; continent; mainland
      登陸／登陆  ―  dēnglù  ―  to land; to go ashore
      陸路／陆路  ―  lùlù  ―  land route
    2. land route; surface transport
    3. Short for 中國大陸／中国大陆 (Zhōngguó dàlù, “mainland China”).
      陸生／陆生  ―  lùshēng  ―  student from mainland China studying in Taiwan
    4. Short for 陸軍／陆军 (lùjūn, “army”).
    5. a surname: Lu
      陸游／陆游  ―  Lù Yóu  ―  Lu You (Southern Song dynasty poet)
    Antonyms Edit

    Compounds Edit

    Etymology 2 Edit

    Pronunciation Edit

    Note:
    • la̍k - vernacular;
    • lio̍k - literary.
  • Wu

    • Definitions Edit

    陸

    1. (financial) Alternative form of 六 (“six”)

    See also Edit

    Chinese numbers
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 108 1012
    Normal
    (小寫／小写)     		〇, 零 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万
    十千 (Malaysia, Singapore)     		億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
    萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
    Financial
    (大寫／大写)     		零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

    Japanese Edit

    Kanji Edit

    陸

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. land
    2. (financial, archaic) six

    Readings Edit

    Synonyms Edit

    Etymology 1 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    陸
    ろく
    Grade: 4
    goon
    Alternative spelling
    碌

    Originally referred to "flat" in reference to flat land, in turn the core meaning of the kanji character.[1][2]

    The alternative 碌 spelling is an example of ateji.[1][2][3][4]

    First attested in the 羅葡日辞書 (Ra-Ho-Nichi Jisho, “Latin-Portuguese-Japanese Dictionary”) of 1595.[1]

    Pronunciation Edit

    Adjective Edit

    陸(ろく) • (roku) -na (adnominal 陸(ろく)な (roku na), adverbial 陸(ろく)に (roku ni))

    1. [from 1595] flat, not steep
      • 1603, 日葡辞書 [Nippo Jisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary]‎[5], page 212:
        Rocuna michi.
        Flat road.
    2. [from roughly 1600] straightforward, uncomplicated, straight, correct
    3. [from roughly 1600] (mostly used in negative expressions) correct, right, complete, sufficient, satisfactory, proper
      ろくでもない人物(じんぶつ)、ろくに休(やす)みも取(と)れない
      roku de mo nai jinbutsu, roku ni yasumi mo torenai
      a person who isn't right, a good-for-nothing / can't even fully take a break
    4. [from late 1600s] peaceful, tranquil, serene (said of one's surroundings)
    5. [from 1700] even-tempered, easygoing, relaxed
    Inflection Edit
    Inflection of 陸
    Stem forms
    Imperfective (未然形) 陸だろ ろくだろ roku daro
    Continuative (連用形) 陸で ろくで roku de
    Terminal (終止形) 陸だ ろくだ roku da
    Attributive (連体形) 陸な ろくな roku na
    Hypothetical (仮定形) 陸なら ろくなら roku nara
    Imperative (命令形) 陸であれ ろくであれ roku de are
    Key constructions
    Informal negative 陸ではない
    陸じゃない         		ろくではない
    ろくじゃない         		roku de wa nai
    roku ja nai
    Informal past 陸だった ろくだった roku datta
    Informal negative past 陸ではなかった
    陸じゃなかった         		ろくではなかった
    ろくじゃなかった         		roku de wa nakatta
    roku ja nakatta
    Formal 陸です ろくです roku desu
    Formal negative 陸ではありません
    陸じゃありません         		ろくではありません
    ろくじゃありません         		roku de wa arimasen
    roku ja arimasen
    Formal past 陸でした ろくでした roku deshita
    Formal negative past 陸ではありませんでした
    陸じゃありませんでした         		ろくではありませんでした
    ろくじゃありませんでした         		roku de wa arimasen deshita
    roku ja arimasen deshita
    Conjunctive 陸で ろくで roku de
    Conditional 陸なら（ば） ろくなら（ば） roku nara (ba)
    Provisional 陸だったら ろくだったら roku dattara
    Volitional 陸だろう ろくだろう roku darō
    Adverbial 陸に ろくに roku ni
    Degree 陸さ ろくさ rokusa

    Noun Edit

    陸(ろく) • (roku) 

    1. [from 1595] flatness
    2. [from roughly 1600] straightforwardness, uncomplicatedness, straightness, correctness
    3. [from roughly 1600] (mostly used in negative expressions) correctness, rightness, completeness, sufficientness, satisfactoriness, properness
    4. [from late 1600s] peacefulness, tranquility, serenity (said of one's surroundings)
    5. [from 1700] an even temper, easygoingness, relaxedness

    Etymology 2 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    陸
    ろく
    Grade: 4
    goon
    Alternative spelling
    六 (non-legal)

    Substitute spelling for 六 (roku, “six”),[6][7][2] likely borrowed from similar usage of written Chinese 陸／陆 (“six”).

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    陸(ろく) • (roku) 

    1. (financial, archaic) the number six, 6 (used only in legal documents, otherwise 六)
    Usage notes Edit

    Legal uses arose due to the relative ease with which certain number kanji can be fraudulently altered to look like other number kanji. For instance, 一 (ichi, “one”) could be modified to look like 六 (roku, “six”), but it cannot be modified to look like 陸 (roku, “six”, in legal contexts).

    See also Edit
    • 大字 (daiji, “big character”, more-complicated kanji used as phonetic replacements for simpler numeric kanji, in order to prevent fraudulent modification)

    Etymology 3 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    陸
    りく
    Grade: 4
    kan’on

    Ultimately from Middle Chinese 陸 (MC ljuwk). First attested in Japanese as a standalone noun in a text from the mid-1400s.[8]

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    陸(りく) • (riku) 

    1. [from mid-1400s] land (as opposed to sea or other bodies of water)
      Synonyms: 陸地 (rikuchi), おか (oka), くにが (kuniga), くぬが (kunuga), くが (kuga)

    Etymology 4 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    陸
    おか
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry.
    【おか】
    [noun] [from 1310] land, ground (as opposed to the sea or other bodies of water)
    [noun] [from 1708] the bathing area next to an お風呂 (ofuro, “traditional Japanese soaking tub”), often raised relative to the tub basin
    [noun] [from 1873] the raised portion of a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”) where one grinds the stick of India ink (as opposed to the 池 (ike, literally “pond”) or 海 (umi, literally “sea”), the small depressed basin area where one pours in the water)
    Alternative spelling
    岡
    (This term, 陸, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 5 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    陸
    くが
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry.
    【くが】
    [noun] 陸: [from 720] the land, the land portion of an area, as opposed to seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, etc.
    [noun] 陸: [mid-1700s–???] (archaic, possibly obsolete) an overland route, as opposed to an oversea route
    [proper noun] 陸: a surname
    (This term, 陸, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 6 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    陸
    くぬが
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry: くぬが

    (The following entry is uncreated: くぬが.)

    References Edit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “陸・碌”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ “陸”, in デジタル大辞泉 (Dejitaru Daijisen)‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    6. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named K
    7. ^ “六・陸”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[3] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
    8. ^ “陸”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[4] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN

    Korean Edit

    Etymology 1 Edit

    From Middle Chinese 陸 (MC ljuwk).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 륙〮 (Yale: lyúk)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[6] 두듥〮 (Yale: twùtúlk) 륙〮 (Yale: lyúk)

    Pronunciation Edit

    Hanja Edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    陸 (eumhun 뭍 륙 (mut ryuk), South Korea 뭍 육 (mut yuk))

    1. Hanja form? of 륙/육 (“(dry) land”). [affix]

    Compounds Edit

    Compounds

    Etymology 2 Edit

    Hanja Edit

    陸 (eumhun 여섯 륙 (yeoseot ryuk), South Korea 여섯 육 (yeoseot yuk))

    1. (financial) Alternative form of 六 (“Hanja form? of 륙/육 (“six”).”)

    References Edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [7]

    Vietnamese Edit

    Han character Edit

    陸: Hán Nôm readings: lục

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