nach
GermanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle High German nāh, from Old High German nāh with preservation of word-final -h as -ch; thus pertaining to modern nah (“near”) (from Old High German inflected nāh-), from Proto-Germanic *nēhw. Cognate with Dutch na, English nigh.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
nach (+ dative)
- after, past (later in time)
- Viertel nach sechs
- a quarter past six
- nach einer Woche
- after a week
- after, behind (in sequence)
- B kommt nach A.
- B comes after A.
- to, towards (with geographical names; see usage notes below)
- die Flucht nach Ägypten
- the flight into Egypt
- according to; guided by
- 1918, Elisabeth von Heyking, Die Orgelpfeifen, in: Zwei Erzählungen, Phillipp Reclam jun. Verlag, page 19:
- Die eigenen Zimmer hatten sich die Enkel nach persönlichem Geschmack eingerichtet.
- The grandchildren had furnished their own rooms according to their personal taste.
- 1918, Elisabeth von Heyking, Die Orgelpfeifen, in: Zwei Erzählungen, Phillipp Reclam jun. Verlag, page 19:
- by the authority of; following
- die Analyse nach Marx
- the analysis following Marx
- (with verbs of sensual perception) like (see usage notes below)
- Das riecht nach Knoblauch. ― This smells like garlic.
- for (indicating desire for an object)
- nach etwas greifen ― to reach for something
- nach etwas streben ― to strive for/after something
- nach etwas suchen ― to search for something
Usage notesEdit
- (to, towards): The directional preposition nach is now used chiefly with geographical names that do not have an article with them: nach Ägypten, nach Hamburg, etc. Only in elevated, literary style are there remnants of a freer use of nach:
- At times, this use of nach conveys the implication that the destination is not reached. Thus: Er fuhr zum Schloss. – “He travelled to the castle [and arrived there].” But: Er fuhr nach dem Schloss. – “He travelled towards the castle [and may or may not have arrived].”
- Directional nach with personal names (or names of shops etc.) is found in the regional vernaculars of north-western Germany: nach Peter (“to Peter's house”). This is nonstandard usage.
- (like): There may be a slight semantic distinction between the use of nach and wie after a verb of sensual perception. The following phrases both translate to English as “This feels like silk”, but compare the different implications: Das fühlt sich nach Seide an. (“This feels like silk, and it probably is.”) Das fühlt sich an wie Seide. (“This feels like silk, although it’s probably something else.”) This distinction is not a strict one, however.
PostpositionEdit
nach (preceded by dative)
- according to
- meiner Meinung nach ― in my opinion
AdverbEdit
nach
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
IrishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- ná (Munster; all senses)
EtymologyEdit
From Old Irish nach, from Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, a combination of Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) and *-kʷe (“and”); compare Latin neque.
PronunciationEdit
ConjunctionEdit
nach (triggers eclipsis; used with the dependent form of an irregular verb if there is one)
- that...not (introduces a negative subordinate clause; the negation of go).
- Dúirt sé nach raibh carr aige.
- He said that he didn’t have a car.
ParticleEdit
nach (triggers eclipsis; used with the dependent form of an irregular verb if there is one)
- not (in questions)
- Nach bhfuil ocras ort?
- Are you not hungry?
- Chonaic mé í, nach bhfaca?
- I saw her, didn’t I?
ParticleEdit
nach (copular form)
- isn’t...?/whether/if it is... (introduces negative questions, both direct and indirect)
- Nach maith leat bainne?
- Don’t you like milk?
- Níl a fhios agam an miste dó nó nach miste.
- I don’t know if it matters to him or not.
- who/which isn’t... (introduces negative relative clauses, both direct and indirect)
- an bhean nach múinteoir í ― the woman who isn’t a teacher
- an bhean nach maith léi bainne ― the woman who doesn’t like milk
Related termsEdit
Simple copular forms
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Compound copular forms
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v Used before vowel sounds |
ReferencesEdit
- "nach" in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “2 nach, nách (‘not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “3 nach, nách (‘who/which ... not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “4 nach, nách (‘that ... not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “5 nach, nách (‘isn’t?, doesn’t?’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
LuxembourgishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old High German noh. Cognate with German noch, Dutch nog.
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
nach
ConjunctionEdit
nach
- nor
- Luxembourgish translation of Matthew 5:35:
- nach bei der Äerd, well dat ass d'Bänkelche fir seng Féiss, nach bei Jerusalem, well dat ass deem grousse Kinnek seng Stad.
- nor by the earth, because it is the footstool for his feet, nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King.
- Luxembourgish translation of Matthew 5:35:
Usage notesEdit
- Often used with weder (“neither”).
Old IrishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Celtic *nekʷos (“someone, something”); compare nech (“someone”). Cognate with Welsh neb.
PronunciationEdit
DeterminerEdit
nach
- some, any
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 23b12
- it essamnu de ar ro·fitetar is ar nach n-indocbáil móir fo·daimim-se inso
- i.e. they are the more fearless, for they know that it is for some great glory that I endure this
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 23b12
InflectionEdit
Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | nach | nachL | naN | nacha | ||
Accusative | nachN | |||||
Genitive | nachL, naichL | nacha | nach | nachN | ||
Dative | nachL | nach | ||||
L indicates a form that triggers lenition; N a form that triggers nasalization (eclipsis) The plural forms shown occur only in negative clauses. In positive clauses, the plural is supplied by alaili, araili. |
Derived termsEdit
VerbEdit
nach
- Alternative spelling of nách (“that (it) is not”)
Further readingEdit
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “1 nach”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 489, pages 309–10
Scottish GaelicEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Irish nach, from Proto-Celtic *ne-kʷe, a combination of negative particle *ne and conjunction *kʷe; compare Latin neque.
PronunciationEdit
ParticleEdit
nach
Usage notesEdit
- Used with the dependent form of a verb to produce a negative question.
- Traditionally lenites verbs starting in f followed by a vowel, doesn’t mutate other initial sounds.
- Nach eil an t-acras ort? ― Are you not hungry?
- Chunnaic mi i, nach fhaca? ― I saw her, didn't I?
- Nach buail thu e? ― Won't you strike him?
ConjunctionEdit
nach
- that not
Usage notesEdit
- Used with the dependent form of a verb to introduce a negative subordinate clause. The negation of gu.
- Traditionally lenites verbs starting in f followed by a vowel, doesn’t mutate other initial sounds.
- Bha e ag ràdh nach robh càr aige. ― He said that he didn't have a car.
ReferencesEdit
- “nach” in Edward Dwelly, Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan/The Illustrated [Scottish] Gaelic–English Dictionary, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, 1911, →ISBN.
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “2 nach, nách (‘not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “3 nach, nách (‘who/which ... not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “4 nach, nách (‘that ... not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “5 nach, nách (‘isn’t?, doesn’t?’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language