nach

GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle High German nāh, from Old High German nāh with preservation of word-final -h as -ch; thus pertaining to modern nah (“near”) (from Old High German inflected nāh-), from Proto-Germanic *nēhw. Cognate with Dutch na, English nigh.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /naːx/ (generally)
IPA^(key): /nax/ (as a preposition, unless stressed)
audio (file)

PrepositionEdit

nach (followed by dative)

after, past (later in time)
Viertel nach sechs
a quarter past six

nach einer Woche
after a week
after, behind (in sequence)
B kommt nach A.
B comes after A.
to, towards (with geographical names; see usage notes below)
die Flucht nach Ägypten
the flight into Egypt
according to; guided by
- 1918, Elisabeth von Heyking, Die Orgelpfeifen, in: Zwei Erzählungen, Phillipp Reclam jun. Verlag, page 19:
  Die eigenen Zimmer hatten sich die Enkel nach persönlichem Geschmack eingerichtet.
  The grandchildren had furnished their own rooms according to their personal taste.
by the authority of; following
die Analyse nach Marx
the analysis following Marx
(with verbs of sensual perception) like (see usage notes below)
Das riecht nach Knoblauch. ― This smells like garlic.
for (indicating desire for an object)
nach etwas greifen ― to reach for something

nach etwas streben ― to strive for/after something

nach etwas suchen ― to search for something

Usage notesEdit

(to, towards): The directional preposition nach is now used chiefly with geographical names that do not have an article with them: nach Ägypten, nach Hamburg, etc. Only in elevated, literary style are there remnants of a freer use of nach:

nach dem Irak (“to Iraq”) — for which usually: in den Irak

nach dem Schloss (“to the castle”) — for which usually: zum Schloss.

At times, this use of nach conveys the implication that the destination is not reached. Thus: Er fuhr zum Schloss. – “He travelled to the castle [and arrived there].” But: Er fuhr nach dem Schloss. – “He travelled towards the castle [and may or may not have arrived].”

Directional nach with personal names (or names of shops etc.) is found in the regional vernaculars of north-western Germany: nach Peter (“to Peter's house”). This is nonstandard usage.
(like): There may be a slight semantic distinction between the use of nach and wie after a verb of sensual perception. The following phrases both translate to English as “This feels like silk”, but compare the different implications: Das fühlt sich nach Seide an. (“This feels like silk, and it probably is.”) Das fühlt sich an wie Seide. (“This feels like silk, although it’s probably something else.”) This distinction is not a strict one, however.

PostpositionEdit

nach (preceded by dative)

according to
meiner Meinung nach ― in my opinion

AdverbEdit

nach

(in compound verbs) after, behind, later, next to
Meine Uhr geht nach.
My watch is slow.

Derived termsEdit

Related termsEdit

nach-

IrishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

ná (Munster; all senses)

EtymologyEdit

From Old Irish nach, from Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, a combination of Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) and *-kʷe (“and”); compare Latin neque.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /n̪ˠax/

ConjunctionEdit

nach (triggers eclipsis; used with the dependent form of an irregular verb if there is one)

that...not (introduces a negative subordinate clause; the negation of go).
Dúirt sé nach raibh carr aige.
He said that he didn’t have a car.

ParticleEdit

nach (triggers eclipsis; used with the dependent form of an irregular verb if there is one)

not (in questions)
Nach bhfuil ocras ort?
Are you not hungry?

Chonaic mé í, nach bhfaca?
I saw her, didn’t I?

ParticleEdit

nach (copular form)

isn’t...?/whether/if it is... (introduces negative questions, both direct and indirect)
Nach maith leat bainne?
Don’t you like milk?

Níl a fhios agam an miste dó nó nach miste.
I don’t know if it matters to him or not.
who/which isn’t... (introduces negative relative clauses, both direct and indirect)
an bhean nach múinteoir í ― the woman who isn’t a teacher

an bhean nach maith léi bainne ― the woman who doesn’t like milk

Related termsEdit

Irish copular forms

Simple copular forms

Present/future
	Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Neg. inter.
Main clauses	is	ní	an	nach
Direct relative clauses	is	nach
Indirect relative clauses	ar, arb^v
Other subordinate clauses	gur, gurb^v		an	nach
Past/conditional
	Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Neg. inter.
Main clauses	ba, b’^v	níor, níorbh^v	ar, arbh^v	nár, nárbh^v
Direct relative clauses	ba, ab^v	nár, nárbh^v
Indirect relative clauses	ar, arbh^v
Other subordinate clauses	gur, gurbh^v		ar, arbh^v	nár, nárbh^v
Present subjunctive
	Affirmative	Negative
	gura, gurab^v	nára, nárab^v

Compound copular forms

Base word	Present/future	Past/conditional
má	más	má ba, má b’^v
ó (“since”)	ós	ó ba, ó b’^v
dá		dá mba, dá mb’^v
mura	mura, murab^v	murar, murarbh^v
cé	cér, cérb^v	cér, cérbh^v
cá	cár, cárb^v	cár, cárbh^v
de/do	dar, darb^v	dar, darbh^v
faoi	faoinar, faoinarb^v	faoinar, faoinarbh^v
i	inar, inarb^v	inar, inarbh^v
le	lenar, lenarb^v	lenar, lenarbh^v
ó (“from”)	ónar, ónarb^v	ónar, ónarbh^v
trí	trínar, trínarb^v	trínar, trínarbh^v

^v Used before vowel sounds

ReferencesEdit

"nach" in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “2 nach, nách (‘not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “3 nach, nách (‘who/which ... not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “4 nach, nách (‘that ... not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “5 nach, nách (‘isn’t?, doesn’t?’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

LuxembourgishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old High German noh. Cognate with German noch, Dutch nog.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /nɑχ/
Rhymes: -ɑχ

AdverbEdit

nach

still
Ech léieren nach Lëtzebuergesch.
I'm still learning Luxembourgish.
yet
just

ConjunctionEdit

nach

nor
- Luxembourgish translation of Matthew 5:35:
  nach bei der Äerd, well dat ass d'Bänkelche fir seng Féiss, nach bei Jerusalem, well dat ass deem grousse Kinnek seng Stad.
  nor by the earth, because it is the footstool for his feet, nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King.

Usage notesEdit

Often used with weder (“neither”).

Old IrishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Celtic *nekʷos (“someone, something”); compare nech (“someone”). Cognate with Welsh neb.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /n͈ax/

DeterminerEdit

nach

some, any
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 23^b12
  it essamnu de ar ro·fitetar is ar nach n-indocbáil móir fo·daimim-se inso
  i.e. they are the more fearless, for they know that it is for some great glory that I endure this

InflectionEdit

Case	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	nach	nach^L	na^H	nacha^H
Accusative	nach^N		na^H	nacha^H
Genitive	nach^L, naich^L	nacha^H	nach	—
Dative	nach^L			nach
^L indicates a form that triggers lenition, ^N a form that triggers nasalization (eclipsis), and ^H a form that triggers /h/-prothesis. The plural forms shown occur only in negative clauses. In positive clauses, the plural is supplied by alaili, araili.

Derived termsEdit

VerbEdit

nach

Alternative spelling of nách (“that (it) is not”)

Scottish GaelicEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Irish nach, from Proto-Celtic *ne-kʷe. Cognate with Irish nach.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /nax/
Hyphenation: nach

VerbEdit

nach

Used together with the dependent form of a verb to form negative questions.
Nach eil an t-acras ort? ― Are you not hungry?

Chunnaic mi i, nach fhaca? ― I saw her, didn't I?

Nach buail thu e? ― Won't you strike him?
Used together with the dependent form of a verb to form negative subordinate clauses; that ... not
Bha e ag ràdh nach robh càr aige. ― He said that he didn't have a car.

InflectionEdit

Conjugation of bi (highly irregular)

		First sg	Second sg	Third sg m	Third sg f	First pl	Second pl	Third pl
Independent	Present	tha mi	tha thu	tha e	tha i	tha sinn	tha sibh	tha iad
	Past	bha mi	bha thu	bha e	bha i	bha sinn	bha sibh	bha iad
	Future	bidh mi bithidh mi	bidh tu bithidh tu	bidh e bithidh e	bidh i bithidh i	bidh sinn bithidh sinn	bidh sibh bithidh sibh	bidh iad bithidh iad
	Conditional	bhithinn	bhiodh tu bhitheadh tu	bhiodh e bhitheadh e	bhiodh i bhitheadh i	bhiomaid bhitheamaid	bhiodh sibh bhitheadh sibh	bhiodh iad bhitheadh iad
Imperative		bitheam	bi	biodh e bitheadh e	biodh i bitheadh i	biomaid bitheamaid	bithibh	biodh iad bitheadh iad
Negative	Present	chan eil mi	chan eil thu	chan eil e	chan eil i	chan eil sinn	chan eil sibh	chan eil iad
	Past	cha robh mi	cha robh thu	cha robh e	cha robh i	cha robh sinn	cha robh sibh	cha robh iad
	Future	cha bhi mi	cha bhi thu	cha bhi e	cha bhi i	cha bhi sinn	cha bhi sibh	cha bhi iad
	Conditional	cha bhithinn	cha bhiodh tu cha bhitheadh tu	cha bhiodh e cha bhitheadh e	cha bhiodh i cha bhitheadh i	cha bhiomaid cha bhitheamaid	cha bhiodh sibh cha bhitheadh sibh	cha bhiodh iad cha bhitheadh iad
Affirmative Interrogative	Present	a bheil mi?	a bheil thu?	a bheil e?	a bheil i?	a bheil sinn?	a bheil sibh?	a bheil iad?
	Past	an robh mi?	an robh thu?	an robh e?	an robh i?	an robh sinn?	an robh sibh?	an robh iad?
	Future	am bi mi?	am bi thu?	am bi e?	am bi i?	am bi sinn?	am bi sibh?	am bi iad?
	Conditional	am bithinn?	am biodh tu? am bitheadh tu?	am biodh e? am bitheadh e?	am biodh i? am bitheadh i?	am biomaid? am bhitheamaid?	am biodh sibh? am bitheadh sibh?	am biodh iad? am bitheadh iad?
Negative Interrogative	Present	nach eil mi?	nach eil thu?	nach eil e?	nach eil i?	nach eil sinn?	nach eil sibh?	nach eil iad?
	Past	nach robh mi?	nach robh thu?	nach robh e?	nach robh i?	nach robh sinn?	nach robh sibh?	nach robh iad?
	Future	nach bi mi?	nach bi thu?	nach bi e?	nach bi i?	nach bi sinn?	nach bi sibh?	nach bi iad?
	Conditional	nach bithinn?	nach biodh tu? nach bitheadh tu?	nach biodh e? nach bitheadh e?	nach biodh i? nach bitheadh i?	nach biomaid? nach bhitheamaid?	nach biodh sibh? nach bitheadh sibh?	nach biodh iad? nach bitheadh iad?
Relative future	Affirmative	(ma) bitheas mi	(ma) bitheas tu	(ma) bitheas e	(ma) bitheas i	(ma) bitheas sinn	(ma) bitheas sibh	(ma) bitheas iad
Relative future	Negative	(mur) bi mi	(mur) bi tu	(mur) bi e	(mur) bi i	(mur) bi sinn	(mur) bi sibh	(mur) bi iad
Infinitive		a bhith

Conjugation of is (highly irregular, defective)

		First sg	Second sg	Third sg m	Third sg f	First pl	Second pl	Third pl
Independent	Present	is mi	is thu	is e	is i	is sinn	is sibh	is iad
	Past	bu mi	bu thu	b'e	b'i	bu sinn	bu sibh	b'iad
	Conditional	bu mi	bu thu	b'e	b'i	bu sinn	bu sibh	b'iad
Negative	Present	cha mhi	cha tu	chan e	chan i	cha sinn	cha sibh	chan iad
	Past	cha bu mi	cha bu thu	cha b'e	cha b'i	cha bu sinn	cha bu sibh	cha b'iad
	Conditional	cha bu mi	cha bu thu	cha b'e	cha b'i	cha bu sinn	cha bu sibh	cha b'iad
Affirmative Interrogative	Present	am mi?	an tu?	an e?	an i?	an sinn?	an sibh?	an iad?
	Past	am bu mi	am bu thu	am b'e	am b'i	am bu sinn	am bu sibh	am b'iad
	Conditional	am bu mi	am bu thu	am b'e	am b'i	am bu sinn	am bu sibh	am b'iad
Negative Interrogative	Present	nach mi?	nach tu?	nach e?	nach i?	nach sinn?	nach sibh?	nach iad?
	Past	nach bu mi	nach bu thu	nach b'e	nach b'i	nach bu sinn	nach bu sibh	nach b'iad
	Conditional	nach bu mi	nach bu thu	nach b'e	nach b'i	nach bu sinn	nach bu sibh	nach b'iad

Conjugation of thathar (highly irregular, defective, impersonal)

	Present	Past	Future
Independent	thathar, thatar, thathas	bhathar, bhatar, bhathas	bithear, bitear, bitheas
Negative	chan eilear, chan eileas	cha robhas, cha robhar	cha bithear, cha bitear, cha bitheas
Affirmative interrogative	am beilear? am beileas? a bheilear? a bheileas?	an robhas? an robhar?	am bithear? am biteas?
Negative interrogative	nach eilear? nach eileas?	nach robhas? nach robhar?	nach bithear? nach bitear? nach bitheas?

Usage notesEdit

Traditionally lenites verbs starting in f followed by a vowel, doesn’t mutate other initial sounds.

ReferencesEdit

Edward Dwelly (1911), “nach”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary], 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “2 nach, nách (‘not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Colin Mark (2003), “nach”, in The Gaelic-English dictionary, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 446

nach

GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

PrepositionEdit

Usage notesEdit

PostpositionEdit

AdverbEdit

Derived termsEdit

Related termsEdit

Further readingEdit

IrishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

ConjunctionEdit

ParticleEdit

ParticleEdit

Related termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

LuxembourgishEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

ConjunctionEdit

Usage notesEdit

Old IrishEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

DeterminerEdit

InflectionEdit

Derived termsEdit

VerbEdit

Further readingEdit

Scottish GaelicEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

InflectionEdit

Usage notesEdit

ReferencesEdit