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U+4E14, 且
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E14

[U+4E13]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4E15]
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TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

(Kangxi radical 1, +4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 月一 (BM), four-corner 77100, composition or 𠀃𠄠)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №494

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 77, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29
  • Dae Jaweon: page 154, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 15, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E14

Further readingEdit

Chinese Wikisource has digitized text of the Kangxi Dictionary entry for :

Wikisource

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𠀇
𠀃

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       





References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Pictogram (象形). Multiple interpretations:

  • A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of (OC *ʔsraʔ).
  • An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of (OC *ʔsaːʔ).
  • A stone altar – original form of (OC *ʔsaːʔ).

In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as (OC *ʔsaːʔ). Usage as (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script.

EtymologyEdit

“and; also; almost; be going to”
Cognate with (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1Edit


Note:
  • 2qia - vernacular;
  • 2qi - literary.

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (14)
Final () (100)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter tshjaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/t͡sʰiaX/
Pan
Wuyun
/t͡sʰiaX/
Shao
Rongfen
/t͡sʰiaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/t͡sʰiaX/
Li
Rong
/t͡sʰiaX/
Wang
Li
/t͡sʰĭaX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/t͡sʰi̯aX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qiě
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
ce2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qiě
Middle
Chinese
‹ tshjæX ›
Old
Chinese
/*[tsʰ]Aʔ/
English moreover

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 10379
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sʰjaːʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

  1. this
  2. almost; nearly
  3. be going to; will; shall
  4. just; for the time being
  5. even (used for emphasis, often with a hypothetical extreme scenario)
  6. (dialectal Mandarin) for a long time
    會兒 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
    会儿 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
    Zhè shuǐ tài tàng, qiě děi liàng huǐr ne. [Pinyin]
    This water is so hot; [it] need to be left alone to cool down for a long time.
    活兒 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
    活儿 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
    Zhèi huór qiě gàn bu wán ne. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this example)
  7. and; also (for juxtaposition)
      ―  érqiě  ―  and; but also
    演講簡短切中要害 [MSC, trad.]
    演讲简短切中要害 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā de yǎnjiǎng jiǎnduǎn qiě qièzhòng yàohài. [Pinyin]
    His speech was short and to the point.
  8. both ... and ...
  9. or (to list alternatives)
  10. moreover (to indicate progression)
  11. if; assuming (to indicate hypotheticality)
  12. sentence-initial or sentence-medial modal particle
  13. a surname

CompoundsEdit

Pronunciation 2Edit



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (13)
Final () (22)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter tsjo
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/t͡sɨʌ/
Pan
Wuyun
/t͡siɔ/
Shao
Rongfen
/t͡siɔ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/t͡sɨə̆/
Li
Rong
/t͡siɔ/
Wang
Li
/t͡sĭo/
Bernard
Karlgren
/t͡si̯wo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zeoi1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ tsjo ›
Old
Chinese
/*tsa/
English [final particle]

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 10413
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ʔsa/

DefinitionsEdit

  1. Alternative form of (, “chopping board”).
  2. many; numerous; flourishing
  3. sixth month in the lunar calendar
  4. sentence-final modal particle
  5. Alternative form of (zǎng, “steed”).

CompoundsEdit

Pronunciation 3Edit


DefinitionsEdit

  1. Alternative form of (, “to go to”).

Pronunciation 4Edit


DefinitionsEdit

  1. Only used in 次且 (“hesitant in walking”).

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. moreover
  2. also
  3. furthermore

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Related termsEdit

EtymologyEdit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

KoreanEdit

Etymology 1Edit

HanjaEdit

(eumhun (tto cha))

  1. Hanja form? of (moreover; also).

CompoundsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

HanjaEdit

(eumhun 도마 (doma jo))

  1. Alternative form of (Hanja form? of (a sacrificial altar; a cutting board, a chopping board).)

Etymology 3Edit

HanjaEdit

(eumhun 공경할 (gonggyeonghal jeo))

  1. (obsolete) Hanja form? of (respect).

ReferencesEdit

Pai-langEdit

NounEdit

(*tsɑʔ)

  1. Sun

ReferencesEdit

  • Hill, Nathan W. (2017), “Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary”, in Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient[1], volume 103, pages 386—429

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

: Hán Việt readings: thả[1], thư[2], tồ[2]
: Nôm readings: thả[1], [3], vả[3]

  1. (literary) besides, again, moreover

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit