如何
Chinese
editas (if); such as | what | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (如何) | 如 | 何 | |
simp. #(如何) | 如 | 何 | |
anagram | 何如 | ||
Literally: “like what?”. |
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu4 ho4
- Hakka
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ ㄏㄜˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: rúhé
- Wade–Giles: ju2-ho2
- Yale: rú-hé
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruher
- Palladius: жухэ (žuxɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐu³⁵ xɤ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: jyu4 ho4
- Yale: yùh hòh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jy4 ho4
- Guangdong Romanization: yu4 ho4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyː²¹ hɔː²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì-hò
- Hakka Romanization System: iˇ hoˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2 ho2
- Sinological IPA: /i¹¹ ho¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì-hò
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iˇ hoˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2 ho2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹ ho¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû-hô
- Tâi-lô: lû-hô
- Phofsit Daibuun: lu'hooi
- IPA (Taipei): /lu²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen): /lu²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîr-hô͘
- Tâi-lô: lîr-hôo
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lɯ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû-hô͘
- Tâi-lô: lû-hôo
- Phofsit Daibuun: lu'hoo
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lu²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jû-hô
- Tâi-lô: jû-hô
- Phofsit Daibuun: ju'hooi
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zu¹³⁻²² ho¹³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jî-hô
- Tâi-lô: jî-hô
- Phofsit Daibuun: ji'hooi
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /zi²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ru5 ho5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jû hô
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡zu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
- Middle Chinese: nyo|nyoH ha
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*na [ɡ]ˤaj/
- (Zhengzhang): /*nja|njas ɡaːl/
Adverb
edit如何 (formal)
- how; what; in what way
- how about; what about
Synonyms
edit- (how):
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- “Entry #50014”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
editEtymology 1
editKanji in this term | |
---|---|
如 | 何 |
いか | |
Grade: S | Grade: 2 |
jukujikun |
From Old Japanese, in turn from Proto-Japonic *i-ka. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE.
A surface analysis suggests a compound of い (i, uncertain element, likely the same い (i) prefix found in Old Japanese as an interrogative in いずれ (izure, “which”), いつ (itsu, “when”), etc.) + か (ka, the question marker particle).
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), using the corresponding Chinese term 如何 (rúhé, literally “like what”) for the spelling and the underlying Japanese root word for the reading.
Pronunciation
editAdjective
edit如何 • (ika) -na (adnominal 如何な (ika na), adverbial 如何に (ika ni))
Usage notes
editSome dictionaries[2] class this as a bound morpheme. In practice, it generally conjugates and behaves as a regular -na adjective. In formal writing, this is more commonly encountered using the classical attributive form 如何なる (ika naru).
Inflection
editStem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 如何だろ | いかだろ | ika daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 如何で | いかで | ika de |
Terminal (終止形) | 如何だ | いかだ | ika da |
Attributive (連体形) | 如何な | いかな | ika na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 如何なら | いかなら | ika nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 如何であれ | いかであれ | ika de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 如何ではない 如何じゃない |
いかではない いかじゃない |
ika de wa nai ika ja nai |
Informal past | 如何だった | いかだった | ika datta |
Informal negative past | 如何ではなかった 如何じゃなかった |
いかではなかった いかじゃなかった |
ika de wa nakatta ika ja nakatta |
Formal | 如何です | いかです | ika desu |
Formal negative | 如何ではありません 如何じゃありません |
いかではありません いかじゃありません |
ika de wa arimasen ika ja arimasen |
Formal past | 如何でした | いかでした | ika deshita |
Formal negative past | 如何ではありませんでした 如何じゃありませんでした |
いかではありませんでした いかじゃありませんでした |
ika de wa arimasen deshita ika ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 如何で | いかで | ika de |
Conditional | 如何なら(ば) | いかなら(ば) | ika nara (ba) |
Provisional | 如何だったら | いかだったら | ika dattara |
Volitional | 如何だろう | いかだろう | ika darō |
Adverbial | 如何に | いかに | ika ni |
Degree | 如何さ | いかさ | ikasa |
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editKanji in this term | |
---|---|
如 | 何 |
いかが | |
Grade: S | Grade: 2 |
jukujikun |
/ika ni ka/ → */ikanka/ → /ikanɡa/ → /ikaɡa/
Originally a phrase consisting of 如何 (ika, “what kind”) + に (ni, adverbial particle) + か (ka, question marker particle).[2][1]
The uncontracted form ika ni ka appears in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE. The fully contracted form ikaga is first cited to the Kokin Wakashū of roughly 905 CE, with evidence of a partially contracted form ikanga in The Tale of the Heike of roughly 1330.[2]
Pronunciation
editAdverb
edit- in what manner, how
- what about... (used to make a suggestion)
Usage notes
editThe term ikaga is generally considered more formal and polite than the synonym どう (dō).
More commonly spelled in hiragana as いかが. The kanji spelling is rare.
Derived terms
edit- 如何わしい (ikagawashii): dubious, doubtful
- 如何しい (ikagashii): (archaic, possibly obsolete) dubious, doubtful
Etymology 3
editKanji in this term | |
---|---|
如 | 何 |
いかん | |
Grade: S | Grade: 2 |
jukujikun |
Alternative spellings |
---|
奈何 奈 |
/ika ni/ → /ikan/
Originally a phrase consisting of 如何 (ika, “what kind”) + に (ni, adverbial particle),[2][1] the normal adverbial form of adjective ika above.
The uncontracted form ika ni appears as an adverb in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE. The contracted form ikan is first cited to the early 1100s.[2]
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit- the whatevers, the whys and wherefores; however [it may be]
Adverb
editUsage notes
editGenerally used at the end of a sentence to express doubt.
Derived terms
edit- 如何が (ikanga): in what manner, how (superseded by modern ikaga; see above)
- 如何せん (ikansen): no matter what (in a negative connotation), unfortunately
- 如何ぞ (ikanzo): howsoever, however [it may be] (more intense than ikan on its own)
- 如何とも (ikantomo): no matter what (in a negative connotation), unfortunately
Etymology 4
editKanji in this term | |
---|---|
如 | 何 |
どう | |
Grade: S | Grade: 2 |
jukujikun |
For pronunciation and definitions of 如何 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 如何, is an alternative spelling (uncommon) of the above term.) |
See also
editko- “this” (close to speaker) |
so- “that” (close to listener) |
a- “that over there” (far from both) |
do- “which” (indeterminate, question) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Object | これ (kore) | それ (sore) | あれ (are) | どれ (dore) |
これら (korera) | それら (sorera) | あれら (arera) | — | |
Determiner | この (kono) | その (sono) | あの (ano) | どの (dono) |
これらの (korera no) | それらの (sorera no) | あれらの (arera no) | — | |
Kind | こんな (konna) | そんな (sonna) | あんな (anna) | どんな (donna) |
こういう (kō iu) | そういう (sō iu) | ああいう (ā iu) | どういう (dō iu) | |
Place | ここ (koko) | そこ (soko) | あそこ (asoko)* | どこ (doko) |
こっから (kokkara) | そっから (sokkara) | — | どっから (dokkara) | |
Direction / Human | こちら (kochira) | そちら (sochira) | あちら (achira) | どちら (dochira) |
こなた (konata) | そなた (sonata) | あなた (anata) | どなた (donata) | |
Direction | こっち (kotchi) | そっち (sotchi) | あっち (atchi) | どっち (dotchi) |
Human | こいつ (koitsu)† | そいつ (soitsu)† | あいつ (aitsu)† | どいつ (doitsu)† |
Manner | こう (kō) | そう (sō) | ああ (ā)** | どう (dō) |
Degree | これくらい (kore kurai) | それくらい (sore kurai) | あれくらい (are kurai) | どれくらい (dore kurai) |
これだけ (kore dake) | それだけ (sore dake) | あれだけ (are dake) | どれだけ (dore dake) | |
これほど (kore hodo) | それほど (sore hodo) | あれほど (are hodo) | どれほど (dore hodo) | |
* irregular ** regular (long vowel) † potentially rude or derogatory |
References
edit- Mandarin terms with audio links
- Cantonese terms with audio links
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese adverbs
- Mandarin adverbs
- Cantonese adverbs
- Hakka adverbs
- Hokkien adverbs
- Teochew adverbs
- Middle Chinese adverbs
- Old Chinese adverbs
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 如
- Chinese terms spelled with 何
- Chinese formal terms
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Elementary Mandarin
- Japanese terms spelled with 如
- Japanese terms spelled with 何
- Japanese terms read with jukujikun
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese compound terms
- Japanese terms spelled with jukujikun
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese な-na adjectives
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 2 kanji
- Japanese adverbs
- Japanese formal terms
- Japanese polite terms
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese interjections
- Japanese terms with uncommon senses
- Japanese interrogative adverbs