Wiktionary

言

(Redirected from ⾔)
See also: 訁 and 讠
言 U+8A00, 言
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A00
← 觿
[U+89FF] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 訁 →
[U+8A01]
⾔ U+2F94, ⾔
KANGXI RADICAL SPEECH
← ⾓
[U+2F93] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾕ →
[U+2F95]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Japanese 言
Simplified 言
Traditional 言

Alternative formsEdit

Note that in Japanese and Korean (printed forms), the 亠 component on top is written 二 (as found in the Kangxi dictionary). In traditional/simplified Chinese and Vietnamese, the top component is written 丶. In written Japanese, the top component may be written either 一, 丶 or 丨 (small vertical stroke).

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 149 言

言 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜一一口 (YMMR), four-corner 00601, composition ⿳亠𠄠口(GHTV) or ⿱亖口(JK))

  1. Kangxi radical #149, ⾔.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №56

Derived charactersEdit

See alsoEdit

  • 訁／讠 (yán) (when used as a left Chinese radical).

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 1146, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35205
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1612, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3936, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8A00

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 言

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 言
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
Characters in the same phonetic series (言) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
唁 *ŋrans
這 *ŋrans
言 *ŋan
琂 *ŋan
圁 *ŋrɯn
誾 *ŋrɯn
訔 *ŋrɯn
狺 *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn

Ideogram (指事): 言 was created by adding a mark to 舌 to indicate movement of the tongue.[1] This indicates speech where 舌 is a mouth (口) with a tongue sticking out.

Shuowen erroneously analyzes the glyph as a phono-semantic compound (形聲): phonetic 䇂 (qiān) + semantic 口 (“mouth”).

EtymologyEdit

According to Schuessler (2007: 74) this word is derived from 語 (OC *ŋaʔ, “to speak”) + -n nominal suffix.

PronunciationEdit

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 言
Mandarin Beijing /iɛn³⁵/
Harbin /ian²⁴/
Tianjin /ian⁴⁵/
Jinan /iã⁴²/
Qingdao /iã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ian⁴²/
Xi'an /iã²⁴/
Xining /iã²⁴/
Yinchuan /ian⁵³/
Lanzhou /iɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /ian⁵¹/
Wuhan /iɛn²¹³/
Chengdu /ian³¹/
Guiyang /ian²¹/
Kunming /iɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing /ien²⁴/
Hefei /iĩ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ie¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵie̞¹³/
Hohhot /ie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦi²³/
Suzhou /ɦiɪ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦiẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵi³¹/
Hui Shexian /ne⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ȵiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /iẽ¹³/
Xiangtan /ȵiẽ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ȵiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ŋian¹¹/
Taoyuan /ŋien¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jin²¹/
Nanning /jin²¹/
Hong Kong /jin²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /gian³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋyoŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ŋyiŋ³³/
Shantou (Min Nan) /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ŋin³¹/
/ŋin²¹³/ 俗
/kɔŋ²¹³/ 訓講
Rime
Character 言
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 元 (65)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 語軒切
Baxter ngjon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋɨɐn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋiɐn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋiɐn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋɨan/
Li
Rong 		/ŋiɐn/
Wang
Li 		/ŋĭɐn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋɨ̯ɐn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jin4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 言 言 言 言
Reading # 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yán yán yán yán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngjon › ‹ ngjon › ‹ ngjon › ‹ ngjon ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋa[n]/ /*ŋa[n]/ /*ŋa[n]/ /*ŋa[r]/
English (a particle) I, we speak; speech tall

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 言
Reading # 1/1
No. 14271
Phonetic
component 		言
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		言
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋan/

DefinitionsEdit

言

  1. to say; to speak; to talk
    言語／言语  ―  yányu  ―  to speak; to tell
    三思而後言／三思而后言 [Classical Chinese]  ―  sānsī ér hòu yán [Pinyin]  ―  Think before you speak.
  2. to discuss; to comment
  3. to state; to describe; to explain
  4. to write down; to record
  5. to ask; to inquire
  6. to inform; to tell; to let know
  7. spoken language; speech
    語言／语言  ―  yǔyán  ―  language
    諾言／诺言  ―  nuòyán  ―  promise
    發言／发言  ―  fāyán  ―  to make a speech
    謠言／谣言  ―  yáoyán  ―  fabricated rumor
    洋洋萬言／洋洋万言  ―  yángyángwànyán  ―  to be very lengthy (of an article, essay)
    我能留個言嗎？／我能留个言吗？  ―  Wǒ néng liú ge yán ma?  ―  Can I leave a message?
  8. opinion; view; perspective
  9. words; language appropriate to the occasion
  10. proposal; idea; plan
  11. government decree; order
  12. character; word
  13. sentence; writing; works
  14. † A meaningless sentence-initial mood particle.
  15. a surname

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 說 (“to say, to speak”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 言, 云, 曰, 道
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 說, 道 literary
Mandarin Beijing 說
Taiwan 說, 講
Tianjin 說
Jinan 說
Xi'an 說
Wuhan 說
Chengdu 說
Guilin 講
Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) 講
Hefei 講
Malaysia 說, 講
Singapore 說, 講
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 說
Pematangsiantar 講
Cantonese Guangzhou 講, 話
Hong Kong 講, 話
Macau 講, 話
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 講, 話
Zhuhai (Doumen) 講
Taishan 話
Taishan (Guanghai) 講
Yunfu 話
Yangjiang 講, 話
Beihai 講
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 講
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 講
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 講
Danzhou 講
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 講, 話
Penang (Guangfu) 講, 話
Singapore (Guangfu) 講, 話
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 講
Móng Cái 講
Mandalay (Taishan) 講
Gan Nanchang 話
Hakka Meixian 講, 話
Wuhua (Meilin) 講
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 講
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 講
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 講
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 講
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 講
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 講
Hong Kong 講
Kuching (Hepo) 講
Singapore (Dabu) 講
Huizhou Jixi 講
Jin Taiyuan 說
Min Bei Jian'ou 話
Min Dong Fuzhou 講
Fuqing 講
Singapore (Fuqing) 講
Min Nan Xiamen 講
Xiamen (Tong'an) 講
Quanzhou 說
Jinjiang 說
Shishi 說, 講
Zhangzhou 講
Zhao'an 呾, 講
Dongshan 講
Taipei 講
Kaohsiung 講
Tainan 講
Penang (Hokkien) 講
Singapore (Hokkien) 講
Manila (Hokkien) 說, 講
Chaozhou 呾
Raoping 呾
Shantou 呾
Shantou (Chenghai) 呾
Shantou (Chaoyang) 呾
Jieyang 呾
Lufeng 講
Haifeng 講
Phnom Penh (Teochew) 呾
Singapore (Teochew) 呾
Pontianak (Teochew) 呾
Leizhou 講
Wenchang 講
Haikou 講
Qionghai 講
Singapore (Hainanese) 講
Puxian Min Putian 講
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 講
Southern Pinghua Binyang 講, 說
Wu Shanghai 講
Suzhou 講, 說
Hangzhou 說, 話, 講
Hangzhou (Yuhang) 講, 話
Ningbo 講, 話
Wenzhou 講
Xiang Changsha 講
Xiangtan 講
Xiangxiang 講
Xiangxiang (Meiqiao) 講
Shuangfeng 曰, 講

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 言

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ http://www.guoxuedashi.net/kangxi/pic.php?f=zihui&p=167

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

言

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. to say
  2. speech

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
言
げん
Grade: 2
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 言 (MC ŋɨɐn, “speech”).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

言(げん) • (gen) 

  1. word
  2. (linguistics) parole
SynonymsEdit
AntonymsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
言
こと
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Cognate with 事 (koto, “thing”).[4]

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

言(こと) • (koto) 

  1. word

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  3. ^ 2011, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Seventh Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

KoreanEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle Chinese 言 (MC ŋɨɐn).

Historical readings

PronunciationEdit

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

言 (eumhun 말씀 언 (malsseum eon))

  1. Hanja form? of 언 (“word”).
  2. Hanja form? of 언 (“speech”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

Etymology 2Edit

Related to Middle Chinese 誾 (MC ŋˠiɪn).

HanjaEdit

言 (eumhun 심사화평할 은 (simsahwapyeonghal eun))

  1. (literary Chinese) Hanja form? of 은 (“peaceful demeanor”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

ReferencesEdit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

OkinawanEdit

KanjiEdit

言

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. to say
  2. speech

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

NounEdit

言(くとぅ) (kutu) 

  1. word

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

言: Hán Nôm readings: ngôn, ngỏn, ngộn, ngổn, ngồn, ngủn

  1. speech
  2. word
  3. to speak
  4. to tell
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