Wiktionary

介

See also: 个 and 𠆤
介 U+4ECB, 介
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4ECB
← 今
[U+4ECA] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 仌 →
[U+4ECC]

Translingual

edit
Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character

edit

介 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人中中 (OLL), four-corner 80220, composition ⿱人⿰丿丨)

Derived characters

edit

Descendants

edit

References

edit
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 91, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 359
  • Dae Jaweon: page 194, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 103, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+4ECB

Chinese

edit

Glyph origin

edit
Historical forms of the character 介
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
           
 
j01444
 
j01445
 
j01446
 
j01447
 
j01448
 
j01449
 
s00795
Transcribed ancient scripts
 
L36198
 
L36199
 
L21168
 
L21169
 
L21170
 
L21171
 
L21172
 
L21173
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (介) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
妎 *ɡaːds, *ɡeːds
芥 *kreːds
尬 *kreːds
界 *kreːds
介 *kreːds
疥 *kreːds
玠 *kreːds
砎 *kreːds, *kreːd, *ɡraːd
魪 *kreːds
价 *kreːds
衸 *kreːds, *ɡreːds
齘 *ɡreːds
骱 *ɡaːd, *kreːd
扴 *kreːd
圿 *kreːd
忦 *kreːd

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 人 (“person”) + two marks encompassing, indicating "in between". Folk etymology interprets the two marks as two components of an armor.

Etymology 1

edit
simp. and trad.
 介
"to assist"
Developed from 介 (OC *kreːds, “armored men”), from 介 (OC *kreːds, “armor”), ultimately from 介 (OC *kreːds, “scale (of animals)”). (Schuessler, 2007)

Pronunciation

edit
Note:
  • 5ka, 1ka - colloquial;
  • 5cia - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 介
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiɛ⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕiɛ⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕie⁵³/
Jinan /t͡ɕiɛ²¹/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiɛ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiɛ³¹²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕie¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕiə¹³/
/kɛ¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /kai³⁵/
Chengdu /kai¹³/
/t͡ɕiai¹³/
Guiyang /kai²¹³/
/t͡ɕie²¹³/
Kunming /kæ²¹²/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕie̞⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
Pingyao /t͡ɕie̞³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡ɕie⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ka³⁵/
/t͡ɕia³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕiɑ⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕie̞⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /ka⁴²/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕia³²⁴/
/ka³²⁴/
Tunxi /ka⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /kai⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /kai⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /kai⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kiai⁵³/
Taoyuan /ke⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kai³³/
Nanning /kai³³/
Hong Kong /kai³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kai²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɑi²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kai³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /kai²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kai³⁵/
Rime
Character 介
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 皆 (33)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古拜切
Baxter keajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠɛiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚæiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɐiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kəɨjH/
Li
Rong 		/kɛiH/
Wang
Li 		/kɐiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kăiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiè
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gaai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 介
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kɛjH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁr[e]p-s/
English armour; scale of animals

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 介
Reading # 1/1
No. 6525
Phonetic
component 		介
Rime
group 		祭
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		誡
Old
Chinese 		/*kreːds/

Definitions

edit

介

  1. to lie between
  2. to relate two things; to connect; to link; to introduce
  3. to assist; to help
  4. to hang; to suspend
  5. to rely on; to depend on
  6. firm; persistent; unswerving
  7. such; like this; this kind of
  8. Original form of 界 (jiè, “boundary; role; duty”).
  9. iota; tiny bit. Alternative form of 芥
  10. Classifier for people or copper coins.
  11. seashell; shell
  12. to wear armour
  13. (Eastern Min) again; re-
  14. (Taiwan) zepto- (SI unit prefix)
    Synonym: 仄 (Mainland)

Compounds

edit

Descendants

edit
  • → Proto-Tai: *klecꟲ

See also

edit
SI prefix
Last Next
阿 介/仄 攸/幺

Synonyms

edit
Dialectal synonyms of 再 (“again”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 再
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 再
Taiwan 再
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 再
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 再
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 又, 再
Wuhan 再
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 再
Hefei 再
Cantonese Guangzhou 再, 添 >
Hong Kong 再, 添 >
Yangjiang 應
Gan Nanchang 再, 湊 >
Hakka Meixian 再, 添 >
Jin Taiyuan 再
Northern Min Jian'ou 再, 唵
Eastern Min Fuzhou 再, 蓋, 介
Fuqing 介
Southern Min Xiamen 閣, 閣再
Quanzhou 閣, 閣再
Zhangzhou 閣, 閣再
Tainan 閣, 閣再
Singapore (Hokkien) 閣, 閣再
Manila (Hokkien) 閣, 閣再, 過再, 閣過再
Chaozhou 再
Wu Shanghai 又, 再
Suzhou 再
Wenzhou 再, 添 >
Xiang Changsha 再
Shuangfeng 再, 還
Note > - used after the object

References

edit

Etymology 2

edit
simp. and trad.
 介
alternative forms 價／价

From 個／个, attested since the Song Dynasty.

Pronunciation

edit

Definitions

edit

介 (Wu)

  1. used to indicate a great degree
    介大 [Ningbonese]  ―  5ka 6du [Wugniu]  ―  so big
  2. an adverbialiser; in the manner of
    搿能介 [Shanghainese]  ―  8geq-nen-ka [Wugniu]  ―  in this way
    像伊一能介 [Shanghainese]  ―  6zhian 6yi 7iq-nen-ka [Wugniu]  ―  in the manner of him

Synonyms

edit
Dialectal synonyms of 這麼 (“this; so; such (modifies adj.)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 如此
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 如此
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 這麼
Taiwan 這麼
Harbin 這麼
Malaysia 這樣
Singapore 這樣, 這麼
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 這麼
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 這麼
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 陣
Wanrong 這麼
Xi'an 這們, 陣
Xining 這們
Xuzhou 恁麼
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 這麼
Lanzhou 這們
Ürümqi 這麼
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 這們, 這麼, 嘞們
Wuhan 這麼, 這樣, 這個樣子
Guiyang 仲個
Guilin 這樣
Liuzhou 陣, 哏
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 這麼, 這樣子
Yangzhou 這們
Nantong 格麼
Cantonese Guangzhou 咁
Hong Kong 咁
Foshan 咁
Taishan 該
Dongguan 呢咁, 咁
Yunfu 咁
Yangjiang 果樣, 拱
Xinyi 咁
Nanning 咁
Wuzhou 咁
Yulin 咁
Hepu (Lianzhou) 果
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 咁
Penang (Guangfu) 咁
Singapore (Guangfu) 咁
Gan Nanchang 箇
Lichuan 該樣
Pingxiang 箇, 箇史
Hakka Meixian 恁
Xingning 恁, 咁
Huidong (Daling) 恁, 咁
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 咁
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 咁
Changting 仰
Wuping 恁
Wuping (Pingyu) 恁
Liancheng 樣
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 恁
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 恁
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 恁
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 恁
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 恁
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 恁
Luchuan (Daqiao) 咁
Senai (Huiyang) 恁
Kuching (Hepo) 恁
Huizhou Jixi 爾的
Jin Taiyuan 這來
Xinzhou 這啦, 這麼, 這來
Northern Min Jian'ou 𱕇
Eastern Min Fuzhou 只滿, 只
Fuqing 者滿
Singapore (Fuqing) 者滿
Southern Min Xiamen 遮, 遮爾, 遮爾仔
Quanzhou 拙, 拙幹
Jinjiang 拙, 拙爾, 障, 障爾
Zhangzhou 遮爾, 遮爾仔
Tainan 遮, 遮爾, 遮爾仔
Singapore (Hokkien) 按呢
Manila (Hokkien) 奐, 現, 喝, 遐, 遮, 拙
Chaozhou 照, 照生
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 照
Singapore (Teochew) 只生
Leizhou 偌
Haikou 只, 者
Puxian Min Putian 只何
Xianyou 只何
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 更
Wu Shanghai 搿能, 搿能介, 搿個能, 介, 實能 dated, 實個能 dated
Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang) 迭能
Shanghai (Songjiang) 若介, 實介, 能, 能介
Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) 迭個能
Shanghai (Fengxian) 迭能
Shanghai (Jinshan) 格末, 格能介, 着介
Shanghai (Qingpu) 介
Shanghai (Jiading) 實恁
Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) 實倫
Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) 特能, 迭能, 實能
Shanghai (Chongming) 能
Suzhou 該實梗, 該尚, 哀實梗, 哀尚, 實梗, 尚
Danyang 根
Hangzhou 價套, 價, 實價套, 實價
Ningbo 介
Wenzhou 該恁, 恁
Jinhua 帳, 格生, 格亨, 喪
Jinhua (Tangxi) 絞麼
Xiang Changsha 咯樣
Quanzhou 這麼

Etymology 3

edit
simp. and trad.
 介

Pronunciation

edit

Definitions

edit

介

  1. (Hong Kong) Informal shorthand for 雞／鸡 (gai1).

Etymology 4

edit
simp. and trad.
 介

Pronunciation

edit

Definitions

edit

介

  1. (Hakka) Alternative form of 個 / 个 (“(particle; classifier)”)

Japanese

edit

Kanji

edit
介

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

edit
  • Go-on: け (ke)
  • Kan-on: かい (kai, Jōyō)
  • Kun: たすける (tasukeru, 介ける)、すけ (suke, 介)
  • Nanori: あき (aki)、ゆき (yuki)

Compounds

edit
edit

Etymology

edit
Kanji in this term
介
かい
Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 介 (MC keajH).

Pronunciation

edit

Affix

edit

介(かい) • (kai) 

  1. to be between, mediate
  2. assist; help
  3. shell, shellfish
  4. armor

Korean

edit

Hanja

edit

介 (eum 개 (gae))

  1. forerunner, herald, harbinger
  2. to lie between
  3. sea shell
  4. to wear armor

Vietnamese

edit

Han character

edit

介: Hán Nôm readings: giới

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=介&oldid=83528019"