Wiktionary

紅

See also: 红
紅 U+7D05, 紅
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D05
← 約
[U+7D04] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 紆 →
[U+7D06]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

紅 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 女火一 (VFM), four-corner 21910, composition ⿰糹工)

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 916, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27243
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1343, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3363, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+7D05

Chinese edit

trad. 紅
simp. 红
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 紅 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 紅 (Cantonese)
  • 紅 (Classical)
  • 紅 (Gan)

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 紅
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
 
Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 *kluːmʔ
涳 *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 *kroːŋ
肛 *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 *kroːŋ
杠 *kroːŋ
豇 *kroːŋ
茳 *kroːŋ
釭 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 *kroːŋ
玒 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 *kʰroːŋ
崆 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 *kʰroːŋ
控 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 *qʰroːŋ
谾 *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 *qʰroːŋ
缻 *ɡroːŋ
項 *ɡroːŋʔ
屸 *ɡ·roːŋ
功 *koːŋ
工 *koːŋ
疘 *koːŋ
魟 *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 *koːŋ
碽 *koːŋ
貢 *koːŋs
羾 *koːŋs
空 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 *kʰoːŋ
硿 *kʰoːŋ
埪 *kʰoːŋ
鵼 *kʰoːŋ
倥 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 *kʰoːŋs
叿 *qʰoːŋ
嗊 *qʰoːŋʔ
訌 *ɡoːŋ
紅 *ɡoːŋ
仜 *ɡoːŋ
葒 *ɡoːŋ
渱 *ɡoːŋ
鴻 *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 *ɡoːŋʔ
澒 *ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 *koŋʔ
巩 *koŋʔ
銎 *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 *ɡoŋ
筇 *ɡoŋ
桏 *ɡoŋ
邛 *ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːŋ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

Etymology edit

彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) could be a variant of 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). May be related to 虹 (OC *kroːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, “rainbow”).

Originally referred to lighter shades of red; gradually replaced 赤 (chì, “red”) as the basic color term for "red".

Pronunciation 1 edit

Note:
  • è̤ng - colloquial;
  • hùng - literary ("successful;
  • red bunting").
Note:
  • âng - colloquial;
  • hông - literary.
Note:
  • ang5 - colloquial;
  • hong5 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 紅
Mandarin Beijing /xuŋ³⁵/
Harbin /xuŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /xuŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /xuŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /xəŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xuŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /xuŋ²⁴/
Xining /xuə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /xuŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /xũn⁵³/
Ürümqi /xuŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /xoŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /xoŋ³¹/
Guiyang /xoŋ²¹/
Kunming /xoŋ³¹/
Nanjing /xoŋ²⁴/
Hefei /xəŋ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xuəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /xuŋ¹³/
Hohhot /xũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦoŋ²³/
Suzhou /ɦoŋ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦoŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦoŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /xuʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi /xan⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /xoŋ¹³/
Xiangtan /ɦən¹²/
Gan Nanchang /fuŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fuŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /fuŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ²¹/
Nanning /huŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /huŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔŋ³⁵/
/aŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /øyŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /hoŋ⁵⁵/
/aŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hɔŋ³¹/
/aŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 紅
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸公切
Baxter huwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəwŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣuŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hung4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 紅
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hóng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ huwng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡˁoŋ/
English pink

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 紅
Reading # 1/1
No. 4055
Phonetic
component 		工
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		洪
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoːŋ/

Definitions edit

紅

  1. red
    紅色／红色  ―  hóngsè  ―  red (color)
    紅茶／红茶  ―  hóngchá  ―  black tea (literally, “red tea”)
    紅包／红包  ―  hóngbāo  ―  red packet
    紅綠色盲／红绿色盲  ―  hónglǜ sèmáng  ―  red-green colour blindness
  2. (colloquial) popular; in vogue
    翻紅／翻红  ―  fānhóng  ―  to be popular again
    邁克爾·傑克遜沒有以前那麼紅了。 [MSC, trad.]
    迈克尔·杰克逊没有以前那么红了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Màikè'ěr Jiékèxùn méiyǒu yǐqián nàme hóng le. [Pinyin]
    Michael Jackson is not as popular as he used to be.
  3. the red clothes and bunting used on festive occasions
    披紅／披红  ―  pīhóng  ―  to drape in red silk as a sign of honor or for festivity
  4. festive occasion; wedding
    紅白喜事／红白喜事  ―  hóngbáixǐshì  ―  weddings and funerals
  5. (figurative) revolutionary; Communist; Red
    紅軍／红军  ―  hóngjūn  ―  Red army
    又紅又專／又红又专  ―  yòuhóngyòuzhuān  ―  to have a procommunist mindset along with professional skill
  6. (business, finance) bonus; extra dividend
    分紅／分红  ―  fēnhóng  ―  distribute or draw dividends
  7. (literary) flower
    殘紅／残红  ―  cánhóng  ―  fallen petals
  8. (literary) beautiful woman
  9. (literary) blood
    落紅／落红  ―  luòhóng  ―  to bleed as an indication of a broken virginity
  10. (euphemistic, Cantonese, Hakka) blood tofu
    豬紅／猪红 [Cantonese]  ―  zyu1 hung4 [Jyutping]  ―  pig blood tofu
    雞紅／鸡红 [Cantonese]  ―  gai1 hung4 [Jyutping]  ―  chicken blood tofu
  11. a surname: Hong

Synonyms edit

  • (red):
Dialectal synonyms of 紅 (“red”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 赤, 紅, 彤
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 紅
Mandarin Beijing 紅
Taiwan 紅
Tianjin 紅
Tangshan 紅
Cangzhou 紅
Baoding 紅
Shijiazhuang 紅
Chifeng 紅
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 紅
Harbin 紅
Shenyang 紅
Yantai (Muping) 紅
Qingdao 紅
Jinan 紅
Luoyang 紅
Wanrong 紅
Zhengzhou 紅
Xi'an 紅
Yinchuan 紅
Lanzhou 紅
Xining 紅
Ürümqi 紅
Wuhan 紅
Chengdu 紅
Chongqing 紅
Guiyang 紅
Kunming 紅
Guilin 紅
Liuzhou 紅
Xuzhou 紅
Yangzhou 紅
Nanjing 紅
Hefei 紅
Nantong 紅
Malaysia 紅
Singapore 紅
Cantonese Guangzhou 紅
Hong Kong 紅
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 紅
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 紅
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 紅
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 紅
Macau 紅
Guangzhou (Panyu) 紅
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 紅
Guangzhou (Conghua) 紅
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 紅
Foshan 紅
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 紅
Foshan (Shunde) 紅
Foshan (Sanshui) 紅
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 紅
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 紅
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 紅
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 紅
Zhuhai (Doumen) 紅
Jiangmen (Baisha) 紅
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 紅
Taishan 紅
Kaiping (Chikan) 紅
Enping (Niujiang) 紅
Heshan (Yayao) 紅
Dongguan 紅
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 紅
Yangjiang 紅
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 紅
Singapore (Guangfu) 紅
Gan Nanchang 紅
Lichuan 紅
Pingxiang 紅
Hakka Meixian 紅
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 紅
Dongguan (Qingxi) 紅
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 紅
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 紅
Wuhua (Huacheng) 紅
Heyuan (Bendihua) 紅
Wengyuan 紅
Liannan 紅
Conghua (Lütian) 紅
Jiexi 紅
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 紅
Changting 紅
Wuping (Yanqian) 紅
Ninghua 紅
Yudu 紅
Ningdu 紅
Tonggu (Sandu) 紅
Ganzhou (Panlong) 紅
Dayu 紅
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 紅
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 紅
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 紅
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 紅
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 紅
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 紅
Hong Kong 紅
Mengshan (Xihe) 紅
Luchuan 紅
Senai (Huiyang) 紅
Kuching (Hepo) 紅
Huizhou Jixi 紅
Shexian 紅
Jin Taiyuan 紅
Xinzhou 紅
Linhe 紅
Jining 紅
Hohhot 紅
Zhangjiakou 紅
Handan 紅
Northern Min Jian'ou 紅
Eastern Min Fuzhou 紅
Southern Min Xiamen 紅
Xiamen (Tong'an) 紅
Quanzhou 紅
Yongchun 紅
Zhangzhou 紅
Zhao'an 紅
Taipei (Wanhua) 紅
Kaohsiung 紅
Yilan 紅
Changhua (Lukang) 紅
Taichung 紅
Taichung (Wuqi) 紅
Tainan 紅
Taitung 紅
Hsinchu 紅
Penghu (Magong) 紅
Penang (Hokkien) 紅
Singapore (Hokkien) 紅
Manila (Hokkien) 紅
Chaozhou 紅
Shantou 紅
Shantou (Chenghai) 紅
Jieyang 紅
Haifeng 紅
Bangkok (Teochew) 紅
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 紅
Singapore (Teochew) 紅
Leizhou 紅
Wenchang 紅
Haikou 紅
Singapore (Hainanese) 紅
Shaojiang Min Shaowu 赤
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 紅
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 紅
Shehua Fu'an 赤
Fuding 赤
Luoyuan 赤
Sanming 紅
Shunchang 紅
Hua'an 紅
Guixi (Zhangping) 紅
Cangnan 赤
Jingning 赤
Lishui 赤
Longyou 赤
Chaozhou 紅
Fengshun 紅
Wu Shanghai 紅
Shanghai (Chongming) 紅
Suzhou 紅
Danyang 紅
Hangzhou 紅
Ningbo 紅
Wenzhou 紅
Jinhua 紅
Xiang Changsha 紅
Loudi 紅

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 2 edit

Note:
  • kang - vernacular;
  • kong - literary.

Definitions edit

紅

  1. † Substitute character for 功 (gōng).
  2. † Substitute character for 工 (gōng).
    女紅／女红  ―  nǚgōng  ―  the feminine arts (e.g. needlework, sewing, embroidery)
  3. Placename in the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history, northeast of modern Tai'an, Shandong.

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 3 edit

Definitions edit

紅

  1. † Substitute character for 絳／绛 (jiàng).

References edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

紅

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Compounds

Etymology 1 edit

 
紅 (kurenai, beni, kō): hexadecimal color code #D71345
 
紅 (kurenai, beni): the safflower, Carthamus tinctorius
Kanji in this term
紅
くれない
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

⟨kure no2 awi⟩ → /kurenawi/ → /kurenai/

From Old Japanese.

Shift from 呉の藍 (Kure no ai),[1][2] itself a compound of 呉 (Kure, “China”) +‎ の (no, possessive particle) +‎ 藍 (ai, “indigo → dye”)). The safflower, from which the crimson dye was extracted, was brought to Japan from China.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

紅(くれない) • (kurenai) ←くれなゐ (kurenawi)?

  1. the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
    Synonyms: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro), 丹紅 (tankō)
  2. the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), from which this color is extracted
    Synonyms: 呉の藍 (Kure no ai), 紅花 (kōka, benibana), 末摘花 (suetsumuhana)
    • 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 13, poem 661)
      紅(くれなゐ)の色(いろ)にはいでじ隠(かく)れ沼(ぬ)の下(した)にかよひて恋(こひ)は死(し)ぬとも
      kurenai no iro ni wa ideji kakure nu no shita ni kayoite koi wa shinu to mo
      I shall not show it as a safflower flaunts its red―not though I perish of a love kept as secret as streams in a hidden marsh.[3]
  3. a 伽羅 (kyara)-class incense
Derived terms edit
Derived terms
Proverbs edit

Proper noun edit

紅(くれない) • (Kurenai) ←くれなゐ (kurenawi)?

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2 edit

 
紅 (beni): lipstick
 
紅 (beni): rouge
Kanji in this term
紅
べに
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

*/peni/ → /beni/

First attested in The Pillow Book, completed in 1002.

Shift from *heni, attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE) with the original sense of "rouge".

The ni is definitely 丹 (ni, “red earth, cinnabar”), while the initial pe/be remains uncertain.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

紅(べに) • (beni) 

  1. the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
    Synonyms: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro), 丹紅 (tankō)
  2. Short for 紅花 (benibana). the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), from which this color is extracted
  3. the crimson pigment extracted from safflower petals, used in cosmetics and as a food coloring
    Synonym: 臙脂 (enji)
  4. rouge (red cosmetic traditionally made from safflowers)
    Synonym: 頬紅 (hōbeni)
  5. lipstick, lip liner (also traditionally made from safflowers)
    Synonym: 口紅 (kuchibeni)
Derived terms edit
Derived terms
Idioms edit

Proper noun edit

紅(べに) • (Beni) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 3 edit

 
紅 (aka): hexadecimal color code #FF0000
Kanji in this term
紅
あか
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling for 赤 (aka, “red”).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

紅(あか) • (aka) 

  1. Alternative spelling of 赤 (aka, “red”)
Usage notes edit

The 紅 spelling for aka carries connotations of a deeper red or crimson color.

Proper noun edit

紅(あか) • (Aka) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 4 edit

 
紅 (momi): A princess doll showing the momi kimono liner.
Kanji in this term
紅
もみ
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

From 揉み (momi, “kneading”, stem form of verb momu), by extension from the kneading of cloth during the dyeing process.

Alternative forms edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

紅(もみ) • (momi) 

  1. silk cloth dyed an even shade of one color, often a deep gold dyed again with crimson, traditionally used as a kimono liner
    Synonym: 本紅 (hon-momi)
Derived terms edit

Proper noun edit

紅(もみ) • (Momi) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 5 edit

 
紅 (kō): hexadecimal color code #D71345
Kanji in this term
紅
こう
Grade: 6
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 紅 (MC huwng).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

紅(こう) • (kō) 

  1. the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
    Synonym: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro)
Idioms edit
Derived terms edit

Affix edit

紅(こう) • (kō) 

  1. crimson
  2. safflower
  3. female
  4. Substitute character for 工: work done by women

Proper noun edit

紅(こう) • (Kō) 

  1. a female given name

References edit

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Helen Craig McCullough (1985) Brocade by Night: Kokin Wakashū and the Court Style in Japanese Classical Poetry, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 264

Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

Hanja edit

紅 (eumhun 붉을 홍 (bulgeul hong))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Etymology 2 edit

Hanja edit

紅 (eumhun 상복 공 (sangbok gong))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Old Japanese edit

Etymology edit

Shift from 呉の藍 (Kure no2 awi),[1][2] itself a compound of 呉 (Kure, “China”) +‎ の (no2, possessive particle) +‎ 藍 (awi, “indigo → dye”).

Noun edit

紅 (kurenawi) (kana くれなゐ)

  1. a safflower, Carthamus tinctorius
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 19, poem 4139:
      , text here
      春苑紅尓保布桃花下照道尓出立𡢳嬬
      paru no2 so2no2 kurenawi nipopu momo no2 pana sitaderu mi1ti ni idetatu woto2me1
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

  • Japanese:紅(くれない) (kurenai)

References edit

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese edit

Chữ Hán edit

紅: Hán Việt readings: hồng (胡(hồ)公(công)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], hường[5]
紅: Nôm readings: hồng[1][2][4][5][3], hường[2][6][5], hông[7]

  1. chữ Hán form of hồng (“pink”).
  2. chữ Hán form of hường (“pink”).

Compounds edit

Derived terms

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Hồ (1976).
  7. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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