在許
Chinese
editto be at | there; that place | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (在許) | 在 | 許 | |
simp. (在许) | 在 | 许 | |
alternative forms |
Etymology
editFirst syllable from a lenited form of 在 (MC dzojX|dzojH) (Qian, 1997).
The second syllable likely resulted from an irregular reflex of 許 (MC xjoX) > *he (Fu & Zhengzhang, 2015) (Qian, 1997) which has developed usages as determiners or pronoun plural suffixes in various Wu varieties. Compare Wenzhounese 許/许 (3hi, 3hei, 3he, 3shi, “that”), Wenling Taizhounese 我許/我许 (3ngo-he3, “we”), Shanghainese 壗頭/壗头 (5he-deu6, “over there at...”), etc.
The aspect marker senses are part of a commonplace semantic derivation in Wu and some of Gan, whereby preposition-demonstrative phrases come to be grammaticalized as stative verb markers (Qian, 1997).
Pronunciation
edit- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6le-he5; 6la-he5; 8laq-he5; 8leq-he5 / 6le-he1; 8leq-he1 / 8leq-ha1 / 2le-he5; 8laq-he5
- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Wugniu: 6le-he5; 6la-he5; 8laq-he5; 8leq-he5
- MiniDict: le去 he去; la去 he去; lah入 he去; leh入 he去
- Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 3le-he2; 3la-he2; 5laq-he2; 5leq-he2
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²² he⁴⁴/, /la²² he⁴⁴/, /laʔ¹¹ he²³/, /ləʔ¹¹ he²³/
- (Northern: Suzhou)
- (Northern: Hangzhou)
- (Northern: Ningbo)
- (Northern: Shanghai)
Verb
edit在許 (Wu)
- to be (somewhere), to be in, to exist
- Used to indicate the continuous aspect.
- 儂活在許末浪費空氣,死脫末浪費土地,我乃搭儂見氣也是浪費辰光,豪𢜶滾開! [Shanghainese, trad.]
- 6non 8weq-laq-he-meq 6laon-fi 1khon-chi 5shi-theq-meq 6laon-fi 5thu-di 6ngu 6ne 7taq-non 5ci-chi 6gha 6zy 6laon-fi 6zen-kuaon 6ghau-sau 5kuen 1khe [Wugniu]
- You're a waste of air alive and waste of soil dead, me talking to you right now is a waste of time, now fuck off!
侬活在许末浪费空气,死脱末浪费土地,我乃搭侬见气也是浪费辰光,豪𢜶滚开! [Shanghainese, simp.]
- (when placed at the end of a sentence) Used to indicate the perfective aspect.
- 我就一家頭活在許,嘸沒一個人好交我講講閒話,一直等到有一趟子撒哈拉沙漠裡出仔故障,大概有六年個事體。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
- 6ngu 6zhieu 7iq-ka-deu 8weq-laq-he 6m-meq 7iq-gheq 6gnin 5hau 1kau 6ngu 5kaon-kaon 6ghe-gho 7iq-zeq 5ten-tau 6yeu 7iq-thaon-tsy 5sa-ha-la 1so-moq 6li 7tsheq-tsy 5ku-tsaon 6da-ke 6yeu 8loq-gni-gheq 6zy-thi [Wugniu]
- So I lived my life alone, without anyone that I could really talk to, until I had an accident with my plane in the Desert of Sahara, six years ago.
我就一家头活在许,呒没一个人好交我讲讲闲话,一直等到有一趟子撒哈拉沙漠里出仔故障,大概有六年个事体。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
Usage notes
editWhen placed at the end of a sentence, glottalized pronunciations are preferred. The compound tends attatch onto the preceding term.
This orthography is an etymological spelling that can be applied to all lects. However, its usage may be limited, and phonetic spellings, such as 辣海, 勒海, 垃海, and 勒哈 (in Hangzhounese), may be preferred instead.
Synonyms
edit- (at):
- (in the process of):
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 正在, 刻正 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 正在, 在 |
Taiwan | 正在, 在 | |
Malaysia | 正在, 在 | |
Singapore | 正在, 在 | |
Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 在 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處 |
Hong Kong | 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 喺度 | |
Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 當, 在該, 當在 |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 當, 在該 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 當, 在該 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 當, 在該 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 當, 在該 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 正在, 在遐 | |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 著𡅏, 𡅏 |
Fuqing | 著𡅏 | |
Singapore (Fuqing) | 著𡅏 | |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧 |
Quanzhou | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧 | |
Zhangzhou | 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 當時 | |
Tainan | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 佇 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 佇, 佇咧 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 佇咧, 咧 | |
Shantou | 在 | |
Shantou (Chaoyang) | 在 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 在 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該 |
Ningbo | 來, 來的, 來該, 來當, 來東, 來勒 | |
Wenzhou | 是, 是搭 |
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 著 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 著 |
Taiwan | 著 | |
Harbin | 著 | |
Singapore | 著 | |
Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 著 |
Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 著 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 著 |
Xi'an | 著 | |
Xuzhou | 著 | |
Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 倒 |
Guiyang | 倒 | |
Guilin | 倒 | |
Liuzhou | 倒, 穩 | |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 著 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 緊 |
Hong Kong | 緊 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 緊 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 倒 |
Hakka | Meixian | 等 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 等 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 等 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 等 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 緊 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 等 | |
Kuching (Hepo) | 緊 | |
Jin | Taiyuan | 著 |
Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 緊 |
Wu | Shanghai | 勒海, 勒該 |
Hangzhou | 勒 | |
Ningbo | 的, 該, 當, 東, 仔, 勒眼 | |
Zhoushan | 底, 的 rare, 該, 當, 仔, 勒眼 |