User:RichardW57/Appendix:Welsh Letters
Introduction
editThis page is intended to explore what the appendix for Welsh letters will look like if they are expelled from the main space. This paragrpah is not part of the intended experience. There are two formats:
- A mere aggregation of existing entries. Note that the header lines are imperfect -
{{cy-letter}}
does not cater for the headword being different to the pagename. - An attempt to capture all the information in a few tables. The scheme is massively adapted from User:Thadh/Appendix:List of Afar letters and expands upon User:Thadh/Appendix:List of Welsh letters.
Aggregation
editThis is an appendix that records all the letters of the Welsh language.
A
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case A, lower case a)
- The first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called a and written in the Latin script. It is followed by B.
Mutation
edit- A cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word afal (“apple”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
afal | unchanged | unchanged | hafal |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “A”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
B
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case B, lower case b)
- The second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called bi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by A and followed by C.
Mutation
edit- B at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, to M in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Bangor (“Bangor”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
Bangor | Fangor | Mangor | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “B”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
C
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case C, lower case c)
- The third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ec and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by B and followed by Ch.
Mutation
edit- C at the beginning of words mutates to G in a soft mutation, to Ngh in a nasal mutation and to Ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word Cymru (“Wales”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
Cymru | Gymru | Nghymru | Chymru |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), chapter C, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Ch
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ch, lower case ch)
- The fourth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èch and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by C and followed by D.
Usage notes
editLike the other Welsh digraphs, Ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Chwilog is alphabetically sorted after Cydweli.
Mutation
edit- Ch cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “Ch”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
D
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case D, lower case d)
- The fifth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called di and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ch and followed by Dd.
Mutation
edit- D at the beginning of words mutates to Dd in a soft mutation, to N in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Dinbych (“Denbigh”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
Dinbych | Ddinbych | Ninbych | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “RichardW57/Appendix:Welsh Letters”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Dd
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Dd, lower case dd)
- The sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èdd and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by D and followed by E.
Usage notes
editLike the other Welsh digraphs, Dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, y Ddraenen Wen is alphabetically sorted after y Drenewydd.
Mutation
edit- Dd cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), chapter D, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
E
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case E, lower case e)
- The seventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Dd and followed by F.
Mutation
edit- E cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word eliffant (“elephant”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
eliffant | unchanged | unchanged | heliffant |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “E”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
F
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case F, lower case f)
- The eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èf and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by E and followed by Ff.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “F”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Ff
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ff, lower case ff)
- The ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èff and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by F and followed by G.
Usage notes
editLike the other Welsh digraphs, Ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Ffrainc is alphabetically sorted after Fietnam.
Mutation
edit- Ff cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “Ff”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
G
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case G, lower case g)
- The tenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èg and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ff and followed by Ng.
Mutation
edit- G at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Gwynedd (“Gwynedd”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
Gwynedd | Wynedd | Ngwynedd | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “G”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Ng
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ng, lower case ng)
- The eleventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called eng and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by G and followed by H.
Mutation
edit- Ng cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “Ng”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
H
editPronunciation
edit- (North Wales, standard) IPA(key): /aːɨ̯tʃ/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /haːɨ̯tʃ/, /hə/
- (South Wales, standard) IPA(key): /ai̯tʃ/
- (South Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /hai̯tʃ/, /hə/
Letter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case H, lower case h)
- The twelfth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called aitsh and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ng and followed by I.
Mutation
edit- H cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “H”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
I
editPronunciation
edit- (North Wales) IPA(key): /iː/
- (South Wales, standard) IPA(key): /ˌiː ˈdɔt/, /ˌiː ˈðɔt/
Letter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case I, lower case i)
- The thirteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called i or i dot and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by H and followed by J.
Mutation
edit- I cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word iwrch (“roe deer”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
iwrch | unchanged | unchanged | hiwrch |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), chapter I, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
J
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case J, lower case j)
- The fourteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called je and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by I and followed by L.
Mutation
edit- J cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “J”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
L
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case L, lower case l)
- The fourteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called el and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by J and followed by Ll.
Mutation
edit- L cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), chapter L, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Ll
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ll, lower case ll)
- The sixteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èll and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by L and followed by M.
Mutation
edit- Ll at the beginning of words mutates to L in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word llawen (“merry”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
llawen | lawen | unchanged | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “Lh”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
M
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case M, lower case m)
- The seventeenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called em and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ll and followed by N.
Mutation
edit- M at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word merch (“girl, daughter”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
merch | ferch | unchanged | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), chapter M, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
N
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case N, lower case n)
- The eighteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called en and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by M and followed by O.
Mutation
edit- N cannot mutate in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “N”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
O
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case O, lower case o)
- The nineteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by N and followed by P.
Mutation
edit- O cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word oren (“orange”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
oren | unchanged | unchanged | horen |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “O”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
P
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case P, lower case p)
- The twentieth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called pi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by O and followed by Ph.
Mutation
edit- P at the beginning of words mutates to B in a soft mutation, to Mh in a nasal mutation and to Ph in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word prawf (“test”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
prawf | brawf | mhrawf | phrawf |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “P”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Ph
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ph, lower case ph)
- The twenty-first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ffi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by P and followed by R.
Mutation
edit- Ph cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “Ph”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
R
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case R, lower case r)
- The twenty-second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ph and followed by Rh.
Mutation
edit- R cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “R”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Rh
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Rh, lower case rh)
- The twenty-third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called rhi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by R and followed by S.
Mutation
edit- Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
rhedeg | redeg | unchanged | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “RichardW57/Appendix:Welsh Letters”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
S
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case S, lower case s)
- The twenty-fourth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ès and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Rh and followed by T.
Mutation
edit- S cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “S”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
T
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case T, lower case t)
- The twenty-fifth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called bi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by S and followed by Th.
Mutation
edit- T at the beginning of words mutates to D in a soft mutation, to Nh in a nasal mutation and to Th in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word tŷ (“house”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
tŷ | dŷ | nhŷ | thŷ |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “T”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Th
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Th, lower case th)
- The twenty-sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èth and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by T and followed by U.
Mutation
edit- Th cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “Th”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
U
editPronunciation
edit- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ɨː/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˌiː ˈbeːdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈbɛdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈɡʊpan/
Letter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case U, lower case u)
- The twenty-seventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called u, u bedol, or u gwpan and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Th and followed by W.
Mutation
edit- U cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word uchelwydd (“mistletoe”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
uchelwydd | unchanged | unchanged | huchelwydd |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “U”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
W
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case W, lower case w)
- The twenty-eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called w and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by U and followed by Y.
Mutation
edit- W cannot be mutated but when representing a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word wy (“egg”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
wy | unchanged | unchanged | hwy |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
- However, when it represents the semivowel /w/, W cannot be mutated.
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
wal | unchanged | unchanged | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “W”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Y
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Y, lower case y)
- The twenty-ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by W.
Mutation
edit- Y cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word ysgol (“school; ladder”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
ysgol | unchanged | unchanged | hysgol |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “Y”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
a
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): à
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): á
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): â
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ä
Pronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural âu)
- The first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called a and written in the Latin script. It is followed by b.
- The name of the Latin-script letter A/a.
Derived terms
editMutation
editWelsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
a | unchanged | unchanged | ha |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
editb
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case B, lower case b)
- The second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called bi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by a and followed by c.
Mutation
edit- b at the beginning of words mutates to f in a soft mutation, to m in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word bara (“bread”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
bara | unchanged | ||
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “b”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
c
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case C, lower case c)
- The third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ec and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by b and followed by ch.
Mutation
edit- c at the beginning of words mutates to g in a soft mutation, to ngh in a nasal mutation and to ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word cath (“cat”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
cath | gath | nghath | chath |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), chapter C, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
ch
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ch, lower case ch)
- The fourth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èch and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by C and followed by D.
Usage notes
editLike the other Welsh digraphs, ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, chwech is alphabetically sorted after cyllell.
Mutation
edit- ch cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ch”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
d
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case D, lower case d)
- The fifth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called di and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by ch and followed by dd.
Mutation
edit- d at the beginning of words mutates to dd in a soft mutation, to n in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word draig (“dragon”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
draig | ddraig | nraig | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), chapter D, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
dd
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Dd, lower case dd)
- The sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èdd and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by d and followed by e.
Usage notes
editLike the other Welsh digraphs, dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ddoe is alphabetically sorted after dydd.
Mutation
edit- dd cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “dd”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
e
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): è
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): é
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ê
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ë
Pronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural eau)
- The seventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by dd and followed by f.
- The name of the Latin-script letter E/e.
Derived terms
editMutation
editWelsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
e | unchanged | unchanged | he |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
f
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case F, lower case f)
- The eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èf and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by e and followed by ff.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “f”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
ff
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ff, lower case ff)
- The ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èff and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by f and followed by g.
Usage notes
editLike the other Welsh digraphs, ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ffa is alphabetically sorted after fwltur.
Mutation
edit- ff cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ff”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
g
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case G, lower case g)
- The tenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èg and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by ff and followed by ng.
Mutation
edit- G at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word gorsaf (“station”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
gorsaf | orsaf | ngorsaf | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “g”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
ng
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ng)
- The eleventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called eng and written in the Latin script.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
i
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ì
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): í
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): î
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ï
Letter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural ïau)
- The thirteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by h and followed by j.
- The name of the Latin-script letter I/i.
Derived terms
edit- Digraph sequences: iw
Mutation
editWelsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
i | unchanged | unchanged | hi |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
- (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd
ll
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ll, lower case ll)
- The sixteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èll and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by l and followed by m.
Mutation
edit- Ll at the beginning of words mutates to L in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word llawen (“merry”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
llawen | lawen | unchanged | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ll”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
o
editEtymology 1
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ò
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ó
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ô
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ö
Pronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural oau)
- The nineteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by n and followed by p.
- The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.
Derived terms
editMutation
editWelsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
o | unchanged | unchanged | ho |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
- (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd
ph
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ph, lower case ph)
- The twenty-first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ffi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by P and followed by R.
Mutation
edit- Ph cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ph”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
rh
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Rh, lower case rh)
- The twenty-third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called rhi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by R and followed by S.
Mutation
edit- Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
rhedeg | redeg | unchanged | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “rh”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
th
editPronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Th, lower case th)
- The twenty-sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èth and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by t and followed by u.
Mutation
edit- Th cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “th”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
u
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ
Pronunciation
edit- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ɨː/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˌiː ˈbeːdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈbɛdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈɡʊpan/
Letter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural uau)
- The twenty-eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called u and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by th and followed by w.
- The name of the Latin-script letter U/u.
Derived terms
edit- Digraph sequences: uw
Mutation
editWelsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
u | unchanged | unchanged | hu |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
w
editEtymology 1
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ
Pronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural ŵau)
- The twenty-eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called w and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by u and followed by y.
- The name of the Latin-script letter W/w.
Derived terms
edit- Digraph sequences: wy
Mutation
editWelsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
w | unchanged | unchanged | hw |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
- (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd
y
editEtymology 1
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel /ə/): ỳ
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ý
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ŷ
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ÿ
Pronunciation
editLetter
editAppendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural yau)
- The twenty-ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called y and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by w.
- The name of the Latin-script letter Y/y.
Mutation
editWelsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
y | unchanged | unchanged | hy |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Derived terms
edit- Digraph sequences: yw
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
- (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd
Table
editThis is an appendix that records all the letters of the Welsh language.
List
editFor further reading on the letters, see
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
a b c ch d dd e f ff g ng h i j l ll m n o p ph r rh s t th u w y
In alphabetical order, the acknowledged letters of the Welsh aphabet are:
Upper case letter | Lower case letter | Pronunciation (IPA(key): ) | Name | Mutation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Represented | Name (standard) | Name (informal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | a | /aː/ | a |
A cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word afal (“apple”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
B | b | /b/ | /biː/ | /bə/ | bi |
B at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, to M in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Bangor (“Bangor”):
b at the beginning of words mutates to f in a soft mutation, to m in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word bara (“bread”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C | c | /k/ | /ɛk/ | /kə/ | ec |
C at the beginning of words mutates to G in a soft mutation, to Ngh in a nasal mutation and to Ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word Cymru (“Wales”):
c at the beginning of words mutates to g in a soft mutation, to ngh in a nasal mutation and to ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word cath (“cat”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ch | ch | /χ/ | /ɛχ/ | /χ/ | èch | Ch and ch cannot be mutated in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
D | d | /d/ | /diː/ | /də/ | di |
D at the beginning of words mutates to Dd in a soft mutation, to N in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Dinbych (“Denbigh”):
d at the beginning of words mutates to dd in a soft mutation, to n in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word draig (“dragon”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dd | dd | /ð/ | /ɛð/ | /ð/ | èdd | Dd and dd cannot be mutated in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
E | e | /eː/ Rhymes: -eː |
e |
E cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word eliffant (“elephant”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
F | f | /v/ | /ɛv/ | /v/ | èf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ff | ff | /f/ | /ɛf/ | /f/ | èff | Ff and ff cannot be mutated in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
G | gg | /ɡ/ | /ɛɡ/ | /ɡə/ | èg |
G at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Gwynedd (“Gwynedd”):
g at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word gorsaf (“station”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ng | ng | /ŋ/ | /ɛŋ/ | /ŋ/ | eng | Ng cannot be mutated in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | h | /h/ | Lua error in Module:parameters at line 298: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-N" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. /aːɨ̯tʃ/ (South Wales) IPA(key): /ai̯tʃ/ |
(North Wales) IPA(key): /haːɨ̯tʃ/, /hə/ Lua error in Module:parameters at line 298: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-S" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. /hai̯tʃ/, /hə/ |
aitsh | H cannot be mutated in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
I | i | Lua error in Module:parameters at line 298: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-N" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. /iː/ Lua error in Module:parameters at line 298: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-S" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. /ˌiː ˈdɔt/, /ˌiː ˈðɔt/ |
i i dot |
I cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word iwrch (“roe deer”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
J | j | /dʒ/ | /dʒeː/ | je | J cannot be mutated in Welsh. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L | l | /l/ | /ɛl/ | /l/ | el | L cannot be mutated in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ll | ll | /ɬ/ | /ɛɬ/ | /ɬ/ | èll |
Ll at the beginning of words mutates to L in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word llawen (“merry”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M | m | m | /ɛm/ | /m/ | em |
M at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word merch (“girl, daughter”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
N | n | n | /ɛn/ | /n/ | en | N cannot mutate in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
O | o | /oː/ | o |
O cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word oren (“orange”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
P | p | p | /piː/ | /pə/ | pi |
P at the beginning of words mutates to B in a soft mutation, to Mh in a nasal mutation and to Ph in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word prawf (“test”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ph | ph | f | /fiː/ | /f/ | ffi | Ph cannot be mutated in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
R | r | r | /ɛr/ | r | er | R cannot be mutated in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rh | rh | r̥ | /r̥iː/ | /r̥/ | rhi |
Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):
Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
S | s | s | /ɛs/ | /s/ | ès | S cannot be mutated in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
T | t | t | /tiː/ | /tə/ | bi |
T at the beginning of words mutates to D in a soft mutation, to Nh in a nasal mutation and to Th in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word tŷ (“house”):
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Th | th | θ | /ɛθ/ | /θ/ | èth | Th cannot be mutated in Welsh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U | u | Lua error in Module:parameters at line 298: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-N" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. | /ɨː/ | u |
U cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word uchelwydd (“mistletoe”):
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Lua error in Module:parameters at line 298: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-S" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. | /ˌiː ˈbeːdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈbɛdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈɡʊpan/ | u u bedol u gwpan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
W | w | /uː/ | w |
W cannot be mutated but when representing a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word wy (“egg”):
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Y | y | /ə/ | /ə/, /əː/ | e |
Y cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word ysgol (“school; ladder”):
|
a
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): à
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): á
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): â
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ä
Derived terms
editMutation
editWelsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
a | unchanged | unchanged | ha |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
editCh
editUsage notes
editLike the other Welsh digraphs, Ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Chwilog is alphabetically sorted after Cydweli.
Like the other Welsh digraphs, ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, chwech is alphabetically sorted after cyllell.
Dd
editUsage notes
editLike the other Welsh digraphs, Dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, y Ddraenen Wen is alphabetically sorted after y Drenewydd.
Usage notes
editLike the other Welsh digraphs, dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ddoe is alphabetically sorted after dydd.
e
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): è
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): é
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ê
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ë
ff
editUsage notes
editLike the other Welsh digraphs, Ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Ffrainc is alphabetically sorted after Fietnam.
Like the other Welsh digraphs, ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ffa is alphabetically sorted after fwltur.
ng
editi
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ì
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): í
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): î
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ï
Derived terms
edit- Digraph sequences: iw
o
editAlternative forms=
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ò
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ó
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ô
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ö
Pronunciation
editDerived terms
editu
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ
Derived terms
edit- Digraph sequences: uw
w
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ
Derived terms
edit- Digraph sequences: wy
y
editAlternative forms
edit- (with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel /ə/): ỳ
- (with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ý
- (with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ŷ
- (with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ÿ
Derived terms
edit- Digraph sequences: yw
Digraphs
editIn Afar, long vowels and long consonants are written by doubling the letter:
- ⟨a⟩ /ʌ/; ⟨aa⟩ /aː/
- ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/; ⟨gg⟩ /ɡː/
Furthermore, there is one borrowed digraph:
Upper case letter | Lower case letter | Pronunciation (IPA) |
---|---|---|
Sh | sh | /ʃ/ |
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)