乞

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Han characterEdit

乞 (Kangxi radical 5, 乙+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 人弓 (ON), four-corner 8071₇, composition ⿱𠂉乙)

Derived charactersEdit

仡, 𠖯, 吃, 圪, 屹, 忔, 扢, 汔, 犵, 阣, 㫓, 杚, 肐, 盵, 矻, 䇄, 籺, 紇, 䎢, 虼, 訖, 趷, 乾, 釳, 䬣, 䩐, 𩠓, 亁, 䰴, 麧, 齕, 迄, 䞘, 刉, 㩿, 䒗, 疙, 䦍

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 84, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 170
Dae Jaweon: page 170, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 50, character 7
Unihan data for U+4E5E

ChineseEdit

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (乞) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
乞	kʰɯds, kʰɯd
盵	*kʰɯds
齕	ɡɯːd, ɡuːd
紇	ɡɯːd, ɡuːd
籺	*ɡɯːd
圪	ŋrɯd, ŋɯd
訖	*kɯd
吃	*kɯd
扢	kɯd, kuːd, *ɡuːd
疙	*ŋɯd
屹	*ŋɯd
仡	ŋɯd, hŋɯd
迄	*hŋɯd
釳	*hŋɯd
忔	*hŋɯd
汔	*hŋɯd
矻	*kʰuːd
麧	*ɡuːd

Variant of 气 (OC *kʰɯds), distinguished to indicate a phonetically borrowed meaning “to beg”.

Pronunciation 1Edit

simp. and trad.		乞
alternative forms		气𠧒

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): qǐ (qi³)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ

(Chengdu, SP): qi²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hat¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hat²
Gan (Wiktionary): qit⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiet / khié / khiat
Jin (Wiktionary): qieh⁴
Min Bei (KCR): kĭ
Min Dong (BUC): ké̤ṳk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): khit

(Teochew, Peng'im): keg⁴ / kêg⁴ / kig⁴
Wu (Wiktionary): ⁴qiq
Xiang (Wiktionary): qi⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cǐ
  - Wade–Giles: chʻi³
  - Yale: chǐ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chii
  - Palladius: ци (ci)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: qi²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ki
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hat¹
  - Yale: hāt
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hat⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: hed¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐt̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hat²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hat̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: qit⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰit̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiet / khié
  - Hakka Romanization System: kied` / kie`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiad⁵ / kie³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯et̚²/, /kʰi̯e³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiat
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiad`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiad⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯at̚²/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: qieh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰiəʔ²/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰi²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ké̤ṳk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰøyʔ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khit
  - Tâi-lô: khit
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qid
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰit̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰit̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰit̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰit̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰit̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: keg⁴ / kêg⁴ / kig⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khṳk / khek / khik
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɯk̚²/, /kʰek̚²/, /kʰik̚²/

Note:

keg4 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai, Raoping;
kêg4 - Jieyang;
kig4 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: ⁴qiq
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɪʔ⁵⁵/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: qi⁶
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 乞
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕʰi¹³/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕʰi⁴²/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕʰi²¹/
	Xining	/t͡ɕʰji²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰi³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰi²¹/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕʰi³¹/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕʰiʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕʰiəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕʰiəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰiəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡ɕʰiəʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕʰiəʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡ɕʰai²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰiʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/kʰo⁵/ /t͡ɕʰi⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kʰit̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɐt̚⁵/
	Nanning	/hɐt̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/hɐt̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/kʰit̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/kʰøyʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/kʰi²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kʰɯk̚²/ /kʰiʔ²/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/xit̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: /kʰɨt̚/

Rime
Character	乞
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	欣 (58)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	去迄切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɨt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiət̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨt̚/
Li Rong	/kʰiət̚/
Wang Li	/kʰĭət̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰi̯ət̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hat¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰət/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯd/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	乞
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ khjɨt ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰət/
English	beg, ask
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	乞
Reading #	2/2
No.	10082
Phonetic component	乞
Rime group	物
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kʰɯd/
Notes	氣的轉註字從乞與從氣同

DefinitionsEdit

乞

to beg
to request
a surname

CompoundsEdit

乞盟
乞糖
乞身
乞降 (qǐxiáng)
乞鞠
乞食 (qǐshí)
乞骸
乞骸骨 (qǐ háigǔ)
伏乞
千乞
容乞
寒乞
求乞 (qiúqǐ)
行乞 (xíngqǐ)
乞乞縮縮／乞乞缩缩
乞兒／乞儿 (qǐ'ér)
乞力馬扎羅山／乞力马扎罗山 (Qǐlìmǎzhāluó Shān)
乞哀告憐／乞哀告怜 (qǐ'āigàolián)
乞師／乞师 (qǐshī)
乞憐／乞怜 (qǐlián)

Pronunciation 2Edit

simp. and trad.		乞
alternative forms		气𠧒去 Hokkien

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qì (qi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hei³
Min Dong (BUC): ké̤ṳk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): khit / khì

(Teochew, Peng'im): keh⁴ / kêh⁴ / kih⁴ / koih⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qì
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cì
  - Wade–Giles: chʻi⁴
  - Yale: chì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chih
  - Palladius: ци (ci)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hei³
  - Yale: hei
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hei³
  - Guangdong Romanization: héi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯³³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ké̤ṳk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰøyʔ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khit
  - Tâi-lô: khit
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qid
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰit̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰit̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khì
  - Tâi-lô: khì
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qix
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰi²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: keh⁴ / kêh⁴ / kih⁴ / koih⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khṳh / kheh / khih / khoih
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɯʔ²/, /kʰeʔ²/, /kʰiʔ²/, /kʰoiʔ²/

Note:

kêh4 - Jieyang;
kih4 - Chaoyang.

Middle Chinese: /kʰɨi^H/

Rime
Character	乞
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	去旣切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɨi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiəi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨj^H/
Li Rong	/kʰiəi^H/
Wang Li	/kʰĭəi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰe̯i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯds/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	乞
Reading #	1/2
No.	10073
Phonetic component	乞
Rime group	隊
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kʰɯds/
Notes	氣字注今體，集韻徑作乞（與）

DefinitionsEdit

乞

(obsolete or Min Dong, Teochew) to give
乞汝一把筆 [Min Dong, trad.]
乞汝一把笔 [Min Dong, simp.]
ké̤ṳk nṳ̄ siŏh bā bék / [kʰøyʔ²⁴ nˡy³³ suoʔ⁵ pa³³ pɛiʔ²⁴] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
[someone] gives you a pen

伊乞我本書／伊乞我本书 [Teochew] ― i¹ keh⁴ ua² bung² ze¹ [Peng'im] ― he gave me a book
- 妻自經死，買臣乞其夫錢，令葬。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  妻自经死，买臣乞其夫钱，令葬。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Han, circa 1^st century CE
  Qī zìjīng sǐ, Mǎichén qì qí fū qián, lìng zàng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
(Min Dong; Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Teochew Min Nan) by
乞人拍死 [Teochew] ― keh⁴ nang⁵ pah⁴ si² [Peng'im] ― be beat to death by someone
(Min Dong; Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Teochew Min Nan) Used before a verb to indicate passive voice.
杯仔乞偷去 [Hokkien] ― poe-á khit thau khì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― the cup has been stolen

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 給 (“to give”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		予, 畀
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		給
Mandarin	Beijing	給
	Taiwan	給
	Tianjin	給
	Jinan	給
	Xi'an	給
	Wuhan	把, 把得, 給
	Chengdu	給
	Guilin	給
	Yangzhou	把, 給
	Hefei	給
	Malaysia	給
	Singapore	給
Cantonese	Guangzhou	畀
	Hong Kong	畀
	Macau	畀
	Taishan	畀
	Dongguan	畀
	Yangjiang	畀
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	畀
	Penang (Guangfu)	畀
	Singapore (Guangfu)	畀
Gan	Nanchang	把
Hakka	Meixian	分
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	分
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	分
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	分
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	分
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	分
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	得
	Kuching (Hepo)	分
Jin	Taiyuan	給
Min Bei	Jian'ou	吶
Min Dong	Fuzhou	乞
Min Nan	Xiamen	予
	Quanzhou	予
	Zhangzhou	予
	Zhao'an	予
	Taipei	予
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	予
	Kaohsiung	予
	Yilan	予
	Changhua (Lukang)	予
	Taichung	予
	Taichung (Wuqi)	予
	Tainan	予
	Taitung	予
	Hsinchu	予
	Kinmen	予
	Penghu (Magong)	予
	Penang (Hokkien)	予
	Singapore (Hokkien)	予
	Manila (Hokkien)	予
	Chaozhou	分, 乞
	Shantou	分, 乞
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	乞
	Jieyang	分, 乞
	Haifeng	分, 予
	Singapore (Teochew)	乞
	Pontianak (Teochew)	分, 乞
	Leizhou	乞
	Wenchang	分
	Haikou	要
Wu	Shanghai	撥, 撥辣
	Suzhou	撥
	Ningbo	撥
	Wenzhou	匄
Xiang	Changsha	把

Dialectal synonyms of 被 (“by”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		被
Mandarin	Beijing	讓, 叫, 給
	Taiwan	讓, 叫, 給
	Jinan	叫, 讓
	Xi'an	叫
	Wuhan	把得
	Chengdu	遭, 叫
	Yangzhou	給, 把
	Hefei	給, 叫
	Malaysia	被, 給
	Singapore	被, 讓, 給
Cantonese	Guangzhou	畀
	Hong Kong	畀
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	畀
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	畀
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	畀
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	畀
	Macau	畀
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	畀
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	畀
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	畀
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	畀
	Foshan	畀
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	畀
	Foshan (Shunde)	畀
	Foshan (Sanshui)	畀
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	畀
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	畀
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	畀
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	畀
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	畀
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	畀
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	畀
	Taishan	畀
	Kaiping (Chikan)	畀
	Enping (Niujiang)	畀
	Heshan (Yayao)	畀
	Dongguan	畀
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	畀
	Shaoguan	畀
	Yunfu	畀
	Yangjiang	畀
	Xinyi	畀
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	畀
	Singapore (Guangfu)	畀
Gan	Nanchang	讓, 等
Hakka	Meixian	分
	Xingning	分
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	畀
	Huiyang	分
	Huidong (Daling)	分
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	分
	Boluo (Bendihua)	畀
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	分
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	畀
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	分
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	把
	Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)	畀
	Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)	把
	Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)	分
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	分
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	分
	Liannan	分
	Conghua (Lütian)	分
	Jiexi	分
	Changting	得
	Wuping	得
	Wuping (Pingyu)	得
	Liancheng	給
	Ninghua	分
	Ruijin	得
	Shicheng	得
	Shangyou (Shexi)	討
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	分
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	分
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	分
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	分
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	分
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	得
	Hong Kong	分
	Senai (Huiyang)	分
	Kuching (Hepo)	分
Jin	Taiyuan	叫, 給
Min Bei	Jian'ou	吶
Min Dong	Fuzhou	乞
Min Nan	Xiamen	予, 乞
	Quanzhou	予, 乞
	Zhangzhou	予, 乞
	Taipei	予
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	予
	Kaohsiung	予
	Yilan	予
	Changhua (Lukang)	予
	Taichung	予
	Tainan	予
	Hsinchu	予
	Kinmen	予
	Penghu (Magong)	予
	Singapore (Hokkien)	予
	Manila (Hokkien)	予
	Chaozhou	分, 乞
	Shantou	分, 乞, 予
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	乞
	Jieyang	分
	Leizhou	乞
	Haikou	要
Wu	Shanghai	撥, 撥辣
	Suzhou	撥, 撥勒
	Ningbo	撥, 撥人家
	Wenzhou	匄
Xiang	Changsha	聽, 撈, 讓, 被
Xiang	Shuangfeng	耗

ReferencesEdit

“乞”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00041

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

乞

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: こち (kochi)
Kan-on: きつ (kitsu)
Kan’yō-on: こつ (kotsu)
Kun: こう (kou, 乞う, Jōyō)^{←こふ (kofu, historical)}; こい (koi, 乞い)^{←こひ (kofi, historical)}
Nanori: ただし (tadashi)

“To give”:

Go-on: け (ke)
Kan-on: き (ki)
Kun: あたえる (ataeru, 乞える)^{←あたへる (ataferu, historical)}

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

乞丐 (かたい), 乞丐(かったい) (kattai, “beggar, idiot; (archaic) leprosy”)
乞丐(こつがい) (kotsugai, “beggar”)
乞丐(きっかい) (kikkai)
物(もの)乞(ご)い (monogoi, “beggar, begging”)
乞(こ)食(じき) (kojiki, “beggar, begging”)

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 乞 (MC kʰɨt̚).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	크ᇙ〮 (Yale: khúlq)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[2]	빌〯 (Yale: pǐl)	걸〮 (Yale: kél)