乙
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TranslingualEdit
Stroke order | |||
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Han characterEdit
Stroke order | |||
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乙 (Kangxi radical 5, 乙+0, 1 stroke, cangjie input 弓山 (NU), four-corner 17710)
- Kangxi radical #5, ⼄.
Derived charactersEdit
- Appendix:Chinese radical/乙
- 亿, 𫤾, 𠮙, 𫭖, 𫰆, 𡴭, 𢒼, 忆, 𢩧, 㲸, 𣄻, 𣎷, 𪵖, 肊, 𤓱, 𥘆, 𥝎, 𬖋, 䎲, 𦨇, 𧈝, 𮚲, 𮛁, 𬨖, 釔(钇), 鳦, 𪐘
- 𠫕, 𠮞, 𣄽, 氹, 𢖮, 𧰦, 𫚮, 𪸍, 𠀂, 𠧒, 𡴯, 艺, 𢩥, 朰, 戹, 穵, 𩁶, 𫘸, 𤴥, 𬸺, 𡆠
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 83, character 15
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 161
- Dae Jaweon: page 167, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 47, character 4
- Unihan data for U+4E59
ChineseEdit
Glyph originEdit
Historical forms of the character 乙 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Unknown. Different ancient texts propose different origins.
- Pictogram (象形) – a developing plant (Shuowen).
- Pictogram (象形) – the intestine of a fish (Erya).
- Pictogram (象形) – the gill bone of a fish (Liji Zhengyi (《禮記正義》)
The character should not be confused with 𠃉 > 鳦.
Etymology 1Edit
simp. and trad. |
乙 |
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PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
乙
- The second of the ten heavenly stems (天干 (tiāngān))
- second; 2; B; II; beta (used for unnamed people or objects, to enumerate headings in a list, for grades, etc.)
- (chemistry) eth-; ethyl
- 乙烷 ― yǐwán ― ethane
- (literary, formal) one
- a surname
Coordinate termsEdit
- (heavenly stems) 天干 (tiāngān); 甲 (jiǎ), 乙 (yǐ), 丙 (bǐng), 丁, 戊 (wù), 己 (jǐ), 庚 (gēng), 辛 (xīn), 壬 (rén), 癸 (guǐ) (Category: zh:Heavenly stems)
CompoundsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- → Zhuang: iet
Etymology 2Edit
simp. and trad. |
乙 |
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Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 乙 (otsu).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
乙
Etymology 3Edit
simp. and trad. |
乙 |
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PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
乙
- (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note ti (7).
- (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low ti (7̣).
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
乙
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Kanji in this term |
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乙 |
おつ Grade: S |
goon |
Originally from Middle Chinese 乙 (MC ʔˠiɪt̚), arising from the proper noun sense. Appears in texts from at least 833 CE.[1]
PronunciationEdit
Proper nounEdit
- the second of the ten Celestial Stems
NounEdit
- something B
- the second item of any ordered list
- (music) one tone lower than the note indicated by 甲 (kō, “something A”)
- (by extension from the musical sense) a lower, sonorous and moving sound or tone
- (noh theater) in noh musical accompaniment, a specific kind of muffled drum beat played by striking the head of the taiko drum and keeping the mallet pressed against the head
- (Kansai dialect, slang) a stupid person, someone who is slow on the uptake
- (rare, possibly archaic) the state or circumstances of a thing
- (rare, possibly archaic) dressing up in an odd fashion
Etymology 2Edit
Kanji in this term |
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乙 |
おつ Grade: S |
goon |
By extension from the moving tone noun sense. Appears in texts from the late Edo period, in the early 1800s.[1]
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
乙 • (otsu) -na (adnominal 乙な (otsu na), adverbial 乙に (otsu ni))
- out of the ordinary, strange or unusual in an interesting or stylish way
- strange, odd, weird
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:ja:東海道中膝栗毛 (Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige, “Footing It along the Tokaido Road”, or “Shank's Mare”), serial published 1802-1814:
- ヲヤ弥次さん、おつな手つきをしておめへ何をする
- Oya Yaji-san, otsu na tetsuki o shite omē nani o suru
- Oy, Yaji, what do you think you're doing with your weird way of using your hands?
- ヲヤ弥次さん、おつな手つきをしておめへ何をする
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:ja:東海道中膝栗毛 (Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige, “Footing It along the Tokaido Road”, or “Shank's Mare”), serial published 1802-1814:
InflectionEdit
Stem forms | |||
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Imperfective (未然形) | 乙だろ | おつだろ | otsu daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 乙で | おつで | otsu de |
Terminal (終止形) | 乙だ | おつだ | otsu da |
Attributive (連体形) | 乙な | おつな | otsu na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 乙なら | おつなら | otsu nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 乙であれ | おつであれ | otsu de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 乙ではない 乙じゃない |
おつではない おつじゃない |
otsu de wa nai otsu ja nai |
Informal past | 乙だった | おつだった | otsu datta |
Informal negative past | 乙ではなかった 乙じゃなかった |
おつではなかった おつじゃなかった |
otsu de wa nakatta otsu ja nakatta |
Formal | 乙です | おつです | otsu desu |
Formal negative | 乙ではありません 乙じゃありません |
おつではありません おつじゃありません |
otsu de wa arimasen otsu ja arimasen |
Formal past | 乙でした | おつでした | otsu deshita |
Formal negative past | 乙ではありませんでした 乙じゃありませんでした |
おつではありませんでした おつじゃありませんでした |
otsu de wa arimasen deshita otsu ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 乙で | おつで | otsu de |
Conditional | 乙なら(ば) | おつなら(ば) | otsu nara (ba) |
Provisional | 乙だったら | おつだったら | otsu dattara |
Volitional | 乙だろう | おつだろう | otsu darō |
Adverbial | 乙に | おつに | otsu ni |
Degree | 乙さ | おつさ | otsusa |
Etymology 3Edit
Kanji in this term |
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乙 |
おつ Grade: S |
goon |
Derived as aggressive clipping of お疲れ様です (otsukaresama desu, used as a kind of greeting at work, literally “that's honorable exhaustion (from hard work)”). The use of 乙 for the spelling is an example of phonetic ateji (当て字).
PronunciationEdit
InterjectionEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
Kanji in this term |
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乙 |
きのと Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 木 (Ki, “Wood”, one of the Five Elements) + の (no, attributive marker) + 弟 (oto, “younger brother”).
PronunciationEdit
Proper nounEdit
- the second of the ten heavenly stems
Etymology 5Edit
Kanji in this term |
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乙 |
おと Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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弟 |
Cognate with the initial oto- in 劣る (otoru, “to be less than; to be younger than”), 落とす (otosu, “to drop something”).[3][1] Also the first element in 弟 (otōto, “younger brother”).
First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[4]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- [from 712] (archaic) a younger sibling
- [from late 1500s] (archaic) the youngest sibling
- Synonym: 乙子 (otogo)
- [from late 1500s] (archaic) clipping of 乙娘 (oto musume) a young woman
- [from late 1500s] (archaic, Noh theater) clipping of 乙御前 (oto goze): a stock character in 狂言 (kyōgen) comic interludes, played as a plump and clumsy but earnest young woman
PrefixEdit
- applied to a noun denoting a person, or to a person's name:
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1998, 広辞苑 (Kōjien), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ^ “弟・乙”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Middle KoreanEdit
ParticleEdit
乙 (-ol)
- Idu script spelling of ᄋᆞᆯ (-ol, accusative case marker)
Old KoreanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From a Late Middle Chinese pronunciation of 乙 (MC ʔˠiɪt̚), which lenited coda /-t/ to /-r/.[1]
PhonogramEdit
乙 (*-r)
- A consonantal phonogram denoting coda consonant *-r
Usage notesEdit
Generally believed to have been pronounced as *-r, based both on internal evidence and the Chinese etymon. Old Korean 尸 (*-l) and 乙 (*-r) both merged unconditionally into *-l in Middle Korean, but the two phonograms were consistently distinguished in Old Korean until the late thirteenth century. Because Old Korean reconstructions are conventionally romanized using their Middle Korean reflex, the phonologically erroneous reconstruction *-l is often used as a shorthand.
Etymology 2Edit
Alternative formsEdit
- 肹 (*-(u)r, *-hur)
ParticleEdit
乙 (*-(u)r)
- Accusative case marker
- 1120, King Yejong of Goryeo, “悼二將歌 (Doijang-ga)”, in 平山申氏系譜 (Pyeongsan Sin-ssi Gyebo) [Genealogy of the Pyeongsan Sin descent group]:
Usage notesEdit
In Middle and Modern Korean, the allomorph taken by the accusative marker after a vowel may be 를 (-reul) instead of ㄹ (-l), especially in formal speech. This is the result of reduplication of the particle and is unlikely to have been present in Old Korean, although the phonologically opaque nature of the orthography makes it difficult to tell for sure.
In "Middle Old Korean", the late first-millennium stage of Korean represented by about a dozen mostly eighth-century poems, the accusative particle was consistently written with the phonogram 肹. 乙 has become dominant by the twelve poems of the tenth-century monk Gyunyeo, however, and 肹 is virtually not attested at all by the second millennium. There seems to be no semantic difference involved. Whether this represents a phonetic shift or simply a change in orthographic practice is unknown, although 肹 and 乙 had differing Middle Chinese initials.[2][3]
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Alexander Vovin, Old Korean and Proto-Korean *r and *l revisited
- ^ 이승재 (Yi Seung-jae) (2000), “차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구 [A study of case markers in Sinographic sources]”, in Gugeo gungmunhak, volume 127, pages 107—132
- ^ 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop) (2008), “삼국유사와 균여전의 향찰 표기자 비교 [A comparison of the orthography of the hyangchal of the Samguk yusa and the Gyunyeo-jeon]”, in Gugeohak, volume 51, pages 279—311
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
乙: Hán Nôm readings: ất, át, ắc, ắt, hắt, ặc, lớt
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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