氣

TranslingualEdit

Traditional	氣
Shinjitai	気
Simplified	气

Han characterEdit

氣 (Kangxi radical 84, 气+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人弓火木 (ONFD), four-corner 8091₇, composition ⿹气米)

Derived charactersEdit

㑶𠺪愾滊暣熂犔𣱬鎎靝餼霼𥧔

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 599, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17059
Dae Jaweon: page 990, character 26
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2011, character 14
Unihan data for U+6C23

ChineseEdit

trad.		氣
simp.		气^*
alternative forms		気𣱛炁

Wikipedia has articles on:

氣 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
Qi (English)

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 氣
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (气) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
愾	kʰɯːds, qʰɯds
忾	*qʰrɯl
刏	kɯl, ɡɯl, *kuːls
汽	*kʰɯds
氣	kʰɯds, qʰɯds
气	*kʰɯds
忥	*qʰɯds
餼	*qʰɯds
鎎	*qʰɯds
熂	*qʰɯds
霼	*qʰɯds
犔	*qʰɯds

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰɯds, *qʰɯds): phonetic 气 (OC *kʰɯds) + semantic 米 (“rice”) – to give rice as a gift.

Later borrowed meanings of “air, flow” from 气 (OC *kʰɯds). The derivative 餼 (OC *qʰɯds) refers to the original word. Compare 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd).

Pronunciation 1Edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): qì (qi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˋ

(Chengdu, SP): qi⁴

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чи (či, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): hei³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hei¹
Gan (Wiktionary): qi³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hi

(Meixian, Guangdong): hi⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): qi³
Min Bei (KCR): ki̿
Min Dong (BUC): ké
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): khì / khùi

(Teochew, Peng'im): ki³ / kui³
Wu (Wiktionary): qi (T2)
Xiang (Wiktionary): qi⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: qì
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chih
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cì
  - Wade–Giles: chʻi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Pinyin: qìr
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˋㄦ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiell
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cìr
  - Wade–Giles: chʻirh⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: qi⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ki
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чи (či, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: hei³
  - Yale: hei
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hei³
  - Guangdong Romanization: héi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hei¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: qi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hi
  - Hakka Romanization System: hi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /hi⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /çi⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: qi³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ki̿
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰi³³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ké
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɛi²¹³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khì
  - Tâi-lô: khì
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qix
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kʰi⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰi¹¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kʰi²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùi
  - Tâi-lô: khuì
  - Phofsit Daibuun: quix
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kʰui⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kʰui²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰui¹¹/

Note: khùi - vernacular, khì - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ki³ / kui³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khì / khùi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰi²¹³/, /kʰui²¹³/

Note:

ki3 - literary;
kui3 - vernacular.

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: qi (T2)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi³⁴/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: qi⁴
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 氣
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕʰi²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕʰi⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕʰi³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡ɕʰji²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕʰi¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕʰi¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰi¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕʰi²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡sʰz̩⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰi³²⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕʰi⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/hi⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hi⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hei³³/
	Nanning	/hi³³/
	Hong Kong	/hei³³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/kʰi²¹/ /kʰui²¹/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/kʰɛi²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/kʰi³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kʰi²¹³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/xi³⁵/ /xui³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /kʰɨi^H/

Rime
Character	氣
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	去旣切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɨi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiəi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨj^H/
Li Rong	/kʰiəi^H/
Wang Li	/kʰĭəi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰe̯i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰəp-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	氣
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qì
Middle Chinese	‹ khjɨj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰəp-s/
English	cloudy vapors
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	氣
Reading #	1/2
No.	10140
Phonetic component	气
Rime group	隊
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kʰɯds/

DefinitionsEdit

氣

air; gas
天然氣 / 天然气 ― tiānránqì ― natural gas

出去透透氣！ / 出去透透气！ ― Chūqù tòu tòuqì! ― Go out to breathe fresh air!

輪胎漏氣了。 / 轮胎漏气了。 ― Lúntāi lòu qì le. ― The tire is leaking gas.
breath (Classifier: 口 m; 股 m; 啖 c)
喘不過氣來 / 喘不过气来 ― chuǎnbùguòqì lái ― to be out of breath

我會戰鬥到最后一口氣。 [MSC, trad.]
我会战斗到最后一口气。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ huì zhàndòu dào zuìhòu yī kǒu qì. [Pinyin]
I will fight to my last breath.
(Chinese philosophy, traditional Chinese medicine) qi; vital energy; life force
元氣 / 元气 ― yuánqì ― vital energy

氣虛 / 气虚 ― qì xū ― to be deficient in vital energy
weather
天氣 / 天气 ― tiānqì ― weather

氣候 / 气候 ― qìhòu ― climate
smell; odour
氣味 / 气味 ― qìwèi ― smell

滿身酒氣 / 满身酒气 ― mǎnshēn jiǔ qì ― to have the odor of alcohol all over one's body
anger
生氣 / 生气 ― shēngqì ― to get angry

消消氣 / 消消气 ― xiāo xiāoqì ― to calm down
to be angry
我很氣。 / 我很气。 ― Wǒ hěn qì. ― I'm very angry.

氣哭了 / 气哭了 ― qì kū le ― to cry because one was so mad
to make angry; to annoy
別氣我！ / 别气我！ ― Bié qì wǒ! ― Don't annoy me!
quality; character; spirit; mettle
有男人氣 / 有男人气 ― yǒu nánrén qì ― to be manly

書生氣 / 书生气 ― shūshēng qì ― bookishness
vitality; vigor; morale; spirit
氣概 / 气概 ― qìgài ― mettle; lofty quality

一鼓作氣 / 一鼓作气 ― yīgǔzuòqì ― to accomplish in one vigorous effort

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 生氣 (“to be angry”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		怒
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		生氣
Mandarin	Beijing	生氣
	Taiwan	生氣
	Harbin	生氣
	Muping	生氣, 發氣, 發火兒, 惱火, 發毛, 毛火
	Jinan	生氣
	Luoyang	生氣
	Xi'an	生氣, 著氣
	Xining	生氣
	Ürümqi	生氣, 著氣
	Wuhan	慪氣, 慪, 起氣, 氣, 發氣
	Chengdu	慪氣, 慪, 生氣, 發氣
	Guiyang	生氣, 發氣
	Yangzhou	著氣, 見氣
	Nanjing	生氣
	Hefei	生氣
	Singapore	生氣
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	生氣
Cantonese	Guangzhou	發嬲, 嬲, 激氣
	Hong Kong	發嬲, 嬲, 激氣
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	怒氣, 發火, 谷氣
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	谷氣
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	惱
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	谷氣
	Macau	嬲
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	嬲
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	嬲
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	嬲
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	嬲
	Foshan	嬲
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	嬲
	Foshan (Shunde)	嬲
	Foshan (Sanshui)	發嬲
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	發嬲
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	嬲
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	嬲
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	嬲
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	嬲
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	嬲
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	嬲
	Taishan	嬲
	Kaiping (Chikan)	嬲
	Enping (Niujiang)	嬲
	Heshan (Yayao)	嬲
	Dongguan	谷氣
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	嬲
	Shaoguan	嬲
	Yunfu	嬲
	Yangjiang	激氣
	Xinyi	嬲
	Lianjiang	嬲
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	撞火
	Singapore (Guangfu)	嬲
	Yangon (Taishan)	嬲
	Mandalay (Taishan)	發氣
Gan	Nanchang	著氣
	Lichuan	發氣, 著氣
	Pingxiang	見氣, 發氣
Hakka	Meixian	激氣, 閼, 發譴
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	嬲
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	閼
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	嬲
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	嬲
	Wengyuan	閼
	Liannan	發性
	Conghua (Lütian)	發嬲
	Jiexi	閼
	Changting	氣
	Wuping (Yanqian)	惱, 發火
	Ninghua	生氣
	Yudu	發氣
	Ningdu	氣
	Tonggu (Sandu)	著氣
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	著急
	Dayu	發火
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	譴, 發閼, 發譴, 受氣
	Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian)	譴, 發譴, 受氣
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu)	閼, 發閼, 發譴, 受氣
	Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu)	譴, 發閼, 發譴, 受氣
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping)	閼, 發閼, 發譴, 受氣
	Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an)	氣, 發性, 受氣
	Hong Kong	發火
	Luchuan	火起
	Senai (Huiyang)	嬲
	Singapore (Dabu)	生氣
Huizhou	Jixi	發響, 見氣
Jin	Taiyuan	生氣
Min Bei	Jian'ou	燒色, 急
Min Dong	Fuzhou	受氣
Min Nan	Xiamen	受氣, 起歹面
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	受氣
	Zhao'an	生氣
	Taipei	受氣
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	受氣
	Kaohsiung	受氣
	Yilan	受氣
	Changhua (Lukang)	受氣, 惱氣
	Taichung	受氣
	Tainan	受氣
	Hsinchu	受氣
	Kinmen	受氣
	Penghu (Magong)	受氣
	Penang (Hokkien)	起癀
	Singapore (Hokkien)	受氣
	Manila (Hokkien)	受氣
	Chaozhou	生氣, 氣
	Shantou	生氣
	Jieyang	生氣
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	生氣
	Singapore (Teochew)	生氣, 氣
Wu	Shanghai	生氣, 見氣
	Suzhou	動氣, 氣
	Danyang	生氣, 見氣
	Wenzhou	生氣, 氣, 急
	Jinhua	生氣, 見氣
Xiang	Changsha	發氣, 見氣, 發脾氣
Xiang	Shuangfeng	發氣

DescendantsEdit

Sino-Xenic (氣):

→ Japanese: 気(き) (ki)
→ Korean: 기 (氣, gi)
→ Vietnamese: khí (氣)

Pronunciation 2Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xì (xi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: xì
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sì
  - Wade–Giles: hsi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: /hɨi^H/

Rime
Character	氣
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	許旣切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hɨi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xiəi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨj^H/
Li Rong	/xiəi^H/
Wang Li	/xĭəi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/xe̯i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰət-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*qʰɯds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	氣
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xì
Middle Chinese	‹ xjɨj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰət-s/
English	to present food
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	氣
Reading #	2/2
No.	10143
Phonetic component	气
Rime group	隊
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*qʰɯds/
Notes	後作餼

DefinitionsEdit

氣

^† Original form of 餼／饩 (xì, “to give food as a gift”).

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 氣

ReferencesEdit

“氣”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

JapaneseEdit

Shinjitai	気
Kyūjitai	氣

KanjiEdit

氣

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 気)

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: け (ke)
Kan-on: き (ki)
Kun: いき (iki, 氣)

Usage notesEdit

Not used in modern Japanese. Replaced by the shinjitai form 気.

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 氣 (MC kʰɨi^H).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	킝〮 (Yale: khúy)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[2]	긔〮운〮 (Yale: kúywún)	ᄭᅴ〮 (Yale: skúy)

PronunciationEdit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ki]
Phonetic hangul: [기]

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

氣

Wikisource

氣 (eumhun 기운 기 (giun gi))

Hanja form^? of 기 (“energy, aura, vitality, vigour”). [noun]

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

감기 (感氣, gamgi)
경기 (景氣, gyeonggi)
공기 (空氣, gonggi)
기력 (氣力, giryeok)
기류 (氣流, giryu)
기백 (氣魄, gibaek)
기분 (氣分, gibun)
기상 (氣象, gisang)
기세 (氣勢, gise)
기승 (氣勝, giseung)
기압 (氣壓, giap)
기온 (氣溫, gion)
기운 (氣運, giun)
기체 (氣體, giche)
기후 (氣候, gihu)
대기 (大氣, daegi)
분위기 (雰圍氣, bunwigi)
생기 (生氣, saenggi)
수증기 (水蒸氣, sujeunggi)
연기 (煙氣, yeon'gi)
오기 (傲氣, ogi)
일기 (日氣, ilgi)
자기 (磁氣, jagi)
전기 (電氣, jeon'gi)
절기 (節氣, jeolgi)
증기 (蒸氣, jeunggi)
토기 (吐氣, togi)
향기 (香氣, hyanggi)
혈기 (血氣, hyeolgi)

ReferencesEdit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

氣: Hán Nôm readings: khí

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