露

露 U+9732, 露 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9732 ← 霱 [U+9731] CJK Unified Ideographs 霳 → [U+9733]

露 U+F938, 露 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F938 ← 路 [U+F937] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 魯 → [U+F939]

Translingual

Han character

露 (Kangxi radical 173, 雨+12, 21 strokes, cangjie input 一月口一口 (MBRMR), four-corner 1016₄, composition ⿱⻗路)

Derived characters

• 虂 𭍆 𤅟 𤫢 𥸐

See also

• 霧

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1378, character 22
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42463
• Dae Jaweon: page 1887, character 38
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4078, character 6
• Unihan data for U+9732

• Unihan data for U+F938

Chinese

trad.		露
simp. #		露

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 露
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
髂	*kʰraːɡs
路	*ɡ·raːɡs
輅	*ɡ·raːɡs
賂	*ɡ·raːɡs
虂	*ɡ·raːɡs
露	*ɡ·raːɡs
潞	*raːɡs
鷺	*raːɡs
璐	*raːɡs
簬	*raːɡs
簵	*ɡ·raːɡs
洛	*ɡ·raːɡ
駱	*ɡ·raːɡ
絡	*ɡ·raːɡ
酪	*ɡ·raːɡ
烙	*ɡ·raːɡ
雒	*ɡ·raːɡ
珞	*ɡ·raːɡ
硌	*ɡ·raːɡ
袼	*ɡ·raːɡ, *klaːɡ
笿	*ɡ·raːɡ
鉻	*ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
鮥	*ɡ·raːɡ
鵅	*ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
挌	*ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
落	*ɡ·raːɡ
各	*klaːɡ
胳	*klaːɡ
閣	*klaːɡ
格	*klaːɡ, *kraːɡ
擱	*klaːɡ
恪	*kʰlaːɡ
愙	*kʰaːɡ
貉	*ɡlaːɡ, *mɡraːɡ
狢	*ɡlaːɡ
佫	*ɡlaːɡ
略	*ɡ·raɡ
茖	*kraːɡ
骼	*kraːɡ
觡	*kraːɡ
蛒	*kraːɡ
敋	*kraːɡ
客	*kʰraːɡ
喀	*kʰraːɡ
揢	*kʰraːɡ
額	*ŋɡraːɡ
峉	*ŋɡraːɡ
頟	*ŋɡraːɡ
詻	*ŋɡraːɡ
垎	*ɡraːɡ
楁	*ɡraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡs): semantic 雨 + phonetic 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs).

Etymology 1

Possibly a derivative of 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007) with exopassivising suffix *-s, literally, "what has been dropped".

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): lù (lu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nu⁴

  (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): lōu

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лў (lw, III)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lou⁶

  (Dongguan, Jyutping++): ngou³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): lu⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): lu⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): lu

  (Hailu, HRS): lu^ˇ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): lu⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): lou³
• Northern Min (KCR): sū
• Eastern Min (BUC): ló
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lou⁴
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lō͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lou⁷

• Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): lu⁶
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶lu
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lou⁵ / lou⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lù
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lù
    • Wade–Giles: lu⁴
    • Yale: lù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luh
    • Palladius: лу (lu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: nu⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nu²¹³/
  • (Xi'an)
    • Guanzhong Pinyin: lōu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɤu⁵⁵/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лў (lw, III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lou⁶
    • Yale: louh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lou⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: lou⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lou̯²²/
  • (Dongguan, Guancheng)
    • Jyutping++: ngou³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɔu³²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: lu⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: lu⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu¹¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lu
    • Hakka Romanization System: lu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /lu⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: lu^ˇ
    • Sinological IPA: /lu¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: lu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /lu⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: lou³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ləu⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sū
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /su⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ló
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ou²¹³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: lou⁴
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lo̍
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔu⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lō͘
    • Tâi-lô: lōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lo
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lɔ²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lɔ³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lou⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lōu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lou¹¹/
• Southern Pinghua
  • (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
    • Jyutping++: lu⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu²²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶lu
    • MiniDict: lu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³lu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /lu²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: lou⁵ / lou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ləu̯²¹/, /ləu̯⁴⁵/

Note:

• lou5 - vernacular;
• lou4 - literary.

---

• Middle Chinese: luH

Rime
Character	露
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	洛故切
Baxter	luH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/luoH/
Pan Wuyun	/luoH/
Shao Rongfen	/loH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɔH/
Li Rong	/loH/
Wang Li	/luH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/luoH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lou6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*p.rˤak-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	露
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lù
Middle Chinese	‹ luH ›
Old Chinese	/*p.rˁak-s/
English	dew; disclose
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	露
Reading #	1/1
No.	3860
Phonetic component	各
Rime group	暮
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	路
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·raːɡs/

Definitions

露

1. dew
2. (Northern Min) fog; mist
3. (literary, or in compounds) fruity beverage; syrup; nectar; juice
4. (literary, or in compounds) cosmetic products made by distilling flowers, fruit or leaves
5. a surname

Synonyms

• (dew):

edit

• 露水
• 露水珠 (lùshuǐzhū)
• 露水珠兒 / 露水珠儿
• 露水珠子
• 露珠 (lùzhū)

Dialectal synonyms of 露水 (“dew”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		露, 露水
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	露水
	Taiwan	露水
	Chengde	露水
	Chifeng	露水
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	露水
	Heihe	露水, 露
	Qiqihar	露水
	Harbin	露水, 露
	Jiamusi	露水, 露
	Baicheng	露水
	Changchun	露水
	Tonghua	露水
	Shenyang	露水, 露
	Jinzhou	露水, 露
	Singapore	露
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	露濕
	Tangshan	露水, 露
	Cangzhou	露濕
	Baoding	露水
	Shijiazhuang	露水兒
	Lijin	露水, 露
	Jinan	露水
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	露水
	Dandong	露水, 露
	Yantai	露水, 露
	Yantai (Muping)	露水, 露
	Qingdao	露水, 露
	Zhucheng	露水
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	露水
	Lingbao	露水
	Jining	露水
	Wanrong	露水
	Linfen	露水
	Shangqiu	露水
	Yuanyang	露水, 露
	Zhengzhou	露水
	Xinyang	露水
	Baihe	露水
	Xi'an	露水
	Baoji	露水, 露
	Tianshui	露水
	Xining	露水
	Xuzhou	露水
	Fuyang	露水
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	露水
	Lanzhou	露水
	Dunhuang	露水
	Hami	露水
	Ürümqi	露水
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	露水, 露, 露泊
	Nanchong	露水
	Dazhou	露水
	Hanyuan	露水, 露
	Xichang	露水, 露
	Zigong	露水
	Chongqing	露水
	Wuhan	露水, 露
	Yichang	露水
	Xiangyang	露水
	Tianmen	露水, 露
	Guiyang	露水
	Zunyi	露水
	Bijie	露水
	Liping	露水
	Zhaotong	露水, 露
	Dali	露水
	Kunming	露水, 露
	Mengzi	露
	Guilin	露水
	Liuzhou	露水
	Jishou	露水
	Changde	露水
	Hanzhong	露水, 露
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	露水
	Yangzhou	露水, 露
	Lianyungang	露水
	Lianshui	露水
	Nantong	露水
	Anqing	露水
	Wuhu	露水
	Hefei	露水
	Hong'an	露水
Cantonese	Guangzhou	露水, 霧水
	Hong Kong	露水
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	露水
	Macau	露水
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	霧水
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	露水
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	霧水
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	霧水
	Foshan	霧水
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	霧水
	Foshan (Shunde)	露水
	Foshan (Sanshui)	霧水
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	露水
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	露水
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	露水
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	霧水
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	露水
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	霧水
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	霧水
	Taishan	霧水
	Kaiping (Chikan)	霧水
	Enping (Niujiang)	霧水
	Heshan (Yayao)	露水
	Dongguan	霧水
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	露霧
	Yangjiang	霧水
Gan	Nanchang	露水
	Lichuan	露水
	Pingxiang	露水
Hakka	Meixian	露水
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	露水
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	露水
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	露水
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	露水
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	露水
	Yudu	露水, 露
Huizhou	Jixi	露水
	Shexian	露水
Jin	Taiyuan	露水
	Yangyuan	露水, 露
	Datong	露水
	Xinzhou	露水
	Lüliang (Lishi)	露水
	Changzhi	露水
	Linhe	露水, 露
	Jining	露水
	Hohhot	露水, 露
	Erenhot	露水
	Pingshan	露水
	Zhangjiakou	露水
	Handan	露水
	Linzhou	露水
	Suide	露水
Northern Min	Jian'ou	露水
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	露, 露水
Southern Min	Xiamen	露水
	Taipei	露水
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	露水
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	露水
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	露水
	Kaohsiung	露水
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	露水
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	露水
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	露水
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	露水
	Yilan	露水
	Yilan (Toucheng)	露水
	Changhua (Lukang)	露水
	Taichung	露水
	Tainan	露水
	Tainan (Anping)	露水
	Hsinchu	露水
	Kinmen	露水
	Penghu (Magong)	露水
	Penghu (Xiyu)	露水
	Longyan	露水
	Chaozhou	露水
	Leizhou	麻露
	Wenchang	毛露
	Haikou	毛露, 毛露水
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	霧水
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	霧露水
Wu	Shanghai	露水
	Shanghai (Chongming)	露水
	Suzhou	露水
	Danyang	露水, 味水
	Hangzhou	露水
	Ningbo	露水
	Wenzhou	露水
	Jinhua	露水
Xiang	Changsha	露水
	Loudi	露水
	Shuangfeng	露水

• (fog):

Dialectal synonyms of 霧 (“fog”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		霧, 霧氣, 霧靄
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		霧, 霧氣
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	霧
	Taiwan	霧
	Harbin	霧
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	霧
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	霧, 霧露
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	霧
	Wanrong	霧
	Xi'an	霧, 霧氣
	Xining	霧, 霧氣
	Xuzhou	霧
	Pizhou	霧
	Lianyungang (Ganyu)	霧
	Donghai	霧
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	霧
	Lanzhou	霧, 霧氣
	Ürümqi	霧
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	霧, 霧罩, 霧氣
	Wuhan	霧
	Guiyang	霧罩, 雲霧
	Guilin	霧
	Liuzhou	霧, 霧水
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	霧
	Yangzhou	霧
	Baoying	霧
	Taizhou	霧
	Zhenjiang	霧
	Lianyungang	霧
	Huai'an (Huaiyin)	霧
	Xuyi	霧
	Nantong	霧
	Rugao	霧
	Yancheng	霧
	Funing	霧
	Sihong	霧
	Hefei	霧
Cantonese	Guangzhou	霧
	Hong Kong	霧
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	霧
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	霧
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	霧
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	落霧
	Macau	霧
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	霧
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	霧
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	霧
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	霧, 大頭霧
	Foshan	霧
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	霧
	Foshan (Shunde)	霧
	Foshan (Sanshui)	霧
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	霧
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	霧
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	霧
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	霧
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	霧
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	霧
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	霧
	Taishan	霧
	Kaiping (Chikan)	霧
	Enping (Niujiang)	霧
	Heshan (Yayao)	霧
	Dongguan	霧, 霧水
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	霞霧
	Yangjiang	霧
	Danzhou	霧露
Gan	Nanchang	霧
	Lichuan	濛, 霧
	Pingxiang	霧露, 霧
Hakka	Meixian	霧, 濛沙, 濛霧
	Xingning	濛沙
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	霧
	Huidong (Daling)	霧, 濛霧
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	濛霞
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	濛露
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	霧
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	濛沙
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	沙霧
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	露
	Changting	濛沙
	Wuping	濛沙
	Wuping (Pingyu)	濛沙
	Liancheng	濛沙
	Ninghua	露
	Yudu	霧露
	Ruijin	濛沙
	Shicheng	濛
	Shangyou (Shexi)	濛露
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	濛沙煙
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	濛沙煙
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	濛煙
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	濛沙煙, 濛煙
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	濛沙煙, 濛煙
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	濛
	Hong Kong	霧
Huizhou	Jixi	霧
Jin	Taiyuan	霧
	Xinzhou	霧
Northern Min	Jian'ou	露
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	雺
Southern Min	Xiamen	霧, 雺
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	雺霧
	Kaohsiung	霧
	Yilan	霧
	Changhua (Lukang)	霧
	Taichung	霧, 雺
	Tainan	霧
	Hsinchu	霧
	Kinmen	霧
	Penghu (Magong)	霧
	Manila (Hokkien)	霧
	Chaozhou	霧
	Leizhou	霧
	Wenchang	霧
	Haikou	霧
Central Min	Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping)	霧
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	霧
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	罩子
Wu	Shanghai	霧, 霧露, 迷霧
	Shanghai (Chongming)	迷露
	Suzhou	迷露
	Wuxi	迷露
	Changshu	迷露
	Nantong (Haimen)	迷露
	Changzhou	迷霧
	Danyang	霧
	Nanjing (Gaochun)	霧
	Hangzhou	霧露
	Ningbo	霧露
	Wenzhou	幔, 幔露
	Jinhua	霧
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	霧露
Xiang	Changsha	霧, 罩子, 罩
	Loudi	霧, 罩子 thick
	Shuangfeng	霧, 霧罩, 霧罩子

Etymology 2

Karlgren (1957) considers this to be the same word as etymology 1, yet Schuessler (2007) thinks this may be a separate etymon, comparing it to Jingpho [script needed] (kra³¹, “to appear, to show”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lòu, lù (lou⁴, lu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄡˋ, ㄌㄨˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lou⁶ / lau⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lu
• Eastern Min (BUC): ló
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lō͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lou³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶lu

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lòu
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lòu
    • Wade–Giles: lou⁴
    • Yale: lòu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: low
    • Palladius: лоу (lou)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /loʊ̯⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lù
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lù
    • Wade–Giles: lu⁴
    • Yale: lù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luh
    • Palladius: лу (lu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu⁵¹/

Note:

• lòu - vernacular;
• lù - literary.

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lou⁶ / lau⁶
    • Yale: louh / lauh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lou⁶ / lau⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: lou⁶ / leo⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lou̯²²/, /lɐu̯²²/

Note:

• lou6 - literary;
• lau6 - vernacular.

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lu
    • Hakka Romanization System: lu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /lu⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ló
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ou²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lō͘
    • Tâi-lô: lōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lo
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lɔ²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lɔ³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lou³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lòu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lou²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶lu
    • MiniDict: lu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³lu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /lu²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: luH

Rime
Character	露
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	洛故切
Baxter	luH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/luoH/
Pan Wuyun	/luoH/
Shao Rongfen	/loH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɔH/
Li Rong	/loH/
Wang Li	/luH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/luoH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lou6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*p.rˤak-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	露
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lù
Middle Chinese	‹ luH ›
Old Chinese	/*p.rˁak-s/
English	dew; disclose
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	露
Reading #	1/1
No.	3860
Phonetic component	各
Rime group	暮
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	路
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·raːɡs/

Definitions

露

1. to be in the open; bare; open; exposed
2. (colloquial) to show; to reveal; to expose

Synonyms

• (to show): 顯出／显出 (xiǎnchū)

Compounds

• 不露
• 不露圭角
• 不露神色
• 不露聲色 / 不露声色 (bùlùshēngsè)
• 不露身手
• 不露鋒芒 / 不露锋芒
• 不露風聲 / 不露风声
• 不露馬腳 / 不露马脚
• 人生朝露
• 仙露明珠
• 冒霜撥露 / 冒霜拨露
• 冒露安身
• 凶相畢露
• 出乖露醜 / 出乖露丑
• 出頭露角 / 出头露角
• 出頭露面 / 出头露面
• 初露鋒芒 / 初露锋芒
• 初露頭角 / 初露头角
• 勃露斯
• 半吐半露
• 危若朝露
• 原形畢露 / 原形毕露 (yuánxíngbìlù)
• 吐露 (tǔlù)
• 吐露心腹
• 呈露 (chénglù)
• 吸風飲露 / 吸风饮露 (xīfēngyǐnlù)
• 單露 / 单露
• 坦露
• 垂露
• 塵露 / 尘露
• 多露
• 孤露
• 官星透露
• 寒露 (Hánlù)
• 展露 (zhǎnlù)
• 嶄露 / 崭露 (zhǎnlù)
• 嶄露鋒芒 / 崭露锋芒
• 嶄露頭角 / 崭露头角 (zhǎnlùtóujiǎo)
• 形跡敗露 / 形迹败露
• 彰露
• 恩露
• 惡露 / 恶露 (èlù, “lochia”)
• 懸針垂露 / 悬针垂露
• 承露
• 拋屍露骨 / 抛尸露骨
• 披霜冒露
• 披露 (pīlù)
• 披露肝膽 / 披露肝胆
• 拋頭露面 / 抛头露面 (pāotóulùmiàn)
• 掣襟露肘
• 掀露
• 揚己露才 / 扬己露才
• 揭露 (jiēlù)
• 搭克露
• 擺露 / 摆露
• 攢露 / 攒露
• 敗露 / 败露 (bàilù)
• 春秋繁露
• 春露秋霜
• 春風雨露 / 春风雨露
• 暴露 (bàolù, pùlù)
• 暴露狂 (bàolùkuáng)
• 曝露 (pùlù)
• 服氣吞露 / 服气吞露
• 服露餐霞
• 朝露 (zhāolù)
• 果子露 (guǒzilù)
• 松露 (sōnglù)
• 楓丹白露 / 枫丹白露 (Fēngdānbáilù)
• 沐浴露 (mùyùlù)
• 泄露 (xièlù)
• 流露 (liúlù)
• 洩露 / 泄露 (xièlù)
• 浮雲朝露 / 浮云朝露
• 淚盤如露 / 泪盘如露
• 深藏不露 (shēncángbùlòu, shēncángbùlù)
• 淺露 / 浅露
• 湛露
• 演繁露
• 漏露
• 煙霏露結 / 烟霏露结
• 蒸露
• 玉露 (yùlù)
• 珠露茶
• 甘露 (gānlù)
• 甘露之變 / 甘露之变
• 甘露子
• 甘露水漿 / 甘露水浆
• 甘露法雨
• 甘露滋心
• 發露 / 发露
• 白露 (báilù)
• 盡情吐露 / 尽情吐露
• 真情流露
• 祕而不露 / 秘而不露
• 窘態畢露 / 窘态毕露
• 紅露酒 / 红露酒
• 繁露
• 羸露
• 聖露西亞 / 圣露西亚 (Shènglùxīyà)
• 聲跡彰露 / 声迹彰露
• 脫帽露頂 / 脱帽露顶
• 膏露
• 花露 (huālù)
• 花露水 (huālùshuǐ)
• 草行露宿
• 草頭露 / 草头露
• 蒙霧露 / 蒙雾露
• 蓽露藍蔞 / 荜露蓝蒌 (bìlùlánlǚ)
• 薔薇露 / 蔷薇露
• 薤露
• 藏頭露尾 / 藏头露尾 (cángtóulùwěi)
• 行露
• 表露 (biǎolù)
• 袒胸露背 (tǎnxiōnglùbèi)
• 袒露 (tǎnlù)
• 裸露 (luǒlù)
• 覆露
• 調露 / 调露
• 謀泄事露
• 赤身露體 / 赤身露体 (chìshēnlùtǐ)
• 赤露 (chìlù)
• 透露 (tòulù)
• 過露 / 过露
• 醜態畢露 / 丑态毕露
• 金露花
• 金風玉露 / 金风玉露
• 鋒芒畢露 / 锋芒毕露 (fēngmángbìlù)
• 錢不露白 / 钱不露白
• 雌牙露嘴
• 雨露 (yǔlù)
• 雨露之恩
• 霜露之思
• 露一手 (lòu yīshǒu)
• 露一鼻子
• 露井
• 露兜樹 / 露兜树
• 露出 (lùchū)
• 露出破綻 / 露出破绽
• 露出馬腳 / 露出马脚 (lòuchū mǎjiǎo)
• 露原形
• 露口風 / 露口风
• 露地
• 露堂
• 露天 (lùtiān)
• 露天劇場 / 露天剧场
• 露天礦 / 露天矿
• 露天電影 / 露天电影
• 露宿 (lùsù)
• 露宿風餐 / 露宿风餐 (lùsùfēngcān)
• 露富
• 露封
• 露尾巴
• 露尾藏頭 / 露尾藏头
• 露布
• 露底 (lòudǐ)
• 露形
• 露怯 (lòuqiè)
• 露才揚己 / 露才扬己
• 露板
• 露柱
• 露水
• 露水交道
• 露水夫妻
• 露水姻緣 / 露水姻缘
• 露水珠兒 / 露水珠儿
• 露營 / 露营 (lùyíng)
• 露珠 (lùzhū)
• 露申
• 露白 (lòubái)
• 露盤兒 / 露盘儿
• 露相 (lòuxiàng)
• 露眼
• 露空
• 露脊鯨 / 露脊鲸 (lùjǐjīng)
• 露臉 / 露脸 (lòuliǎn)
• 露膽披肝 / 露胆披肝
• 露臺 / 露台 (lùtái)
• 露臺弟子 / 露台弟子
• 露苗 (lòumiáo)
• 露草
• 露華 / 露华 (lùhuá)
• 露葵
• 露袒
• 露覆
• 露車 / 露车
• 露鋒 / 露锋 (lùfēng)
• 露鋒芒 / 露锋芒
• 露電 / 露电
• 露面
• 露面拋頭 / 露面抛头
• 露章
• 露頭 / 露头
• 露頭角 / 露头角
• 露風 / 露风 (lòufēng)
• 露風聲 / 露风声
• 露餡兒 / 露馅儿 (lòuxiànr)
• 露馬腳 / 露马脚 (lòumǎjiǎo)
• 露骨 (lùgǔ)
• 露體 / 露体 (lùtǐ)
• 露點 / 露点
• 顯露 / 显露 (xiǎnlù)
• 顯露原形 / 显露原形
• 顯露頭角 / 显露头角
• 風燭草露 / 风烛草露
• 風雲月露 / 风云月露
• 風飧露宿 / 风飧露宿
• 風餐露宿 / 风餐露宿 (fēngcānlùsù)
• 飲露餐風 / 饮露餐风
• 飲風餐露 / 饮风餐露
• 餐風吸露 / 餐风吸露
• 餐風宿露 / 餐风宿露 (cānfēngsùlù)
• 餐風露宿 / 餐风露宿
• 餐風飲露 / 餐风饮露
• 鶴林玉露 / 鹤林玉露
• 鼻偃齒露 / 鼻偃齿露

Japanese

Kanji

露

(Jōyō kanji)

1. dew (つゆ)
2. bare, uncovered (あらわ)
3. Russia

Readings

• Go-on: る (ru)
• Kan-on: ろ (ro, Jōyō)
• Kan’yō-on: ろう (rō, Jōyō ^†)
• Kun: つゆ (tsuyu, 露, Jōyō)、あらわす (arawasu, 露す)^{←あらはす (arafasu, 露す, historical)}、あらわれる (arawareru, 露れる)^{←あらはれる (arafareru, 露れる, historical)}
• Nanori: あきら (akira)

Compounds

• 披(ひ)露(ろう) (hirō)
• 露(ロ)西(シ)亜(ア) (Roshia)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
露
つゆ Grade: S
kun'yomi

露 (tsuyu): a droplet of dew on a leaf.

⟨tuyu⟩ → /t͡suju/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) つゆ [tsúꜜyù] (Atamadaka – [1])
• (Tokyo) つゆ [tsùyúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨjɯ̟]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

露(つゆ) • (tsuyu) 

1. dew, dewdrop
   • 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 1, page 30:

     露　三禮義宗云：「白露八月節、寒露九月節。」音路。白虎通云：「甘露美露也。降則物無不美盛矣。」［和名：豆由］

     Dew - according to Mitsumata no Yoshimune: the hakuro is a solar term in the eighth lunar month, the kanro the ninth. The syllable has the same sound as 路 (ro). The Bai Hu Tong reads: amrita (sweet dew) is a beautiful dew. After descending, there are none that are not beautiful or abundant. (Japanese name: tsuyu)

2. (by extension) a drop or drops of something
3. transience
4. (historical) the threads of the sleeve ends of 狩衣 (kariginu), 水干 (suikan), etc.
5. tears
6. a gratuity, tip
7. (historical, colloquial) Synonym of 豆板銀 (mameitagin) a lump of silver used as currency in the Edo period

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 汁(つゆ), 液(つゆ) (tsuyu, “soup; sauce”)
• 露払(つゆはら)い (tsuyu-harai)
• 朝(あさ)露(つゆ) (asatsuyu)
• 雨(あめ)露(つゆ) (ametsuyu)
• 下(した)露(つゆ) (shitatsuyu)
• 白(しら)露(つゆ) (shiratsuyu)
• 夜(よ)露(つゆ) (yotsuyu)

Adverb

露(つゆ) • (tsuyu) 

1. not one bit
2. a few, a little

Derived terms

• 露(つゆ)程(ほど)も (tsuyuhodo mo)
• 露(つゆ)知(し)らず (tsuyu shirazu)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
露
あらわ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
顕

⟨arapa⟩ → /araɸa/ → /arawa/

From Old Japanese.

Cognate with prefix 粗 (ara-, “crude, raw”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) あらわ [áꜜràwà] (Atamadaka – [1])
• (Tokyo) あらわ [àráwá] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [a̠ɾa̠β̞a̠]

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

露(あらわ) • (arawa) ^{←あらは (arafa)?}-na (adnominal 露(あらわ)な (arawa na), adverbial 露(あらわ)に (arawa ni))

1. naked, bare

   不(ふ)満(まん)をあらわにする

   fuman o arawa ni suru

   to expose/lay bare one's discontent

2. blatant, frank, open
3. made public
4. obvious

Inflection

Inflection of 露

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	露だろ	あらわだろ	arawa daro
Continuative (連用形)	露で	あらわで	arawa de
Terminal (終止形)	露だ	あらわだ	arawa da
Attributive (連体形)	露な	あらわな	arawa na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	露なら	あらわなら	arawa nara
Imperative (命令形)	露であれ	あらわであれ	arawa de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	露ではない 露じゃない	あらわではない あらわじゃない	arawa de wa nai arawa ja nai
Informal past	露だった	あらわだった	arawa datta
Informal negative past	露ではなかった 露じゃなかった	あらわではなかった あらわじゃなかった	arawa de wa nakatta arawa ja nakatta
Formal	露です	あらわです	arawa desu
Formal negative	露ではありません 露じゃありません	あらわではありません あらわじゃありません	arawa de wa arimasen arawa ja arimasen
Formal past	露でした	あらわでした	arawa deshita
Formal negative past	露ではありませんでした 露じゃありませんでした	あらわではありませんでした あらわじゃありませんでした	arawa de wa arimasen deshita arawa ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	露で	あらわで	arawa de
Conditional	露なら（ば）	あらわなら（ば）	arawa nara (ba)
Provisional	露だったら	あらわだったら	arawa dattara
Volitional	露だろう	あらわだろう	arawa darō
Adverbial	露に	あらわに	arawa ni
Degree	露さ	あらわさ	arawasa

Classical conjugation of "露なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	露なら	あらはなら	arafanara
Continuative (連用形)	露に[1] 露なり[2]	あらはに あらはなり	arafani arafanari
Terminal (終止形)	露なり	あらはなり	arafanari
Attributive (連体形)	露なる	あらはなる	arafanaru
Realis (已然形)	露なれ	あらはなれ	arafanare
Imperative (命令形)	露なれ	あらはなれ	arafanare
Key constructions
Negative	露ならず	あらはならず	arafanarazu
Contrasting conjunction	露なれど	あらはなれど	arafanaredo
Causal conjunction	露なれば	あらはなれば	arafanareba
Conditional conjunction	露ならば	あらはならば	arafanaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	露なりき	あらはなりき	arafanariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	露なりけり	あらはなりけり	arafanarikeri
Adverbial	露に	あらはに	arafani
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb.

Derived terms

• 表(あらわ)す (arawasu)
• 現(あらわ)れる (arawareru)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
露
ろ Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 露 (MC luH).

“Russia”

Short-form of ateji (当て字) spelling 露西亜.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ろ [róꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɾo̞]

• Audio:

  (file)

Affix

露(ろ) • (ro) 

1. dew, waterdrop
2. transience
3. appear, expose
4. open; in the open

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 露(ろ)営(えい) (roei)
• 露(ろ)岩(がん) (rogan)
• 露(ろ)見(けん), 露(ろ)顕(けん) (roken)
• 露(ろ)骨(こつ) (rokotsu)
• 露(ろ)地(じ) (roji)
• 露(ろ)場(じょう) (rojō)
• 露(ろ)出(しゅつ) (roshutsu)
• 露(ろ)呈(てい) (rotei)
• 露(ろ)天(てん) (roten)
• 露(ろ)店(てん) (roten)
• 露(ろ)仏(ぶつ) (robutsu)
• 露(ろ)命(めい) (romei)
• 雨(う)露(ろ) (uro)
• 悪(お)露(ろ) (oro)
• 甘(かん)露(ろ) (kanro)
• 寒(かん)露(ろ) (kanro)
• 玉(ぎょく)露(ろ) (gyokuro)
• 結(けつ)露(ろ) (ketsuro)
• 顕(けん)露(ろ) (kenro)
• 松露(しょうろ) (shōro)
• 草(そう)露(ろ) (sōro)
• 霜(そう)露(ろ) (sōro)
• 朝(ちょう)露(ろ) (chōro)
• 吐(と)露(ろ) (toro)
• 白(はく)露(ろ) (hakuro)
• 暴(ばく)露(ろ), 曝(ばく)露(ろ) (bakuro)
• 発(はつ)露(ろ) (hatsuro)
• 発(ほつ)露(ろ) (hotsuro)
• 流(りゅう)露(ろ) (ryūro)

Proper noun

露(ろ) • (ro) 

1. Short for ロシア (Roshia): Russia, Russian

   米(べい)露(ろ)関(かん)係(けい)

   Bei-Ro kankei

   US-Russia relations

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 欧(おう)露(ろ) (Ōro)
• 日(にち)露(ろ) (Nichi-Ro)
• 白(はく)露(ろ) (Hakuro)
• 露(ろ)語(ご) (rogo)
• 露(ろ)文(ぶん) (robun)
• 露(ろ)里(り) (rori)
• 露(ろ)和(わ) (Ro-Wa)
• 和(わ)露(ろ) (Wa-Ro)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 露 (MC luH). Recorded as Middle Korean 로〯 (lwǒ) (Yale: lwǒ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɾo̞] ~ [no̞]
• Phonetic hangul: [로/노]

Hanja

Wikisource

露 (eumhun 이슬 로 (iseul ro), word-initial (South Korea) 이슬 노 (iseul no))

1. hanja form^? of 로/노 (“dew”)
2. hanja form^? of 로/노 (“open; to reveal; to appear”)
3. hanja form^? of 로/노 (“Alternative form referring to Russia (in compounds, in news media)”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 백로 (白露, baengno)
• 노출 (露出, nochul)
• 폭로 (暴露, pongno)
• 토로 (吐露, toro)
• 노천 (露天, nocheon)
• 노적 (露積, nojeok)
• 노골 (露骨, nogol)
• 노숙 (露宿, nosuk)
• 노점 (露店, nojeom)
• 피로연 (披露宴, piroyeon)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Okinawan

Kanji

露

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• On (unclassified): る (ru)、るー (rū)
• Kun: ちゆ (chiyu, 露)

Compounds

• 寒(かん)露(る) (kanru)
• 白(はく)露(る) (hakuru), 白(ふぁく)露(る) (fakuru)
• 披露(ふぃるー) (firū)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
露
ちゆ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Cognate with Japanese 露 (tsuyu).

Pronunciation

• (Shuri-Naha) ちゆ [chìyú] (Heiban - [0])
• IPA^(key): [t͡ɕiju]

Noun

露(ちゆ) (chiyu) ^{←つぃゆ (twiyu)?}

1. a dew, dewdrop

Derived terms

• 夜(ゆ)露(ちゆ) (yuchiyu)

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *tuyu.

Noun

露 (tuyu) (kana つゆ)

1. a dew, dewdrop
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4318:
     , text here

     安伎能野爾都由於弊流波疑乎多乎良受弖安多良佐可里乎須具之弖牟登香

     aki₁ no₂ no₁ ni tuyu ope₁ru pagi₂ wo taworazute atara sakawi wo sugusitemu₂ to ka

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Descendants

• Japanese: 露 (tsuyu)

Etymology 2

Cognate with prefix 粗 (ara-, “crude, raw”).

Adjective

露 (arapa) (kana あらは)

1. naked, bare
   • 720, Nihon Shoki, Age of the gods, part 2:

     顯露、此云阿羅播弐。齋庭、此云踰弐波。

     Bare, read as arapa ni (modern arawa ni); holy ground, read as yunipa (modern yuniwa)

Derived terms

• 表す (arapasu)
• 現る (araparu)
• 現ろ (araparo₁, Eastern Old Japanese form of araparu)

Descendants

• Japanese: 露, 顕 (arawa)

Vietnamese

Han character

露: Hán Nôm readings: lộ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.