Wiktionary

米

See also: 釆
米 U+7C73, 米
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7C73
← 籲
[U+7C72] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 籴 →
[U+7C74]
⽶ U+2F76, ⽶
KANGXI RADICAL RICE
← ⽵
[U+2F75] 		Kangxi Radicals ⽷ →
[U+2F77]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 119 米

米 (Kangxi radical 119, 米+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火木 (FD), four-corner 90904, composition ⿻丷木(GHJKV) or ⿻十⿱丷八(T) or ⿻丷⿻十八(T))

  1. Kangxi radical #119, ⽶.

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 906, character 31
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26832
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1331, character 28
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3141, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+7C73

ChineseEdit

trad. 米
simp. # 米
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 米 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 米 (Cantonese)
  • 米 (Classical)
  • mī (Min Dong)
  • bí (Min Nan)

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 米
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
           
Characters in the same phonetic series (米) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
謎 *miː, *miːs
迷 *miː
米 *miːʔ
眯 *miːʔ
洣 *miːʔ
蔝 *miːʔ
麊 *me
冞 *me
糜 *mral
敉 *meʔ
侎 *meʔ
麋 *mril
蘪 *mril
攗 *mril

Pictogram (象形) – rice kernels.

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma-j ~ mej (“rice; paddy”). Cognate with Garo mi (“rice”), Atong (India) mai (“rice”), Jingpho ma (“rice; paddy”), Rabha মাই (mai), Dimasa mai.

PronunciationEdit

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 米
Mandarin Beijing /mi²¹⁴/
Harbin /mi²¹³/
Tianjin /mi¹³/
Jinan /mi⁵⁵/
Qingdao /mi⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /mi⁵³/
Xi'an /mi⁵³/
Xining /mji⁵³/
Yinchuan /mi⁵³/
Lanzhou /mi⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /mi⁵¹/
Wuhan /mi⁴²/
Chengdu /mi⁵³/
Guiyang /mi⁴²/
Kunming /mi⁵³/
Nanjing /mi²¹²/
Hefei /mz̩²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /mi⁵³/
Pingyao /mi⁵³/
Hohhot /mi⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /mi²³/
Suzhou /mi³¹/
Hangzhou /mi⁵³/
Wenzhou /mei³⁵/
Hui Shexian /mi³⁵/
Tunxi /me²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /mi⁴¹/
Xiangtan /mi⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /mi²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /mi³¹/
Taoyuan /mi³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /mɐi²³/
Nanning /mei²⁴/
Hong Kong /mɐi¹³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /bi⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /mi³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /mi²¹/ 量
/mi⁴²/ 名
Shantou (Min Nan) /bi⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /vi²¹³/
Rime
Character 米
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 莫禮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/meiX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/meiX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/mɛiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/mɛjX/
Li
Rong 		/meiX/
Wang
Li 		/mieiX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/mieiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		mǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		mai5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 米
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		mǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mejX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*(C.)mˁ[e]jʔ/
English millet or rice grains, dehusked and polished

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 米
Reading # 1/1
No. 9003
Phonetic
component 		米
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		米
Old
Chinese 		/*miːʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

米

  1. hulled or husked uncooked rice
  2. husked seed
  3. grain-like things
  4. (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 米粉 (mǐfěn, “rice vermicelli”).
    星洲炒米  ―  Xīngzhōu chǎomǐ  ―  Singapore-style noodles
  5. (Cantonese, Shanghainese Wu, slang) money
    有米 [Cantonese]  ―  jau5 mai5 [Jyutping]  ―  rich
    背米 [Shanghainese]  ―  [pe̞⁴⁴  mi²³] [IPA]  ―  to earn money
  6. (Shanghainese Wu, slang) ten thousand of a currency designation (Classifier: 粒)
  7. a surname
SynonymsEdit
Dialectal synonyms of 大米 (“husked uncooked rice”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 米
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 稻米
Mandarin Beijing 白米, 大米, 米
Taiwan 米
Harbin 大米, 米
Yantai (Muping) 大米
Jinan 大米
Luoyang 大米
Wanrong 大米
Xi'an 白米
Yinchuan 稻米, 白米
Lanzhou 大米
Xining 大米, 米
Ürümqi 米
Wuhan 米
Chengdu 米, 大米, 飯米
Guiyang 米
Guilin 米
Liuzhou 米
Xuzhou 大米, 米
Yangzhou 米
Nanjing 米
Hefei 米
Malaysia 米
Singapore 米
Cantonese Guangzhou 米
Hong Kong 米
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 米
Dongguan 米
Yangjiang 米
Danzhou 米
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 米
Singapore (Guangfu) 米
Gan Nanchang 米
Lichuan 米
Pingxiang 米
Hakka Meixian 米
Yudu 米
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 米
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 米
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 米
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 米
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 米
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 米
Hong Kong 米
Senai (Huiyang) 米
Kuching (Hepo) 米
Huizhou Jixi 米
Shexian 米
Tunxi 米
Jin Taiyuan 大米
Xinzhou 大米
Min Bei Jian'ou 米
Jian'ou (Dikou) 米
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 米
Pucheng (Shibei) 早米
Min Dong Fuzhou 米
Min Nan Xiamen 米
Quanzhou 米
Zhangzhou 米
Singapore (Hokkien) 米
Manila (Hokkien) 米
Chaozhou 米
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 米
Singapore (Teochew) 米
Leizhou 米
Wenchang 米
Haikou 米
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 米
Wu Shanghai 米
Shanghai (Chongming) 米
Suzhou 米
Danyang 米
Hangzhou 米
Ningbo 米
Wenzhou 米
Jinhua 米
Xiang Changsha 米
Loudi 米
Shuangfeng 米

CompoundsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

Short for 米突 (mǐtū), from English metre.

PronunciationEdit

DefinitionsEdit

米

  1. metre
    米三 [Teochew]  ―  bhi2 san1 [Peng'im]  ―  1.3 metres
    我有一米九高。  ―  Wǒ yǒu yī mǐ jiǔ gāo.  ―  I'm 1.9 metres tall.
SynonymsEdit
Dialectal synonyms of 米 (“metre”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 米, 公尺
Mandarin Beijing 米, 公尺
Taiwan 公尺, 米
Tianjin 米, 公尺
Tangshan 米, 公尺
Cangzhou 米, 公尺
Baoding 米, 公尺
Shijiazhuang 米, 公尺
Chifeng 米, 公尺
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 米, 公尺
Harbin 米, 公尺
Shenyang 米, 公尺
Qingdao 米, 公尺
Jinan 米, 公尺
Zhengzhou 米, 公尺
Xi'an 米, 公尺
Yinchuan 米, 公尺
Lanzhou 米, 公尺
Xining 米, 公尺
Ürümqi 米, 公尺
Wuhan 米, 公尺
Chengdu 米, 公尺
Chongqing 米, 公尺
Guiyang 米, 公尺
Kunming 米, 公尺
Guilin 米, 公尺
Liuzhou 米, 公尺
Xuzhou 米, 公尺
Yangzhou 米, 公尺
Nanjing 米, 公尺
Hefei 米, 公尺
Nantong 米, 公尺
Cantonese Guangzhou 米
Hong Kong 米, 公尺
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 公尺
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 公尺
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 公尺
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 公尺
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 公尺
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 公尺
Huizhou Shexian 米, 公尺
Jin Taiyuan 米, 公尺
Xinzhou 米, 公尺
Linhe 米, 公尺
Jining 米, 公尺
Hohhot 米, 公尺
Zhangjiakou 米, 公尺
Handan 米, 公尺
Min Nan Xiamen 米, 公尺
Quanzhou 米, 公尺
Zhangzhou 米, 公尺
Taipei 米 GT, 公尺 GT
Tainan 米
Wu Suzhou 米
Jinhua 米
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

CompoundsEdit

See alsoEdit

  • (unit of length): 丈 (zhàng), 尺 (chǐ), 寸 (cùn), 分 (fēn)

ReferencesEdit

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

米

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. rice
  2. (ateji) meter
  3. (ateji) America
  4. (ateji) United States

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Etymology 1Edit

 
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
米
こめ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

⟨ko2me2⟩ → */kəməj/ → /kome/

From Old Japanese. First appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 渠梅.[1]

Many theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

米(こめ) • (kome) 

  1. rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa), one of the five grains
    Hypernym: 五穀 (gokoku)
Derived termsEdit
ProverbsEdit
Proverbs
Coordinate termsEdit
See alsoEdit

Proper nounEdit

米(こめ) • (Kome) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
米
よね
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

⟨yo2nai⟩ → */jənai/ → */jəne/ → /jone/

First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).

Possibly from Proto-Japonic *jənaC- (Vovin, 1998)[7] and related to 稲 (ine, “rice plant”).

Unknown "-C-" consonantal segment, reconstructed by Vovin, seems unlikely considering [a ~ e] vowel alternation, seen in bound form yona- and free form yone:[8]

Compare 藍 (awi → ai, “indigo”) from 青 (awo → ao, “blue”) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle)[9] against 白い /siroi/ from ⟨siro1ki1⟩.[10]

The colloquial sense is derived from the components of the 米 kanji: 八 (hachi, “eight”) + 十 (jū, “ten”) + 八 (hachi, “eight”).

NounEdit

米(よね) • (yone) 

  1. the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa
    Synonym: 稲 (ine)
  2. rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa)
  3. (colloquial) an eighty-eight-year-old
    Synonym: 米寿 (beiju)
Derived termsEdit

Proper nounEdit

米(よね) • (Yone) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 3Edit

Kanji in this term
米
めめ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

First attested around the Edo period.

Probably a shortened reduplication of kome (see above). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

NounEdit

米(めめ) • (meme) 

  1. (colloquial) rice (husked grains of the rice plant)

Etymology 4Edit

Kanji in this term
米
めーとる
Grade: 2
(ateji)
kun’yomi

Borrowing from French mètre.[4]

The use of this kanji is attested in the Meiji period and is an example of ateji (当て字), shortened from Mandarin 米突 (mǐtū), see Chinese section above.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

米(メートル) • (mētoru) 

  1. Rare spelling of メートル (mētoru): metre (SI unit of length)
  2. Rare spelling of メーター (mētā): meter (a device or implement used for measurement)
Coordinate termsEdit
Derived termsEdit
Derived terms
See alsoEdit
See also

Etymology 5Edit

Kanji in this term
米
べい
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 米 (MC meiX).

PronunciationEdit

AffixEdit

米(べい) • (bei) ←べい (bei)?

  1. rice
  2. Short for アメリカ合衆国／亜米利加合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku, “United States (a country)”).
    米国(べいこく) (Beikoku, “US”)
    日米関係(にちべいかんけい) (Nichi-Bei kankei, “Japan–United States relations”)

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ “米”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  2. ^
    2011 December 1, Laurent Sagart, “How Many Independent Rice Vocabularies in Asia?”, in Rice‎[1], volume 4, number 3-4, DOI:10.1007/s12284-011-9077-8, ISSN 1939-8425, page 121–133:
  3. ^
    2017 January 1, Martine Robbeets, “Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal”, in Language Dynamics and Change‎[2], volume 7, number 2, DOI:10.1163/22105832-00702005, ISSN 2210-5824, page 210–251:
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  6. ^ 1960, Tetsuo Hirayama (平山輝男, editor), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”), (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  7. ^ Whitman, John (2012). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan, Rice, Volume 4, Issue 3–4, pp 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0
  8. ^ Salingre, Maëlys Apophonic toponyms in Japanese 2019
  9. ^ Thomas Pellard (2013). Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system. Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 20, CSLI Publications, pp.81–96, 2013.
  10. ^ Hamano, S. "Voicing of Obstruents in Old Japanese: Evidence from the Sound-Symbolic Stratum." Journal of East Asian Linguistics (2000) 9. 3: 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008367619295

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 米 (MC meiX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 몡〯 (Yale: myěy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] ᄡᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: psól) 미〯 (Yale: mǐ)

PronunciationEdit

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

米 (eumhun 쌀 미 (ssal mi))

  1. Hanja form? of 미 (“rice”). [affix]

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

ReferencesEdit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]

Old KoreanEdit

SuffixEdit

米 (*-moy?)

  1. Apparently a verbal causative suffix; because, since

Reconstruction notesEdit

  • This form is attested commonly in the hyangga poems of the first millennium, but nowhere else.
  • In the twentieth century, this was conventionally compared to Modern Korean 으매 (-eumae, “because, since”), but this seems impossible given that the modern construction is a grammaticalization of elements not found in Old Korean, and is not attested in Middle Korean.
  • Some scholars believe it is a mere orthographic variant of 㢱 (*-mye, connective suffix).

Further readingEdit

  • 이용 (Yi-Yong) (1999) 연결 어미의 형성에 관한 연구 [Study of the formation of connective suffixes], Seoul City University (PhD), pages 144—146
  • 김지오 (Kim Ji-o) (2019), “고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [The conditions and future tasks of analyzing connective endings in Old Korean]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 55–87

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

米: Hán Việt readings: mễ (莫(mạc)禮(lễ)切(thiết))[1][2]
米: Nôm readings: mễ[1][2][3][4], mè[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of mễ (“rice grains”).

CompoundsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Trần (2004).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bonet (1899).
  3. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  4. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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