地

地	U+5730, 地 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5730

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han characterEdit

地 (radical 32, 土+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 土心木 (GPD), four-corner 4411₂, composition ⿰土也)

Derived charactersEdit

哋𡜤逇𥒦

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 224, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4890
Dae Jaweon: page 456, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 420, character 12
Unihan data for U+5730

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		地
alternative forms		墬嶳埊坔埅

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 地
Western Zhou	Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)		Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu Slip and silk script	Shizhoupian script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (也) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
他	*l̥ʰaːl
拖	l̥ʰaːl, l̥ʰaːls
駞	*l'aːl
池	l'aːl, l'al
灺	*ljalʔ
鍦	ɦljaːl, hljal, *hljals
虵	ɦljal, laːlʔ, *lal
也	*laːlʔ
忚	*hleːl
髢	*l'eːls
杝	l̥ʰalʔ, l'alʔ, *lal
肔	l̥ʰalʔ, lalʔ
馳	*l'al
阤	l'alʔ, hljalʔ
施	hljal, hljals
絁	*hljal
葹	*hljal
弛	*hljalʔ
箷	*lal
衪	lel, lalʔ
暆	*lel
迆	lal, lalʔ
酏	lal, lalʔ
匜	lal, lalʔ
迤	*lalʔ
扡	*lalʔ
崺	*lalʔ
貤	lals, ɦljels, *lels
地	*l'els

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *l'els): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ).

Etymology 1Edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): dì (di⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄧˋ

(Dungan, Cyrillic): ди (di, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): dei⁶, dei^6-2, deng⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ei⁵, ei^5*
Gan (Wiktionary): ti⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): thi

(Meixian, Guangdong): ti⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): di³
Min Bei (KCR): dī
Min Dong (BUC): dê
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): tōe / tē / tǒe / tēre / tī / tè / tèr

(Teochew, Peng'im): di⁷ / do³
Wu (Wiktionary): di (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): di⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: dì
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄧˋ
  - Wade–Giles: ti⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dih
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dì
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti⁵¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic: ди (di, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: dei⁶, dei^6-2, deng⁶
  - Yale: deih, déi, dehng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dei⁶, dei^6-2, deng⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: déi⁶, déi², déng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tei̯²²/, /tei̯²²⁻³⁵/, /tɛːŋ²²/

Note: deng6 - usually written as 埞.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ei⁵, ei^5*
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ei³²/, /ei³²⁻³²⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: ti⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thi
  - Hakka Romanization System: ti
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ti⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰi⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ti⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰi⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: di³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ti⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dê
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɛi²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tōe
  - Tâi-lô: tuē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: doe
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tue⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tue³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /tue²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tē
  - Tâi-lô: tē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: de
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /te²²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /te³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /te⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǒe
  - Tâi-lô: tuě
- (Hokkien: Sanxia)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tēre
  - Tâi-lô: terē
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tī
  - Tâi-lô: tī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: di
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ti³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ti⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ti²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tè
  - Tâi-lô: tè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dex
  - IPA (Taipei): /te¹¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /te²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tèr
  - Tâi-lô: tèr
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tə⁴¹/

Note:

Xiamen, Quanzhou:
- tōe - vernacular;
- tē - literary.
Zhangzhou, Taiwan:
- tē/tōe/tǒe/tēre - literary.
Other readings:
- tī - vernacular (may be considered literary, only used in 土地公);
- tè/tèr - vernacular (limited, e.g. 到地, 鎮地, 掃地, possibly substitute for 帶).

(Teochew)

Peng'im: di⁷ / do³
Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tī / tò
Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti¹¹/, /to²¹³/

Note:

di7 - literary;
do3 - vernacular (e.g. 洗地, 掃地, 鎮地).

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: di (T3)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̻i²³/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: di⁵
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti²¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 地
Mandarin	Beijing	/ti⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ti⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ti⁵³/
	Jinan	/ti²¹/
	Qingdao	/ti⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ti³¹²/
	Xi'an	/ti⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡sz̩²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ti¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ti¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ti²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ti³⁵/
	Chengdu	/ti¹³/
	Guiyang	/ti²¹³/
	Kunming	/ti²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ti⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡sz̩⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ti⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/ti³⁵/
	Hohhot	/ti⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/di²³/
	Suzhou	/di³¹/
	Hangzhou	/di¹³/
	Wenzhou	/dei²²/
Hui	Shexian	/tʰi²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/tʰi¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ti⁵⁵/ /ti¹¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/di²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/tʰi²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/tʰi⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/tʰi⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tei²²/
	Nanning	/ti²²/
	Hong Kong	/tei²²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/ti²²/ /te²²/ ～理 /tue²²/ 土～
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/tɛi²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ti⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ti³¹/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ʔdi³⁵/ /ʔdi³³/ /ʔdi²³/

Middle Chinese: /diɪ^H/

Rime
Character	地
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	脂 (15)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	徒四切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/diɪ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/di^H/
Shao Rongfen	/djɪ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/di^H/
Li Rong	/di^H/
Wang Li	/di^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dei⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[l]ˤej-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*l'els/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	地
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dì
Middle Chinese	‹ dij^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[l]ˁej-s/
English	earth, ground
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	地
Reading #	1/1
No.	14808
Phonetic component	也
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	地
Old Chinese	/*l'els/

DefinitionsEdit

地

earth
ground; floor
這匹馬倒在地上。 / 这匹马倒在地上。 ― Zhè pǐ mǎ dǎo zài dìshang. ― The horse collapsed to the ground.

銀包跌咗落地。 [Cantonese, trad.]
银包跌咗落地。 [Cantonese, simp.]
ngan⁴ baau¹ dit³ zo² lok⁶ dei⁶. [Jyutping]
The wallet fell on the ground.
land; field (Classifier: 塊／块 c; 笪 c)
呢塊地 / 呢块地 [Cantonese] ― nei¹ faai³ dei⁶ [Jyutping] ― this plot of land
distance; separation
車站離這三里地。 / 车站离这三里地。 ― Chēzhàn lí zhè sān lǐ dì. ― The bus stop is three miles away.
farmland; field
田間地頭 / 田间地头 ― tiánjiān dìtóu ― farmland

下地幹活 / 下地干活 ― xiàdì gànhuó ― to farm
(only in compounds) place; location
本地 ― běndì ― local

地處 / 地处 ― dìchǔ ― located in
(only in compounds) status; situation
心地 ― xīndì ― mind

見地 / 见地 ― jiàndì ― perspective, opinion
(only in compounds) Short for 地球 (Dìqiú, “Earth”).
地日距離 / 地日距离 ― dì rì jùlí ― Earth–Sun distance

類地行星 / 类地行星 ― lèi dì xíngxīng ― terrestrial planet
(Taiwanese Hokkien) home
(Hakka) grave; tomb
蛤地站 ― Gédì zhàn ― Gedi station (蛤地 means "frog-shaped tomb")

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 地板 (“floor”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		地板, 地面
Mandarin	Beijing	地板, 地面兒
	Taiwan	地板
	Tianjin	地板
	Tangshan	地板
	Cangzhou	地板
	Baoding	地板
	Shijiazhuang	地板
	Chifeng	地板
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	地板
	Harbin	地板
	Shenyang	地板
	Qingdao	地板
	Jinan	地板
	Zhengzhou	地板
	Xi'an	地板, 腳地
	Yinchuan	地板
	Lanzhou	地板
	Xining	地板
	Ürümqi	地板
	Wuhan	地板
	Chengdu	地板
	Chongqing	地板, 樓板
	Guiyang	地板
	Kunming	地板
	Guilin	地板
	Liuzhou	地板
	Xuzhou	地板
	Yangzhou	地板
	Nanjing	地板
	Hefei	地板
	Nantong	地板
	Singapore	地
Cantonese	Guangzhou	地下, 地
	Hong Kong	地下, 地
	Singapore (Guangfu)	地
Hakka	Meixian	地泥
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	地泥
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	地泥
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	地泥
	Dongshi (Dabu)	地泥
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	地泥
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	泥下
Huizhou	Shexian	地板
Jin	Taiyuan	地板
	Xinzhou	地板, 地
	Linhe	地板
	Jining	地板
	Hohhot	地板
	Zhangjiakou	地板
	Handan	地板
Min Nan	Xiamen	塗跤
	Quanzhou	塗跤
	Jinjiang	塗跤
	Zhangzhou	塗跤
	Tainan	塗跤
	Penang (Hokkien)	塗跤
	Singapore (Hokkien)	塗跤
	Manila (Hokkien)	塗跤
	Medan (Hokkien)	塗跤
	Chaozhou	塗下
	Jieyang	塗下, 塗跤下
	Haifeng	塗跤
	Singapore (Teochew)	塗下

Dialectal synonyms of 家 (“home”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		家
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		家
Mandarin	Beijing	家
	Taiwan	家
	Tianjin	家
	Jinan	家
	Xi'an	家, 屋
	Wuhan	屋裡, 家
	Chengdu	屋頭, 家
	Guilin	家
	Yangzhou	家, 家頭
	Hefei	家
	Malaysia	家
	Singapore	家
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	家
Cantonese	Guangzhou	屋企
	Hong Kong	屋企
	Macau	屋企
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	屋企
	Xinhui	屋企
	Taishan	屋企, 企
	Dongguan	屋企
	Yunfu	屋己
	Yangjiang	屋己, 屋
	Maoming (Xinpo)	屋己
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	屋企
	Singapore (Guangfu)	屋企
Gan	Nanchang	屋裡
Hakka	Meixian	屋下
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	屋
	Huiyang	屋下
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	屋下
	Boluo (Bendihua)	屋
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	屋下
	Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)	屋下
	Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)	屋下
	Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)	屋下
	Wengyuan	屋下
	Liannan	屋下
	Jiexi	屋家
	Luhe	屋下
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	屋下
	Changting	屋下
	Wuping (Yanqian)	屋下
	Liancheng	屋下
	Ninghua	屋下
	Ningdu	屋下
	Tonggu (Sandu)	屋下
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	屋下
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	屋下
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	屋下
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	屋下
	Dongshi (Dabu)	屋家
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	屋下
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	屋下
	Hong Kong	屋下
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	屋下
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	屋下
	Xinyi (Sihe)	屋下
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	屋下
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	屋下
	Dianbai (Shalang)	屋下
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	屋下
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	屋下
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	屋下
	Mengshan (Xihe)	屋下
	Luchuan	屋下
	Senai (Huiyang)	屋下
Jin	Taiyuan	家
Min Bei	Jian'ou	厝
Min Dong	Fuzhou	厝
Min Dong	Singapore (Fuqing)	厝
Min Nan	Xiamen	厝, 兜
	Quanzhou	厝, 兜
	Jinjiang	厝
	Zhangzhou	厝, 兜
	Zhao'an	厝
	Taipei	兜
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	兜
	Kaohsiung	兜
	Yilan	厝, 兜
	Changhua (Lukang)	兜, 地
	Taichung	兜
	Tainan	厝, 兜
	Hsinchu	兜
	Kinmen	地, 兜
	Penghu (Magong)	地, 兜
	Penang (Hokkien)	厝
	Singapore (Hokkien)	厝, 兜
	Manila (Hokkien)	厝, 厝內, 兜
	Chaozhou	內
	Shantou	內
	Chaoyang	內
	Jieyang	內
	Haifeng	厝
	Bangkok (Teochew)	厝, 內
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	厝
	Singapore (Teochew)	內
	Wenchang	厝
	Qionghai	厝
	Singapore (Hainanese)	厝
Shehua	Fu'an	寮
	Fuding	寮
	Luoyuan	寮
	Sanming	寮
	Shunchang	寮
	Hua'an	寮
	Guixi (Zhangping)	寮
	Cangnan	寮
	Jingning	寮
	Lishui	寮
	Longyou	寮
	Chaozhou	寮
	Fengshun	寮
Wu	Shanghai	屋裡
	Suzhou	屋裡
	Ningbo	屋落, 屋裡
	Wenzhou	屋裡
Xiang	Changsha	屋裡
Xiang	Shuangfeng	屋裡

Dialectal synonyms of 墳 (“grave”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		墳墓, 墳
Mandarin	Beijing	墳
	Harbin	墳
	Muping	墳
	Jinan	墳
	Luoyang	墳, 墳地, 塋地, 墳墓
	Wanrong	墳, 墓
	Xi'an	墳, 墓
	Yinchuan	墳塋
	Ürümqi	墳
	Wuhan	墳
	Chengdu	墳, 墳墓
	Chongqing	墳, 墳墓
	Guiyang	墳, 墳墓 large
	Guilin	墳
	Liuzhou	墳, 山
	Xuzhou	墳墓, 墳
	Yangzhou	墳, 墳攤, 墳攤堆子
	Nanjing	墳
	Hefei	墳堰
	Changle (Qinjiang)	墳
	Singapore	墓, 墳墓
	Dagudi (Maliba)	墳堆
	Reshuitang (Longling)	墳堆
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	墳堆
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	墳
Cantonese	Guangzhou	山墳, 山, 墳
	Hong Kong	山墳, 墳, 墓, 墳墓
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	墳頭
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	墳頭
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	墳頭
	Macau	墳墓
	Taishan (Guanghai)	墳墓
	Dongguan	墓
	Yangjiang	山, 墳山
	Maoming (Xinpo)	墳山
	Nanning	墳山
	Wuzhou	墳山
	Yulin	墳山
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	墳山, 山
	Hepu (Shatian)	山
	Beihai	墳, 山
	Beihai (Nankang)	墳
	Beihai (Yingpan)	山, 墳山
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	墳墓, 墳頭, 墳山
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	墳墓, 墳山
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	墳墓
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	山墳, 義山
	Singapore (Guangfu)	墳墓
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	山墳
	Móng Cái	墳墓
	Mandalay (Taishan)	墳山, 墳墓
Gan	Nanchang	墳
Gan	Lichuan	墳, 墳塋 large
Hakka	Meixian	地, 墓
	Xingning	泥壠 first burial, 地 second burial
	Huidong (Daling)	地
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	墳頭
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	地, 地墳
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	地
	Wengyuan	地墳
	Qujiang	地
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	地 second burial
	Liannan	墳
	Jiexi	地
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	地
	Changting	地
	Wuping	地
	Wuping (Yanqian)	地, 死佬
	Wuping (Pingyu)	地
	Liancheng	地
	Ninghua	地
	Yudu	地
	Ruijin	地, 風水
	Shicheng	地
	Shangyou	地
	Tonggu (Sandu)	墳, 地
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	地
	Dayu	地
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	風水
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	風水
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	風水
	Dongshi (Dabu)	風水
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	風水
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	地, 風水
	Hong Kong	墳頭
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	山
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	山, 山頭
	Xinyi (Sihe)	山地
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	墳山
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	墳地
	Dianbai (Shalang)	墳山
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	墳地
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	墳, 墳地
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	墳, 地 without a body buried
	Mengshan (Xihe)	墳地
	Luchuan	山
	Senai (Huiyang)	墳, 風水, 義山
	Senai (Hepo)	墳墓, 地 dated
	Singkawang	地, 地門堂
	Pontianak (Meixian)	地
Jin	Taiyuan	墳, 墓
Min Bei	Jian'ou	塚
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	塚
	Songxi	塚
	Zhenghe	塚
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	塚
	Jianyang	塚
	Wuyishan	塚
	Pucheng (Shibei)	塚
Min Dong	Fuzhou	墓
	Changle	墓
	Lianjiang	墓
	Fuqing	墓
	Pingtan	墓
	Yongtai	墓
	Minqing	墓
	Gutian	地, 墓
	Pingnan	墓
	Luoyuan	墓
	Fu'an	墓
	Ningde	墓
	Xiapu	墓
	Zherong	墓
	Shouning	墓
	Zhouning	墓
	Fuding	墓
Min Nan	Xiamen	墓, 墓仔, 風水
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	墓
	Quanzhou	墓, 風水
	Jinjiang	墓
	Nan'an	墓
	Shishi	墓
	Hui'an	墓
	Anxi	墓
	Yongchun	墓
	Dehua	墓
	Zhangzhou	墓, 墓仔, 風水
	Longhai	墓
	Changtai	墓
	Hua'an	墓
	Nanjing	墓
	Pinghe	墓仔
	Zhangpu	墓
	Yunxiao	墓
	Zhao'an	墓
	Dongshan	墓
	Tainan	墓, 風水
	Kinmen	墓
	Penang (Hokkien)	墓
	Singapore (Hokkien)	墓, 墓地, 公司山 dated
	Manila (Hokkien)	墓
	Longyan	墓
	Zhangping	墓
	Datian	墓
	Chaozhou	墳
	Lufeng	風水
	Haifeng	風水
	Bangkok (Teochew)	墳, 義山
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	墳, 義山
	Leizhou	墓
	Haikou	墓
Puxian Min	Putian	墓
Puxian Min	Xianyou	墓
Min Zhong	Yong'an	墳
	Sanyuan	墳
	Shaxian	墳
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	墳墓, 山
Shehua	Fu'an	墓
	Fuding	墓
	Luoyuan	墳
	Sanming	墳
	Shunchang	墳
	Hua'an	墳
	Guixi (Zhangping)	墳
	Cangnan	墳
	Jingning	墳
	Lishui	墳
	Longyou	墳
	Chaozhou	墳
	Fengshun	墳
Wu	Shanghai	墳, 墳墓, 墓
	Chongming	墳
	Suzhou	墳
	Danyang	墳墓
	Hangzhou	墳
	Ningbo	墳, 墓
	Wenzhou	墳
	Yiwu	墳頭
Xiang	Changsha	墳
	Shuangfeng	墳, 墓
	Loudi	墳, 墓

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 地

DescendantsEdit

Sino-Xenic (地):

→ Japanese: 地(じ) (ji); 地(ち) (chi)
→ Korean: 지 (地, ji)
→ Vietnamese: địa (地)

Etymology 2Edit

Possibly the same word as 的, the possessive marker (Wang, 1958), but scholars like Lü (1943) and Yuan et al. (1996) are hesitant about this etymology.

Alternatively, Ōta (2003) proposes that it is a grammaticalization of etymology 1. The construction ADJ + 地 would have semantically developed as follows: "a ADJ place" → "in a ADJ place" → "in a ADJ manner".

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): de, di (de⁵, di⁵)

(Zhuyin): ˙ㄉㄜ, ˙ㄉㄧ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dei⁶, dei^6-2
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): tē

(Teochew, Peng'im): di⁷

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: de
  - Zhuyin: ˙ㄉㄜ
  - Wade–Giles: tê⁵
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .de
  - Tongyong Pinyin: de̊
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥ə/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: di
  - Zhuyin: ˙ㄉㄧ
  - Wade–Giles: ti⁵
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .di
  - Tongyong Pinyin: di̊
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥i/

Note: di is used in poetry, songs.

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: dei⁶, dei^6-2
  - Yale: deih, déi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dei⁶, dei^6-2
  - Guangdong Romanization: déi⁶, déi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tei̯²²/, /tei̯²²⁻³⁵/

Note:

dei6 - literary;
dei6-2 - vernacular, only used after reduplicated words.

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tē
- Tâi-lô: tē
- Phofsit Daibuun: de
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /te²²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /te⁴¹/
(Teochew)
- Peng'im: di⁷
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tī
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti¹¹/

DefinitionsEdit

地

(chiefly Mandarin) Particle indicating the word preceding it is used as an adverb.
alt. forms: 的, 底 obsolete

很快地 ― hěn kuài de ― very quickly

佢偷偷地走咗喇。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
keoi⁵ tau¹ tau¹ dei^6-2 zau² zo² laa³. [Jyutping]
He secretly left.

一個一歲模樣的孩子向我們蹣跚地走來。 [MSC, trad.]
一个一岁模样的孩子向我们蹒跚地走来。 [MSC, simp.]
Yīge yī suì móyàng de háizi xiàng wǒmen pánshān de zǒulái. [Pinyin]
A roughly one-year-old child came staggering towards us.

你乖乖地坐喺度喇吓。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
nei⁵ gwaai¹ gwaai¹ dei^6-2 co⁵ hai² dou⁶ laa³ haa². [Jyutping]
Sit here and behave, OK?

SynonymsEdit

(Xiang) 里

Usage notesEdit

The use of this particle is always optional after polysyllabic adverbs.
非常短 ― fēicháng duǎn ― very short

非常地短 ― fēicháng de duǎn ― very short
On the contrary, monosyllabic adverbs are compulsorily used with or without 地.
很漂亮 ― hěn piàoliang ― very beautiful (where *很地漂亮 is unacceptable)

倏地不見 / 倏地不见 ― shū de bùjiàn ― to disappear suddenly (where *倏不見 is unacceptable in Modern Standard Chinese)
However, there is an exception:
猛回頭 / 猛回头 ― měng huítóu ― to turn the head back suddenly

猛地回頭 / 猛地回头 ― měng de huítóu ― to turn the head back suddenly

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 地

Etymology 3Edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to etymology 2?”)

simp. and trad.		地
alternative forms		哋

PronunciationEdit

Cantonese (Jyutping): dei^6-2

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: dei^6-2
  - Yale: déi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dei^6-2
  - Guangdong Romanization: déi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tei̯²²⁻³⁵/

DefinitionsEdit

地

(Cantonese) Placed after a reduplicated adjective or stative verb to lessen its intensity.
紅紅地 / 红红地 [Cantonese] ― hung⁴ hung^4-2 dei^6-2 [Jyutping] ― kind of red

薄薄地 [Cantonese] ― bok⁶ bok^6-2 dei^6-2 [Jyutping] ― kind of thin

驚驚地 / 惊惊地 [Cantonese] ― geng¹ geng¹ dei^6-2 [Jyutping] ― to be kind of scared

矮矮地 [Cantonese] ― ai² ai² dei^6-2 [Jyutping] ― kind of short

Usage notesEdit

This suffix is accompanied by a tone change in the reduplicated word, where the second occurrence is changed to the second tone (unless its original tone is the first or second tone), as seen in the examples above.

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 地

低低地

假假地

Etymology 4Edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 地 *– see 哋 (“Cantonese plurality marker”).* (This character, 地, is a variant form of 哋.)

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

地

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

earth; ground

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: じ (ji, Jōyō)^{←ぢ (di, historical)}
Kan-on: ち (chi, Jōyō)
Kun: つち (tsuchi, 地)
Nanori: どま (doma)

CompoundsEdit

土(と)地(ち) (tochi): ground, land
地(じ)主(ぬし) (jinushi)
地(じ)震(しん) (jishin)
地(ち)上(じょう) (chijō)
地(ち)下(か) (chika)
地(ち)位(い) (chii)
地(ち)区(く) (chiku)
地(ち)域(いき) (chiiki)
地(ち)学(がく) (chigaku)
地(ち)底(てい) (chitei)
地(ち)形(けい) (chikei)
地(ち)方(ほう) (chihō)
地(ち)点(てん) (chiten)
地(ち)球(きゅう) (chikyū)
地(ち)球(きゅう) (chikyū)
地(ち)理(り) (chiri)
地(ち)盤(ばん) (chiban)
地(ち)租(そ) (chiso)
地(ち)表(ひょう) (chihyō)
天(てん)地(ち) (tenchi): heaven and earth
天(てん)変(ぺん)地(ち)異(い) (tenpen chii): turmoil throughout heaven and earth
意(い)地(じ)悪(わる) (ijiwaru)
現(げん)在(ざい)地(ち) (genzaichi): current location, you are here

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
地
じ Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 地 (dij^H). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern Mandarin dì.

PronunciationEdit

On’yomi: Goon

(Tokyo) じ [jíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
(Tokyo) じ [jì] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [d͡ʑi]

NounEdit

地(じ) • (ji) ^{←ぢ (di)^?}

earth, dirt
fabric, cloth
- 1906, Natsume Sōseki, Botchan‎^[1]:
  :
  いくらか薄(うす)い地(じ)には相違(そうい)なくっても暑(あつ)いには極(きま)ってる。
  Ikura ka usui ji ni wa sōi nakutte mo atsui ni wa kimatteru.
  However thin the cloth, flannel is flannel and must have been pretty warm at that time of the year.
(game of Go) territory

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
地
ち Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 地 (dij^H). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. The devoicing of the initial consonant might indicate a dialectal source. Compare modern Hakka thi, Min Nan tī.

PronunciationEdit

On’yomi: Kan’on

(Tokyo) ち [chíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [t͡ɕi]

NounEdit

地(ち) • (chi)

earth, land, ground
a place, a region, a piece of land
territory, dominion
(of a crate, etc.) the bottom

SuffixEdit

地(ち) • (-chi)

place, area

Etymology 3Edit

Kanji in this term
地
つち Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.^[2]^[1]

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) つち [tsùchíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[1]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝt͡ɕi]

Alternative formsEdit

土 (more common for this reading)

NounEdit

地(つち) • (tsuchi)

earth, dirt, mud, soil
the ground
the earth (as opposed to the heavens)
the ground or bottom of something (as of a price range)

ReferencesEdit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 地 (MC diɪ^H).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	띵〮 (Yale: ttí)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[2]	ᄯᅡ〮 (Yale: stá)	디〮 (Yale: tí)