Wiktionary

凹

See also: 凸
凹 U+51F9, 凹
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51F9
← 凸
[U+51F8] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 出 →
[U+51FA]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order (Japan)
 

Han character edit

凹 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 尸尸山 (SSU), four-corner 77770, composition ⿶凵⿰㇅⿱一丨)

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1810
  • Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 308, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+51F9

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 凹

Glyph origin edit

Pictogram (象形) .

Etymology edit

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Related to 坳 (ào) or 䫜／𬱮 (āo)?”

Pronunciation 1 edit

Note:
  • nap1 - semantic (訓讀), common;
  • aau3 - variant, used in place names.
Note:
  • au - literary;
  • lap - literary (俗);
  • nah - vernacular (俗) (“concave; to cave in; indentation”).
Rime
Character 凹
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 咸 (152)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 烏洽切
Baxter 'eap
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔˠɛp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔᵚæp̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔɐp̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔəɨp̚/
Li
Rong 		/ʔɐp̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɐp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʔăp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		ya
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		aap3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 凹 凹
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 36 37
Phonetic
component 		凹 凹
Rime
group 		幽 緝
Rime
subdivision 		3 3
Corresponding
MC rime 		䫜 𨂁
Old
Chinese 		/*qriːw/ /*qriːb/

Definitions edit

凹

  1. concave; hollow; sunken; dented
    凹透鏡／凹透镜  ―  āotòujìng  ―  concave lens
    凹頭／凹头 [Cantonese]  ―  aau3 tau4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  Au Tau (a place in Yuen Long District, Hong Kong)
  2. to cave in; to be sunken; to dent; to be concave
    床中間凹下去。／床中间凹下去。  ―  Chuáng zhōngjiān āo xià qù.  ―  The bed sunk in the middle.
    中間凹咗落去 [Cantonese, trad.]
    中间凹咗落去 [Cantonese, simp.]
    zung1 gaan1 nap1 zo2 lok6 heoi3 [Jyutping]
    has a dent in the middle
  3. indentation; depression
    山凹  ―  shān'āo  ―  mountain cave
    酒凹 [Cantonese]  ―  zau2 nap1 [Jyutping]  ―  dimple
    彼條路中央有一凹，你著愛較細膩咧。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    彼条路中央有一凹，你着爱较细腻咧。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    Hit tiâu lō͘ tiong-ng ū chi̍t nah, lí tio̍h-ài khah sè-jī leh. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    There's a depression on that road, you have to be more careful.
Antonyms edit
  • (antonym(s) of "concave"): 凸 (tū, “convex”)

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 2 edit

Definitions edit

凹

  1. Alternative form of 窪／洼 (wā)
    賈平凹／贾平凹  ―  Jiǎ Píngwā  ―  Jia Pingwa (a Chinese writer)

Pronunciation 3 edit

Definitions edit

凹

  1. (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𠱃

Pronunciation 4 edit

Definitions edit

凹

  1. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) swollen bumps on the skin
    規面攏是予蠓仔咬的凹。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    规面拢是予蠓仔咬的凹。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    Kui bīn lóng sī hō͘ báng-á kā ê nah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    His/her entire face is covered with swollen mosquito bites.
  2. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for swollen bumps on the skin.
    面予蠓仔咬一凹。 [Hokkien, trad. and simp.]
    Bīn hō͘ báng-á kā chi̍t nah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    His face was bit by the mosquito with one swollen bump.

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

凹

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
凹
おう
Grade: S
on’yomi

/apu/ → /afu/ → /au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/

From Middle Chinese 凹 (MC 'eap). Compare modern Mandarin reading āo, Min Nan au.

Pronunciation edit

Affix edit

凹(おう) • (ō) ←あふ (afu)?

  1. concave
Usage notes edit

The character 凹 with the reading ō is only used in compounds, and never in isolation.

Compounds edit
Compounds using 凹 (ō)

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
凹
くぼ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Unknown. Sound similarities might suggest a connection to words related to darkness or deep interior, such as 雲 (kumo, “cloud”), 蜘蛛 (kumo, “spider”), 隈 (kuma, “a recess, a deep interior corner”), 黒 (kuro, “black”), 暗 (kura, “darkness”); more at 黒. Alternately, these broad similarities might be pure coincidence.

Alternative forms edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

凹(くぼ) • (kubo) 

  1. an area with sides higher than the center: an indentation, a depression, a dip, a divot, a hole
  2. (slang) female genitalia, the vagina
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Terms derived from 凹 (kubo)

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
凹
くぼみ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Noun stem of verb 凹む (kubomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself a compound of 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a dip”) +‎ む (mu, “to become like something”, auxiliary verb attaching to nouns or adjective stems, cognate with びる (biru) biru).[3]

Alternative forms edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

凹(くぼみ) • (kubomi) 

  1. a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
Usage notes edit

The 凹(くぼ)み or 窪(くぼ)み spelling with the okurigana み is more common when used as a standalone term. The spelling without the okurigana is more common in compounds.

Derived terms edit
Terms derived from 凹 (kubomi)

Etymology 4 edit

Kanji in this term
凹
なかくぼ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Compound of 中 (naka, “inside, inner”) +‎ 窪 (kubo, “pit, indentation”).[3][1][4]

Alternative forms edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

凹(なかくぼ) • (nakakubo) 

  1. a sunken center
  2. a place or object with a sunken center
Usage notes edit

The 中(なか)窪(くぼ) spelling is more common.

Synonyms edit

Etymology 5 edit

Kanji in this term
凹
へこみ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Noun stem of verb 凹む (hekomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself an abbreviated compound of 減り (heri, noun stem of verb 減る (heru, “to reduce, to decrease, to diminish”)) +‎ 込む (komu, “to go inwardly”).[3]

Alternative forms edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

凹(へこみ) • (hekomi) 

  1. a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
  2. a mistake, and error
  3. a moment of weakness or confusion, being at a loss
Usage notes edit

The 凹(へこ)み (hekomi) spelling is more common.

Synonyms edit

Etymology 6 edit

Kanji in this term
凹
ぼこ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Uncertain. Possibly onomatopoeic from the sound of a wheel bouncing in a rut or pothole, or from the sound of something hollow when tapped. Compare adverb ぼこぼこ (bokoboko, “full of holes; hollowly”).

Alternately, may be compound of ぼ (bo, “empty?”, uncertain; possibly related to verb 掘る (horu, “to dig, to dig out”)) +‎ こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element seen in other words such as そこ (soko, “there”) or 端っこ (hashikko, “edge, end, tip”)). Compare 凸 (deko, “protrusion”), likely a compound of 出 (de, “coming out”) + こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

凹(ぼこ) • (boko) 

  1. an indentation, a dip or divot, a hollow, a dent in a surface
Derived terms edit
Terms derived from 凹 (boko)

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  4. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean edit

Hanja edit

凹 (eumhun 오목할 요 (omokhal yo))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

凹: Hán Nôm readings: ao

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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