Wiktionary

凹

See also: 凸
凹 U+51F9, 凹
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51F9
← 凸
[U+51F8] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 出 →
[U+51FA]

Translingual Edit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order (Japan)
 

Han character Edit

凹 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 尸尸山 (SSU), four-corner 77770, composition ⿶凵⿰㇅⿱一丨)

Derived characters Edit

References Edit

  • KangXi: page 135, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1810
  • Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 308, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+51F9

Chinese Edit

simp. and trad.
 凹

Glyph origin Edit

Pictogram (象形).

Etymology Edit

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Related to 坳 (ào) or 䫜／𬱮 (āo)?”

Pronunciation 1 Edit

Note:
  • nap1 - semantic (訓讀), common;
  • aau3 - variant, used in place names.
  • Hakka
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • au - literary;
    • lap - literary (俗);
    • nah - vernacular (俗).
    Rime
    Character 凹
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 影 (34)
    Final (韻) 咸 (152)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 烏洽切
    Baxter 'eap
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʔˠɛp̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʔᵚæp̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʔɐp̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʔəɨp̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʔɐp̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɐp̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʔăp̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		ya
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		aap3
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 凹 凹
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 36 37
    Phonetic
    component         		凹 凹
    Rime
    group         		幽 緝
    Rime
    subdivision         		3 3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		䫜 𨂁
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qriːw/ /*qriːb/

    Definitions Edit

    凹

    1. concave; hollow
      凹透鏡／凹透镜  ―  āotòujìng  ―  concave lens
      中間凹咗落去 [Cantonese, trad.]
      中间凹咗落去 [Cantonese, simp.]
      zung1 gaan1 nap1 zo2 lok6 heoi3 [Jyutping]
      has a dent in the middle
      凹頭／凹头 [Cantonese]  ―  aau3 tau4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  Au Tau (a place in Yuen Long District, Hong Kong)
    2. to cave in; to be sunken
    Antonyms Edit
    • (concave): 凸 (tū, “convex”)

    Compounds Edit

    Pronunciation 2 Edit

    Definitions Edit

    凹

    1. Alternative form of 窪／洼 (wā)
      賈平凹／贾平凹  ―  Jiǎ Píngwā  ―  Jia Pingwa (a Chinese writer)

    Pronunciation 3 Edit

    Definitions Edit

    凹

    1. (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𠱃

    Japanese Edit

    Kanji Edit

    凹

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    Readings Edit

    Etymology 1 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    凹
    おう
    Grade: S
    on’yomi

    /apu/ → /afu/ → /au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/

    From Middle Chinese 凹 (MC 'eap). Compare modern Mandarin reading āo, Min Nan au.

    Pronunciation Edit

    Affix Edit

    凹(おう) • (ō) ←あふ (afu)?

    1. concave
    Usage notes Edit

    The character 凹 with the reading ō is only used in compounds, and never in isolation.

    Compounds Edit
    Compounds using 凹 (ō)

    Etymology 2 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    凹
    くぼ
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Unknown. Sound similarities might suggest a connection to words related to darkness or deep interior, such as 雲 (kumo, “cloud”), 蜘蛛 (kumo, “spider”), 隈 (kuma, “a recess, a deep interior corner”), 黒 (kuro, “black”), 暗 (kura, “darkness”); more at 黒. Alternately, these broad similarities might be pure coincidence.

    Alternative forms Edit

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    凹(くぼ) • (kubo) 

    1. an area with sides higher than the center: an indentation, a depression, a dip, a divot, a hole
    2. (slang) female genitalia, the vagina
    Synonyms Edit
    Derived terms Edit
    Terms derived from 凹 (kubo)

    Etymology 3 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    凹
    くぼみ
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Noun stem of verb 凹む (kubomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself a compound of 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a dip”) +‎ む (mu, “to become like something”, auxiliary verb attaching to nouns or adjective stems, cognate with びる (biru) biru).[3]

    Alternative forms Edit

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    凹(くぼみ) • (kubomi) 

    1. a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
    Usage notes Edit

    The 凹(くぼ)み or 窪(くぼ)み spelling with the okurigana み is more common when used as a standalone term. The spelling without the okurigana is more common in compounds.

    Derived terms Edit
    Terms derived from 凹 (kubomi)

    Etymology 4 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    凹
    なかくぼ
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Compound of 中 (naka, “inside, inner”) +‎ 窪 (kubo, “pit, indentation”).[3][1][4]

    Alternative forms Edit

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    凹(なかくぼ) • (nakakubo) 

    1. a sunken center
    2. a place or object with a sunken center
    Usage notes Edit

    The 中(なか)窪(くぼ) spelling is more common.

    Synonyms Edit

    Etymology 5 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    凹
    へこみ
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Noun stem of verb 凹む (hekomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself an abbreviated compound of 減り (heri, noun stem of verb 減る (heru, “to reduce, to decrease, to diminish”)) +‎ 込む (komu, “to go inwardly”).[3]

    Alternative forms Edit

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    凹(へこみ) • (hekomi) 

    1. a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
    2. a mistake, and error
    3. a moment of weakness or confusion, being at a loss
    Usage notes Edit

    The 凹(へこ)み (hekomi) spelling is more common.

    Synonyms Edit

    Etymology 6 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    凹
    ぼこ
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Uncertain. Possibly onomatopoeic from the sound of a wheel bouncing in a rut or pothole, or from the sound of something hollow when tapped. Compare adverb ぼこぼこ (bokoboko, “full of holes; hollowly”).

    Alternately, may be compound of ぼ (bo, “empty?”, uncertain; possibly related to verb 掘る (horu, “to dig, to dig out”)) +‎ こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element seen in other words such as そこ (soko, “there”) or 端っこ (hashikko, “edge, end, tip”)). Compare 凸 (deko, “protrusion”), likely a compound of 出 (de, “coming out”) + こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element).

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    凹(ぼこ) • (boko) 

    1. an indentation, a dip or divot, a hollow, a dent in a surface
    Derived terms Edit
    Terms derived from 凹 (boko)

    References Edit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    4. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Korean Edit

    Hanja Edit

    凹 (eumhun 오목할 요 (omokhal yo))

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese Edit

    Han character Edit

    凹: Hán Nôm readings: ao

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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