博愛

See also: 博爱

Chinese

		extensive; ample; rich extensive; ample; rich; obtain; aim; to win; to get; plentiful; to gamble	to love; affection; to be fond of to love; affection; to be fond of; to like
trad. (博愛)		博	愛
simp. (博爱)		博	爱

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): bó'ài

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛˊ ㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): bok³ oi³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pok-oi
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): phok-ài / pok-ài

  (Teochew, Peng'im): pag⁴ ain³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bó'ài
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ ㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bó-ài
    • Wade–Giles: po²-ai⁴
    • Yale: bwó-ài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: boray
    • Palladius: боай (boaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: bok³ oi³
    • Yale: bok oi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: bok⁸ oi³
    • Guangdong Romanization: bog³ oi³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔːk̚³ ɔːi̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pok-oi
    • Hakka Romanization System: bog` oi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: bog⁵ oi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /pok̚² oi̯⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phok-ài
    • Tâi-lô: phok-ài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: phok'aix
    • IPA (Taipei): /pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai¹¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ai²¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pok-ài
    • Tâi-lô: pok-ài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pok'aix
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /pɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: pag⁴ ain³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phak àiⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰak̚²⁻⁴ ãĩ²¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: pak 'ojH

Rime
Character	博	愛
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	鐸 (104)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	補各切	烏代切
Baxter	pak	'ojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pwɑk̚/	/ʔʌiH/
Pan Wuyun	/pʷɑk̚/	/ʔəiH/
Shao Rongfen	/puɑk̚/	/ʔɒiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pwak̚/	/ʔəjH/
Li Rong	/puɑk̚/	/ʔᴀiH/
Wang Li	/puɑk̚/	/ɒiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/pwɑk̚/	/ʔɑ̆iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bo	ài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bok3	oi3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤak  [q]ˤə[p]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*paːɡ  qɯːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	博	愛
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bó	ài
Middle Chinese	‹ pak ›	‹ ʔojH ›
Old Chinese	/*pˁak/	/*[q]ˁə[p]-s/
English	broad	to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	博	愛
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3474	1
Phonetic component	甫	愛
Rime group	鐸	隊
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	博	愛
Old Chinese	/*paːɡ/	/*qɯːds/
Notes		說文本從心旡聲

Verb

博愛

1. (literal) to aggrandise love; to extend the scope of love

   • 王者博愛遠施，外內合同。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     王者博爱远施，外内合同。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: p. 73 BCE, Huan Kuan (桓寬) (editor). Discourses on Salt and Iron (《鹽鐵論》)

     Wángzhě bó'ài yuǎnshī, wàinèi hétóng. [Pinyin]

     A true sovereign expands love and extends benefaction; he achieves harmony with the close and the remote alike.

   • 夫君子仁以博愛，義以除惡，信以立情，禮以自節，聰以自察，明以觀色，謀以行權，智以辨物，豈可無一哉？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     夫君子仁以博爱，义以除恶，信以立情，礼以自节，聪以自察，明以观色，谋以行权，智以辨物，岂可无一哉？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. early 3rd century, Xu Gan (徐幹), Zhonglun (《中論》)

     Fú jūnzǐ rén yǐ bó'ài, yì yǐ chú'è, xìn yǐ lìqíng, lǐ yǐ zìjié, cōng yǐ zìchá, míng yǐ guānsè, móu yǐ xíngquán, zhì yǐ biànwù, qǐkě wú yī zāi? [Pinyin]

     With charity, one expands love; with justice, one diminishes evil; with trustworthiness, one establishes truth; with propriety, one regulates one's own; with keen ears, one listens to the self; with sharp eyes, one reads others; with planning, one acts timely; with intelligence, one understands. How can any of these be missing?

2. to show universal love; to show fraternity

   博愛眾生／博爱众生  ―  bó'ài zhòngshēng  ―  to universally love all living things

Derived terms

• 博愛座／博爱座 (bó'àizuò)
• 博愛濟群／博爱济群

 

Noun

博愛

1. universal love; fraternity, love that does not discriminate

   自由、平等、博愛 [MSC, trad.]
   自由、平等、博爱 [MSC, simp.]

   zìyóu, píngděng, bó'ài [Pinyin]

   liberté, égalité, fraternité

   • 博愛之謂仁，行而宜之之謂義。由是而之焉之謂道，足乎己無待於外之謂德。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     博爱之谓仁，行而宜之之谓义。由是而之焉之谓道，足乎己无待于外之谓德。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. early 9th century, Han Yu (韓愈), 《原道》, translated into English as True Faith of a Confucianist by Herbert Allen Giles, 1922.

     Bó'ài zhī wèi rén, xíng ér yízhī zhī wèi yì. Yóushì ér zhīyān zhī wèi dào, zú hū jǐ wú dài yú wài zhī wèi dé. [Pinyin]

     Universal love is called charity: right conduct is called duty. The product of these two factors is called the Method; and its practice, without external stimulus, is called Exemplification.

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (博愛):

• → Japanese: 博愛(はくあい) (hakuai)
• → Korean: 박애(博愛) (bagae)
• → Vietnamese: bác ái (博愛)

Proper noun

博愛

1. (～縣) Bo'ai (a county of Jiaozuo, Henan, China)
2. (～特區) Bo'ai Special Zone (a buffer zone in Taipei, Taiwan)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
博	愛
はく Grade: 4	あい Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) はくあい [hàkúáí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ha̠kɯ̟ᵝa̠i]

Noun

博(はく)愛(あい) • (hakuai) 

1. fraternity
   • Hidekaz Himaruya, “ヘタリアと愉快な仲間たち [Hetalia and Blissful Friends]”, in Axis Powers ヘタリア [Axis Powers Hetalia], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Gentosha, →ISBN, page 11:

     フランス
     【国(こっ)旗(き)の意(い)味(み)】
     青(あお)は自(じ)由(ゆう)、白(しろ)は平(びょう)等(どう)、赤(あか)は博(はく)愛(あい)を表(あら)わす。フランス革(かく)命(めい)軍(ぐん)が帽(ぼう)子(し)に付(つ)けた帽(ぼう)章(しょう)の色(いろ)に由(ゆ)来(らい)。

     Furansu
     【Kokki no imi】
     Ao wa jiyū, shiro wa byōdō, aka wa hakuai o arawasu. Furansu Kakumeigun ga bōshi ni tsuketa bōshō no iro ni yurai.

     France
     [National flag’s meaning]
     Blue is for liberty, white for equality, and red for fraternity. These were originally the colors of the badges on the caps of the French Revolutionary Army.

Korean

Hanja in this term
博	愛

Noun

博愛 • (bagae) (hangeul 박애)

1. Hanja form^? of 박애 (“philanthropy”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
博	愛

Adjective

博愛

1. chữ Hán form of bác ái (“altruistic; humane; compassionate”).