援

Translingual edit

Han character edit

援 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 手月一水 (QBME), four-corner 5204₇, composition ⿰扌爰)

Derived characters edit

𬕯

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 445, character 2
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12407
Dae Jaweon: page 795, character 18
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1921, character 5
Unihan data for U+63F4

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		援
alternative forms		愋爰楥𠋠

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (爰) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
暖	*noːnʔ
煖	noːnʔ, qʰʷan
喛	qʰʷaːns, qʰʷan
緩	*ɢʷaːnʔ
鰀	*ɢʷaːnʔ
嵈	*ɢʷaːnʔ
鍰	*ɢʷraːn
湲	*ɢʷan
媛	ɢʷans, ɢʷan
瑗	*ɢʷans
援	ɢʷans, ɢʷan
褑	*ɢʷans
諼	qʰʷan, qʰʷanʔ
愋	*qʰʷan
楥	*qʰʷans
爰	*ɢʷan
鶢	*ɢʷan
蝯	*ɢʷan
猨	*ɢʷan

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 爰 (OC *ɢʷan).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yuán (yuan²)

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wun⁴, jyun⁴, jyun⁶
Min Dong (BUC): uòng / uông
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): oân / oān / hoān / oan / hōaⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): iêng⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
  - Wade–Giles: yüan²
  - Yale: ywán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
  - Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɥɛn³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: wun⁴, jyun⁴, jyun⁶
  - Yale: wùhn, yùhn, yuhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wun⁴, jyn⁴, jyn⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: wun⁴, yun⁴, yun⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wuːn²¹/, /jyːn²¹/, /jyːn²²/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng / uông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /uoŋ⁵³/, /uɔŋ²⁴²/

Note:

uòng - “to pull”;
uông - “to aid”.

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oân
- Tâi-lô: uân
- Phofsit Daibuun: oaan
- IPA (Quanzhou): /uan²⁴/
(Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oān
- Tâi-lô: uān
- Phofsit Daibuun: oan
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /uan²²/
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /uan³³/
(Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoān
- Tâi-lô: huān
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoan
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /huan³³/
- IPA (Xiamen): /huan²²/
(Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oan
- Tâi-lô: uan
- Phofsit Daibuun: oafn
- IPA (Quanzhou): /uan³³/
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hōaⁿ
- Tâi-lô: huānn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hvoa
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /huã²²/

Note:

oân/oān/hoān - literary;
hoāⁿ - vernacular;
oan - vernacular (俗).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: iêng⁶
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iĕng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ieŋ³⁵/

Middle Chinese: hjwon, hjwenH

Rime
Character	援	援
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	云 (35)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	元 (66)	仙 (80)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	雨元切	王眷切
Baxter	hjwon	hjwenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʉɐn/	/ɦˠiuᴇn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷiɐn/	/ɦʷᵚiɛn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣiuɐn/	/ɣiuæn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦuan/	/ɦwian^H/
Li Rong	/ɣiuɐn/	/ɣjuɛn^H/
Wang Li	/ɣĭwɐn/	/ɣĭwɛn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯wɐn/	/i̯wɛn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuán	yuàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyun⁴	jyun⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷa[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷans/, /*ɢʷan/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	援
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yuán
Middle Chinese	‹ hjwon ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷa[n]/
English	pull up
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	援	援
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	16167	16175
Phonetic component	爰	爰
Rime group	元	元
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	瑗	袁
Old Chinese	/*ɢʷans/	/*ɢʷan/

Definitions edit

援

^† to pull; to tow; to haul
攀援 ― pānyuán ― to climb; to clamber; to scale
- 同爾兄弟，以爾鉤援，與爾臨衝，以伐崇墉。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  同尔兄弟，以尔钩援，与尔临冲，以伐崇墉。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Tóng ěr xiōngdì, yǐ ěr gōuyuán, yǔ ěr línchōng, yǐ fá chóngyōng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 右撫劍，左援帶，命驅之出。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  右抚剑，左援带，命驱之出。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Yòu fǔ jiàn, zuǒ yuán dài, mìng qū zhī chū. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
^† to hold; to grasp
- 左並轡，右援枹而鼓。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  左并辔，右援枹而鼓。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Zuǒ bìngpèi, yòu yuán bāo ér gǔ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 霾兩輪兮縶四馬，援玉枹兮擊鳴鼓。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  霾两轮兮絷四马，援玉枹兮击鸣鼓。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE
  Mái liǎng lún xī zhí sì mǎ, yuán yù bāo xī jī mínggǔ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
^⁜ to aid; to assist; to help
救援 ― jiùyuán ― to rescue

援助 ― yuánzhù ― to aid

援軍／援军 ― yuánjūn ― relief troops
- 失援必毙。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Shī yuán bì bì. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 天下溺，援之以道；嫂溺，援之以手。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Tiānxià nì, yuán zhī yǐ dào; sǎo nì, yuán zhī yǐ shǒu. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
^† to quote; to cite
援引 ― yuányǐn ― to cite

援例 ― yuánlì ― to cite a convention or precedent
- 援前聖以制中兮，矯二主之驕奢。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  援前圣以制中兮，矫二主之骄奢。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of the Later Han, circa 5^th century CE
  Yuán qián shèng yǐ zhì zhōng xī, jiǎo èr zhǔ zhī jiāoshē. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
^† to recommend (a person)
- 苟利國家不求富貴，其舉賢援能有如此者。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  苟利国家不求富贵，其举贤援能有如此者。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE
  Gǒu lì guójiā bù qiú fùguì, qí jǔ xián yuán néng yǒu rúcǐ zhě. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 援賢博施，除怨而無妨害人。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  援贤博施，除怨而无妨害人。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE
  Yuán xián bó shī, chú yuàn ér wú fánghài rén. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Compounds edit

References edit

“援”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01630

Japanese edit

Shinjitai	援
Kyūjitai ^[1]^[2]^[3]	援󠄁 援+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	援󠄃 援+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji edit

援

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

From Middle Chinese 援 (MC hjwon); compare Mandarin 援 (yuán):

Go-on: おん (on)^{←をん (won, historical)}
Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)^{←ゑん (wen, historical)}

From Middle Chinese 援 (MC hjwenH); compare Mandarin 援 (yuàn):

Go-on: えん (en, Jōyō)^{←ゑん (wen, historical)}
Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)^{←ゑん (wen, historical)}

From native Japanese roots:

Kun: すくい (sukui, 援い)^{←すくひ (sukufi, 援ひ, historical)}; すくう (sukuu, 援う)^{←すくふ (sukufu, 援ふ, historical)}; たすけ (tasuke, 援); たすける (tasukeru, 援ける); ひく (hiku, 援く)
Nanori: すけ (suke)

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
援
えん Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 援 (MC hjwon|hjwenH).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): [ẽ̞ɴ]

Affix edit

援(えん) • (en)

pull; draw
aid; assist; help

References edit

^ “援”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎^[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2023
^ 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 971 (paper), page 535 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
^ 1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 595 (paper), page 310 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)

Korean edit

Hanja edit

援 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

援: Hán Nôm readings: viện, vén, vẹn, vẻn, vịn, vin, vờn

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] “援”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎^[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2023

[2] 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 971 (paper), page 535 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)

[3] 1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 595 (paper), page 310 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)

[1]

[2]

[3]