爾
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TranslingualEdit
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Han characterEdit
爾 (Kangxi radical 89, 爻+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一火月大 (MFBK), four-corner 10227)
Derived charactersEdit
- 儞, 邇, 𦢈, 𠧌, 彌, 𢣚, 𢣭, 禰, 穪, 襧, 䌤, 薾, 籋, 濔, 獮, 隬 檷, 𩰞, 嬭, 趰, 躎, 鑈, 𡁠, 镾, 擟, 覼, 鸍, 壐, 璽, 蠒, 𨤻, 䦵, 鿠, 鿡, 鿥, 鿧, 鿨, 鿩, 𪓿
DescendantsEdit
Further readingEdit
- KangXi: page 691, character 4
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19750
- Dae Jaweon: page 1104, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 27, character 1
- Unihan data for U+723E
ChineseEdit
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 爾 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
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Pictogram (象形) – cloth on a loom, with threads crossing – original form of 檷 (OC *niːlʔ, “loom”). Used phonetically.
Etymology 1Edit
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
| alternative forms | 尒 𡭗 尓 𠇍 | |
- “you; your”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
- "that"
- Cognate with 那 (nà, “that”), 若 (OC *njaɡ, “that”) (Schuessler, 2007). See 那 (nà) for more.
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
爾
- (literary or dialectal) you; your
- 誰謂爾無羊，三百維群。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Shéi wèi ěr wú yáng, sānbǎi wéi qún. [Pinyin]
- Who can say that you have no sheep? There are three hundred in [each] herd.
谁谓尔无羊，三百维群。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) so; this way
- (literary or dialectal) this; that
- (obsolete, of flowers) exuberant
- (obsolete) a suffix or word-final particle indicating state, appearance, sound, or manner accompanying a verb
- 鼓瑟希，鏗爾。舍瑟而作，對曰… [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Gǔ sè xī, kēng ěr. Shě sè ér zuò, duì yuē... [Pinyin]
- (Zeng Dian), pausing as he was playing on his se, while it was yet twanging, laid the instrument aside, and said...
鼓瑟希，铿尔。舍瑟而作，对曰… [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) a sentence final particle; merely; only
- a surname
SynonymsEdit
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
| alternative forms | 尼 呢 | |
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
爾
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
| alternative forms | 耳 | |
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
爾
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
爾
Etymology 5Edit
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
爾
- Used in transcription.
Usage notesEdit
It is often used to transcribe the /l/ and /r/ sounds in words of foreign languages not immediately followed by a vowel, e.g. 尼泊爾／尼泊尔 (Níbó'ěr, “Nepal”), 斯德哥爾摩／斯德哥尔摩 (Sīdégē'ěrmó, “Stockholm”), 克什米爾／克什米尔 (Kèshímǐ'ěr, “Kashmir”), 塞爾維亞／塞尔维亚 (Sài'ěrwéiyà, “Serbia”), etc.
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 爾
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JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
爾
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: に (ni)
- Kan-on: じ (ji)
- Kun: なんじ (nanji, 爾)←なんぢ (nandi, 爾, historical); それ (sore, 爾れ); その (sono, 爾の); しかり (shikari, 爾り)
- Nanori: あき (aki); あきら (akira); ちか (chika); ちかし (chikashi); み (mi); みつる (mitsuru)
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| じ Jinmeiyō |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 爾 (MC ȵiᴇX).
AffixEdit
- second person archaic pronoun: thou, you
- distal pronoun equivalent to modern それ (sore) or その (sono): that
- auxiliary character in 漢文 (kanbun) texts indicating state or condition
Derived termsEdit
Derived terms
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| おれ Jinmeiyō |
| irregular |
| Alternative spelling |
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| 儞 |
From Old Japanese, found in use mostly from ancient times until roughly the Heian period,[1] used to refer in the second person to social inferiors or to insult.[1][2][3]
The second person sense of you appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
Usage notesEdit
- Often used to insult. Compare modern Japanese お前 (omae), English you son of a bitch.
- Not to be confused with the modern first person pronoun 俺 (ore).
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| なんじ Jinmeiyō |
| kun’yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 爾 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 爾, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 4Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| しか Jinmeiyō |
| kun’yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 爾 – see the following entry: 然 |
(The following entry is uncreated: 然.)
ReferencesEdit
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
ReferencesEdit
Old JapaneseEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronounEdit
爾 (ore) (kana おれ)
- second person pronoun: you
- 711–712, Kojiki (Second scroll, Yamato Takeru no mikoto)
- 爾詔：「吾者坐纒向之日代宮所知大八嶋國。大帶日子淤斯呂和氣天皇之御子、名倭男具那王者也、意禮熊曾建二人不伏無禮聞看而、取殺意禮詔而遣。」
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 711–712, Kojiki (Second scroll, Yamato Takeru no mikoto)
DescendantsEdit
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
爾: Hán Việt readings: nhĩ
爾: Nôm readings: nhãi, nhĩ
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.