Wiktionary

真

See also: 眞, 具, and 直
真 U+771F, 真
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-771F
← 眞
[U+771E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 眠 →
[U+7720]
真 U+2F946, 真
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F946
← 眞
[U+2F945] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 真 →
[U+2F947]

真 U+2F947, 真
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F947
← 真
[U+2F946] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 睊 →
[U+2F948]

Translingual

edit
Stroke order
 
Traditional 真
Simplified 真
Japanese 真
Korean 眞

Alternative forms

edit

In simplified and traditional Chinese, the 目 component is connected to the horizontal line below it (as seen in the Kangxi dictionary) whereas, in Japanese and Korean, 目 is separate from that line.

Han character

edit

真 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十月一金 (JBMC), four-corner 40801, composition ⿱十具)

Usage notes

edit

The Kangxi dictionary considers 真 as an unorthodox form (俗字) of 眞. However, the traditional Kangxi form 眞 with 匕 on top is rarely used nowadays. In modern times, 真 is considered the orthodox form in all regions except South Korea.

Derived characters

edit
edit
  • 眞 (Original form of 真)

Further reading

edit
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 805, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23236
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1221, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 249, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+771F

Chinese

edit
trad. 真/眞
simp. 真
2nd round simp. 𰅴
alternative forms
𡙊
𠤛
⿱𥃭大
⿱𥃰大
⿱𥃰六
𡙊
𠤛
⿱𥃭大
⿱𥃰大
⿱𥃰六
𰶵
𰶱
⿳上目大
⿳止目六
⿳十且八 1981
 

Glyph origin

edit
Historical forms of the character 真
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
   
Characters in the same phonetic series (真) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
寘 *tjels
䡩 *kʰriːn
黰 *ʔriːn, *ʔljinʔ
顛 *tiːn, *tʰiːns
滇 *tiːn, *tʰiːns, *diːn
齻 *tiːn
槙 *tiːn, *tjinʔ
瘨 *tiːn
傎 *tiːn
蹎 *tiːn
厧 *tiːn
巔 *tiːn
癲 *tiːn
瑱 *tʰiːns, *tins
填 *diːn, *diːns, *tin, *tins
窴 *diːn, *diːns
闐 *diːn, *diːns
磌 *diːn, *tjin
鷏 *diːn
嗔 *diːn, *tʰjin
搷 *diːn
鎮 *tin, *tins
縝 *tʰin, *ʔljinʔ, *tʰjin
真 *ʔljin
禛 *tjin
稹 *ʔljin, *ʔljinʔ
蒖 *tjin
鬒 *ʔljinʔ
瞋 *tʰjin
謓 *tʰjin
慎 *djins

Originally phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔljin): phonetic 𠂈 (OC *l'ɯːnʔ) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”); 𠂈 (a knife or dagger) was then a phonetic component. Often 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) (a nail) was added as a second phonetic component at the bottom; originally, it appeared as a black dot. He Linyi posits it to be the original character for 珍 (OC *ʔl'ɯn, “rare; valuable”).

The sound component 𠂈 corrupted into 十 in the modern form, and into 匕 in the orthodox seal script form 眞. The bottom of the character in both forms derives from the components 貝 and 丁 corrupting into 目 and 丌.

Etymology

edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བདེན (bden, “true; truth”). Possibly connected with 貞 (OC *teŋ) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

edit
Note:
  • zeng1 - vernacular;
  • zing1 - literary.
Note: zêng1 - Jieyang, Pontianak.
Note:
  • Ningbo:
    • 1cin - literary;
    • 1tsyun - vernacular (used in 頂真／顶真);.
Rime
Character 真
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 章 (23)
Final (韻) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 側鄰切
Baxter tsyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ɕiɪn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡ɕin/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ɕjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/cin/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ɕiĕn/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ɕĭĕn/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡ɕi̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhēn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zan1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 真
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhēn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsyin ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ti[n]/
English true, real

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 真
Reading # 1/1
No. 17068
Phonetic
component 		眞
Rime
group 		眞
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔljin/
Notes 原側鄰切依韻目改。金文象以匕充填鼎實爲填初文，
充實引指眞實不虛

Definitions

edit

真

  1. true; genuine; real; actual
    那不是真鑽石項鏈，是假的！ [MSC, trad.]
    那不是真钻石项链，是假的！ [MSC, simp.]
    Nà bù shì zhēn zuànshí xiàngliàn, shì jiǎ de! [Pinyin]
    That's not a real diamond necklace, it's just a fake!
    那些是真鑽石還是贗品？ [MSC, trad.]
    那些是真钻石还是赝品？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nàxiē shì zhēn zuànshí háishì yànpǐn? [Pinyin]
    Are those real diamonds or only shams?
  2. clear; distinct; sharp
  3. really; truly; very; quite
    今天真熱。／今天真热。  ―  Jīntiān zhēn rè.  ―  It's so hot today.
    那些演員真了不起。 [MSC, trad.]
    那些演员真了不起。 [MSC, simp.]
    nà xiē yǎnyuán zhēn liǎobuqǐ [Pinyin]
    Those actors are really great.
    真的嗎？／真的吗？  ―  Zhēn de ma?  ―  Really?
  4. portrait; image
  5. natural disposition
  6. (Chinese calligraphy) Short for 真書／真书 (zhēnshū, “regular script”).
  7. (～日) (telegraphy) the eleventh day of a month
  8. a surname
    真德秀  ―  Zhēn Déxiù  ―  Zhen Dexiu (a Song dynasty scholar)

Synonyms

edit
Dialectal synonyms of 很 (“very”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 甚, 孔
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 很, 非常, 十分
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪
Taiwan 很, 好, 非常, 超, 蠻, 超級
Malaysia 很
Singapore 很, 蠻, 非常
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒
Jinan 挺, 楞
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 很
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 很, 好
Chongqing 很
Wuhan 蠻, 很
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 蠻, 稀, 很
Hefei 很
Cantonese Guangzhou 好, 非常之
Hong Kong 好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 好
Taishan 好, 十分之
Yangjiang 好
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 好
Singapore (Guangfu) 好, 非常之, 非常
Gan Nanchang 蠻
Hakka Meixian 好, 刮, 已, 還, 異, 還 exclamation
Huidong (Daling) 好
Wuhua (Meilin) 好
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 頂
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 好
Changting 野
Wuping (Pingyu) 已, 刮
Liancheng 樣
Ninghua 好
Ruijin 蠻
Shicheng 蠻
Shangyou (Shexi) 蠻
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 當, 已, 還
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 蓋, 盡, 還
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 當, 盡, 已, 還
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 當, 已, 還
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 當, 已, 還
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 足, 真, 實在
Hong Kong 好
Sabah (Bao'an) 好
Kuching (Hepo) 很
Singapore (Dabu) 好
Jin Taiyuan 很, 挺
Northern Min Jian'ou 盡
Eastern Min Fuzhou 野, 真
Singapore (Fuqing) 真
Sitiawan (Gutian) 真
Southern Min Xiamen 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一
Xiamen (Tong'an) 真
Quanzhou 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰
Jinjiang 野, 萬代
Zhangzhou 盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔
Zhao'an 很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常
Dongshan 真, 非常
Taipei 真, 誠
New Taipei (Sanxia) 真, 誠
Kaohsiung 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
Yilan 有夠, 足, 誠, 盡
Changhua (Lukang) 真, 誠
Taichung 誠, 蓋, 足
Tainan 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
Hsinchu 真, 誠
Kinmen 足, 誠
Penghu (Magong) 真, 誠
Penang (Hokkien) 真, 誠, 真正
Singapore (Hokkien) 真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠
Manila (Hokkien) 野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠
Chaozhou 過, 好, 非常, 死爸
Shantou 過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕
Shantou (Chenghai) 好, 死絕
Shantou (Chaoyang) 好, 非常
Jieyang 過, 好, 死爸, 死絕
Bangkok (Teochew) 好
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 好
Singapore (Teochew) 真, 死爸, 非常
Wenchang 極, 但顧, 真
Haikou 但顧
Qionghai 但顧, 真
Singapore (Hainanese) 但顧, 真
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 好, 蠻
Wu Shanghai 蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated
Suzhou 蠻, 窮
Hangzhou 蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒
Ningbo 交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare
Zhoushan 交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare
Wenzhou 蠻, 蒙, 顯
Xiang Changsha 很, 蠻
Shuangfeng 蠻

Descendants

edit
Sino-Xenic (真):
  • → Japanese: 真(しん) (shin)
  • → Korean: 진(眞) (jin)
  • → Vietnamese: chân (真)

Others:

Compounds

edit

Further reading

edit

Japanese

edit

Shinjitai

真

Kyūjitai

眞

Kanji

edit
真

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 眞)

  1. truth
  2. reality
  3. sincerity
  4. naturalness
  5. regular script

Readings

edit

Compounds

edit

Etymology 1

edit
Kanji in this term
真
しん
Grade: 3
on'yomi
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 真 (MC tsyin).

Pronunciation

edit

Noun

edit

真(しん) • (shin) 

  1. truth, reality
Derived terms
edit
Idioms
edit

Affix

edit

真(しん) • (shin) 

  1. truth, reality, genuineness
  2. natural, pristine
  3. complete, wholly
  4. regular script (楷書, kaisho)
  5. (logic) a true statement
    Antonym: 偽 (gi)
Derived terms
edit
Derived terms

Proper noun

edit

真(しん) • (Shin) 

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

Etymology 2

edit
Kanji in this term
真
ま
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 真 – see the following entry.
【ま】
[noun] [from 712] 真: the truth, reality, genuineness
[prefix] [from 720] 真: real, genuine
[prefix] [from 759] 真: pure, unadulterated
[prefix] [from 1595] 真: definitely, certainly, exactly, precisely, directly
[prefix] [date unknown] 真: true, real, main (appended to words for animals or plants to indicate the representative type)
[prefix] [from 759] 真: (archaic, possibly obsolete, honorific) great, excellent
(This term, 真, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

edit
Kanji in this term
真
まこと
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 真 – see the following entry.
【まこと】
[noun] truth; reality; fact; genuineness
[noun] sincerity; honesty; faithfulness
[adverb] (dated) truly, really, absolutely, indeed
[interjection] used for recalling information previously forgotten or sudden change of subjects: that's right
[proper noun] 実, 真, 真琴: a unisex given name
Alternative spellings
眞, 実, 誠, 信, 真琴
(This term, 真, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

edit
Kanji in this term
真
あつし
Grade: 3
nanori
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)

From classical adjective 厚し (atsushi), modern 厚い (atsui, “thick, heavy; kind, warm”).

Pronunciation

edit

Proper noun

edit

真(あつし) • (Atsushi) 

  1. a male given name

Etymology 5

edit
Kanji in this term
真
ただし
Grade: 3
nanori
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)

From classical adjective 正し (tadashi), modern 正しい (tadashii, “correct, right, true”).

Pronunciation

edit

Proper noun

edit

真(ただし) or 真(たゞし) • (Tadashi) 

  1. a male given name

Etymology 6

edit
Kanji in this term
真
まさし
Grade: 3
nanori
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)

From classical adjective 正し (masashi, “accurate, authentic, correct”).

Pronunciation

edit

Proper noun

edit

真(まさし) • (Masashi) 

  1. a male given name

References

edit
  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

edit

Hanja

edit
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

真 (eumhun 참 진 (cham jin))

  1. Alternative form of 眞

References

edit
  • Zonmal.com Hanja Dictionary (존말닷컴 한자사전／漢字辭典) (2002-2005). [2]

Vietnamese

edit

Han character

edit

真: Hán Nôm readings: chân, chan, chang, sân

  1. chữ Hán form of chân (“truth”).

Compounds

edit
Compounds
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=真&oldid=84661407"