lu
Translingual edit
Symbol edit
lu
English edit
Etymology 1 edit
Noun edit
lu (uncountable)
Verb edit
lu (third-person singular simple present lus, present participle luing, simple past and past participle lued)
Etymology 2 edit
A romanization of Chinese 路 (lù, “route”)
Noun edit
lu (usually uncountable, plural lus)
- (historical) Synonym of route or circuit: an administrative division of imperial China.
References edit
- “lu”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
Anagrams edit
Aiwoo edit
Noun edit
lu
References edit
- Ross, M. & Næss, Å. (2007), “An Oceanic origin for Äiwoo, the language of the Reef Islands?”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 46, issue 2. Cited in: "Äiwoo" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
Asturian edit
Etymology edit
From Vulgar Latin *illu, from Latin illum, accusative of ille. Compare Spanish lo.
Pronoun edit
Basque edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lu inan
Declension edit
indefinite | singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
absolutive | lu | lua | luak |
ergative | luk | luak | luek |
dative | luri | luari | luei |
genitive | luren | luaren | luen |
comitative | lurekin | luarekin | luekin |
causative | lurengatik | luarengatik | luengatik |
benefactive | lurentzat | luarentzat | luentzat |
instrumental | luz | luaz | luez |
inessive | lutan | luan | luetan |
locative | lutako | luko | luetako |
allative | lutara | lura | luetara |
terminative | lutaraino | luraino | luetaraino |
directive | lutarantz | lurantz | luetarantz |
destinative | lutarako | lurako | luetarako |
ablative | lutatik | lutik | luetatik |
partitive | lurik | — | — |
prolative | lutzat | — | — |
Betawi edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): /lu/
(file) - IPA(key): /luh/
- IPA(key): /əˈlu/ (extended form)
(file) - IPA(key): /əˈluh/ (extended form)
- Hyphenation: lu
Pronoun edit
lu
- you (personal pronoun)
- you (direct object of a verb)
- you (object of a preposition)
- you (indirect object of a verb)
- your (belonging to me)
Usage notes edit
- Used mainly in a common situation, especially between friends or by someone older in terms of speaking to a younger person. As for the usage by a younger person speaking with an older person, there is no agreement whether it is appropriate to do so or not: some would regard it as inappropriate, some other would not. Grijns (1991) noted that some Batavians use this pronoun when speaking to God.
Synonyms edit
References edit
- Grijns, C.D. (1991) Jakarta Malay, volume 2, Leiden: KITLV Press, page 122.
Chinese edit
For pronunciation and definitions of lu – see 嚕 (“Cantonese particle”). (This term is a variant form of 嚕). |
Corsican edit
Etymology edit
From Latin ille (“that”), from Old Latin olle (“that”). Cognates include Italian lo (“him”), il (“the”) and French le (“the, him”).
Article edit
lu
Pronoun edit
lu
References edit
Danish edit
Verb edit
lu
- imperative of lue
French edit
Pronunciation edit
Participle edit
lu (feminine lue, masculine plural lus, feminine plural lues)
- past participle of lire
Friulian edit
Etymology edit
From Vulgar Latin *illu, from Latin illum. Compare Italian lo.
Pronoun edit
lu (third person masculine direct object)
Related terms edit
Hausa edit
Pronunciation edit
Ideophone edit
lû
- swinging motion
Ido edit
Etymology edit
Back-formation from ilu (“he, him”), elu (“she, her”) and olu (“it”).
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
lu (plural li)
- Third-person singular pronoun for referents of any gender; he/him, she/her, it or that
- Me ne savas ka lu es viro o muliero.
- I don't know if he/she is a man or a woman.
Usage notes edit
Lu is widely used in Ido, and not exclusively when a gendered possessive determiner is inappropriate, but also in order to avoid repetition depending on the user's preferences.
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
See also edit
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Possessive | Nominative | Possessive | ||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
First person | me | mea | mei | ni | nia | nii | |
Second person | Formal | vu | vua | vui | vi | via | vii |
Familiar | tu | tua | tui | ||||
Third person | Masculine | ilu, il | ilua | ilui | ili | ilia | ilii |
Feminine | elu, el | elua | elui | eli | elia | elii | |
Neuter | olu, ol | olua | olui | oli | olia | olii | |
Common | lu | lua | lui | li | lia | lii | |
Reflexive | su | sua | sui | su | sua | sui | |
Indefinite | onu, on | onua | onui | onu, on | onua | onui | |
Notes | |||||||
The possessive plurals are seldom used. | |||||||
The shortened forms are preferred. | |||||||
The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios. |
Indonesian edit
Etymology edit
From Betawi Udik lo (“you”), from Hokkien 汝 (lú). Doublet of lo.
Pronoun edit
lu
Synonyms edit
Indonesian informal second-person pronouns:
- anta (informal, mainly used by Muslim community)
- antum (informal, mainly used by Muslim community)
- coen (slang, East Java)
- ente (informal, mainly used by Betawi ethnic group)
- kamu (intimate)
- ko, kowe (informal, Java)
- kon, koen (colloquial, East Java)
- lu, lo, loe, elu (informal, mainly used by Betawi ethnic group)
- mika, mike (informal, Eastern Sumatra)
Japanese edit
Romanization edit
lu
Jingpho edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Burmese လှူ (hlu).
Verb edit
lu
References edit
Malay edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronoun edit
lu (Jawi spelling لو)
Derived terms edit
See also edit
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | standard | saya / ساي aku/ku- / اکو / كو- (informal/towards God) -ku / -كو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated) |
kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
royal | beta / بيتا | ||
2nd person | standard | kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal) | |
engkau/kau- / اڠکاو/ كاو- (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / -مو (possessive) |
awak semua / اوق سموا kamu semua / كامو سموا kalian / کالين (informal) kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) | ||
royal | tuanku / توانكو | ||
3rd person | standard | dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / -ڽ (possessive) |
mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |
royal | baginda / بݢيندا |
Etymology 2 edit
Adverb edit
lu (Jawi spelling لو)
- (colloquial) Alternative form of dulu.
- Aku gerak lu.
- I'm going first.
Further reading edit
- “lu” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
Mandarin edit
Romanization edit
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 氌/氇
lu
- Nonstandard spelling of lū.
- Nonstandard spelling of lú.
- Nonstandard spelling of lǔ.
- Nonstandard spelling of lù.
- Nonstandard spelling of lǖ.
- Nonstandard spelling of lǘ.
- Nonstandard spelling of lǚ.
- Nonstandard spelling of lǜ.
Usage notes edit
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Muong edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Vietic *m-luː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *bluuʔ.
A great number of Muong lects, as well as Vietnamese, had replaced this native etymology with Sinitic 腿 (tuǐ).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lu
Neapolitan edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
lu
- Alternative form of 'u
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Noun edit
lu m
References edit
- Ivar Aasen (1850), “Lu”, in Ordbog over det norske Folkesprog, Oslo: Samlaget, published 2000
Old French edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
lu oblique singular, m (oblique plural lus, nominative singular lus, nominative plural lu)
Sassarese edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Vulgar Latin *(il)lu, from Latin illum, accusative of ille (“that”).
Pronunciation edit
Article edit
lu m sg (plural li, feminine la)
Sassarese definite articles | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
masculine | lu/l' | li/l' |
feminine | la/l' |
- the (masculine singular)
Usage notes edit
- Becomes l' before a vowel.
Pronoun edit
- (followed by chi) that
- Di curori vi ni so umbè. Ca è lu chi tu priferi?
- There are lots of colors. Which one do you prefer?
- (literally, “Of colors there are a lot. Which one is that which you prefer?”)
- him (accusative)
- Lu cunnosci? ― Do you know him?
- it (accusative)
- Abà ti lu diggu ― Now I'll tell you (literally, “Now I tell it to you”)
References edit
- Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
Sicilian edit
Etymology 1 edit
From the apheresis of Vulgar Latin *illu, from Latin illum, from ille.
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Article edit
Usage notes edit
- This article is nowadays an obsolete variant, unlike its illiquid counterpart u. It is currently used only in some restricted areas where it is still withheld in conversational communications.
- Today it is mostly used in crystallized contexts, such as singing, poetry or sayings and proverbs. In all these cases this definite article is more euphonetic than the variants, now predominant, which have undergone the lenition of the initial liquid consonant.
- Its use is however almost undisputed before nouns (or nominalized forms of other parts of speech, most often adjectives) that begin with vowels. In this case the form is an apocopic l'. Otherwise, illiquid definite articles are phonetically absorbed by the following noun. I.e: l'arancinu (liquid) and ârancinu (illiquid).
Inflection edit
Sicilian articles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine singular definite article | Feminine singular definite article | Masculine and feminine plural definite article | ||
Definite articles (liquid) | lu | la | li | |
Definite articles (illiquid) | u | a | i | |
Definite articles | nu (also: un,'n) |
na |
Etymology 2 edit
From the apheresis of Vulgar Latin *illu, from Latin illum, from ille.
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
lu m sg (plural li, female la)
- (accusative) him
- Synonym: u
- Lu canusci? ― Do you know him?
- (accusative) it, this or that thing
- Synonym: u
- Quannu ti lu desi. ― When I gave it to you.
Usage notes edit
- This pronoun is now an obsolete variant. It is currently used only in some restricted areas where it is still withheld in conversational communications.
- Today it is mostly used in crystallized contexts, such as singing, poetry or sayings and proverbs. In all these cases this definite article is more euphonetic than the variants, now predominant, which have undergone the lenition of the initial liquid consonant.
- Its use is however almost undisputed before words that begin with vowels. In this case the form is an apocopic l'.
Tocharian A edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Tocharian *luwā-, from Proto-Indo-European *luh₂eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“to seize, gain”). Compare Tocharian B luwo. Related to Old Church Slavonic ловъ (lovŭ, “hunt”), Serbo-Croatian lȏv (“chase; game animal”); compare also Ancient Greek λέων (léōn, “lion”).
Noun edit
lu
Veps edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *luu, from Proto-Uralic *luwe.
Noun edit
lu
Inflection edit
Inflection of lu (inflection type 13/ma) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative sing. | lu | ||
genitive sing. | lun | ||
partitive sing. | lud | ||
partitive plur. | luid | ||
singular | plural | ||
nominative | lu | lud | |
accusative | lun | lud | |
genitive | lun | luiden | |
partitive | lud | luid | |
essive-instructive | lun | luin | |
translative | luks | luikš | |
inessive | lus | luiš | |
elative | luspäi | luišpäi | |
illative | luhu | luihe | |
adessive | lul | luil | |
ablative | lulpäi | luilpäi | |
allative | lule | luile | |
abessive | luta | luita | |
comitative | lunke | luidenke | |
prolative | ludme | luidme | |
approximative I | lunno | luidenno | |
approximative II | lunnoks | luidennoks | |
egressive | lunnopäi | luidennopäi | |
terminative I | luhusai | luihesai | |
terminative II | lulesai | luilesai | |
terminative III | lussai | — | |
additive I | luhupäi | luihepäi | |
additive II | lulepäi | luilepäi |
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “кость”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
Vietnamese edit
Etymology edit
Compare Khmer លូ (luu, “large jar”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
(classifier cái) lu
Welsh edit
Pronunciation edit
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /lɨː/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /liː/
Noun edit
lu
- Soft mutation of llu.
Mutation edit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
llu | lu | unchanged | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Zazaki edit
Alternative forms edit
Noun edit
lu
Zou edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lu
References edit
- Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 42