Appendix:German cognates with English/Regular cognates with matching consonant values/A-L

Regular cognates with matching consonant values

We treat alternations between voiced and unvoiced s as no change. We treat alternations between fricative v and semivowel w as approximately no change.

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Aal [m]	eel	eel	ǣl	áll	*ēlaz
Acker [m]	acre	field, acre	æcer	akr	*akraz
Ahle [f] (tool)	awl	awl	ǣl		*ēlō
Ähre [f]	ear (bot.)	ear (bot.)	ēar		*ahaz
all- (det.); all- (prefix)	all	all	eall	allr	*allaz
allein	alone	alone	eall ān
an	on	at, to, on	an, on		*ana
Angel [f]	angle	fishing rod	angel, angul	ǫngull	*angulō
angeln; angelte; (ge)angelt	angle; angled; angled	to fish (with a fishing rod)	angel, angul	ǫngull	*angulō
Arm [m]	arm	arm	earm	armr	*armaz
Asche [f]	ash (solid remains of a fire)	ash (solid remains of a fire)	æsce	aska	*askǭ
backen; backte/buk; (ge)backt/(ge)backen	bake; baked; baked	to bake	bacan	baka	*bakaną
Bäcker [m]	baker	baker	bæcere	bakari	*bakārijaz
Bahn [f]	bane	path, trail, train	bana, bona	bani	*banô
Bahre [f]	bier	bier, stretcher	bēr	bára	*bērō
bald	bold	soon	bald, beald	Baldr	*balþaz
Band [n]	band	band, ribbon, tape	bend		*bandiz
bar	bare	bare	bær	berr	*bazaz
Bär [m]	bear	bear	bera	bera	*berô
(offen)baren	bare, bared, bared	to reveal, to disclose	barian	bera	*bazōną
(Sau)bär (rare; hunting jargon)	boar	boar	bār		*bairaz
Bauer	bower	peasant, builder; birdcage	būr	búr	*būraz
Baum [m]	beam	tree	bēam		*baumaz
Beere [f]	berry	berry	berige		*bazją
beginnen; begann; begonnen	begin; began; begun	to begin	beginnan		*biginnaną
bei	by	by	bī		*bi
Bein [n]	bone	leg	bān	beinn	*bainaz
bekommen; bekam; bekommen	become; became; become	to get, to receive	becuman		*bikwemaną
bellen; bellte; (ge)bellt	bell; belled; belled	to bark	bellan		*bellaną
bersten; barst; (ge)borsten	burst; burst/brast; burst/bursten	to burst	berstan	bresta	*brestaną
(am) best(en) (adj.); best- (prefix)	best	best	betest, betst, best		*batistaz
Beule [f]	boil (skin infection)	boil, hump	bȳl	bóla	*būlō
Bier [n]	beer	beer	bēor	bjórr	*beuzą
binden; band; (ge)bunden	bind; bound; bound	to bind	bindan	binda	*bindaną
bitter	bitter	bitter	biter, bitter	bitr	*bitraz
blind	blind	blind	blind	blindr	*blindaz
Blume [f]	bloom	flower	blōma	blómi, blóm	*blōmô
Bock [m]	buck	buck	bucc, bucca	bukkr, bokki	*bukkaz, *bukkô
Bohne	bean	bean	bēan	baun	*baunō
bohren; bohrte; (ge)bohrt	bore; bored; bored	to bore, to drill	borian	bora	*burōną
Brand [m]	brand	fire, blaze	brand, brond	brandr	*brandaz
braun	brown	brown	brūn	brúnn	*brūnaz
Brust [f]	breast	breast	brēost	brjóst	*breustą
Büchse [f]	box	can (tin), box (for savings)	box		Proto-West Germanic *buhs
Bulle [m]	bull	bull	bula	boli	*bulô
Busch [m]	bush	bush	busc		*buskaz
deft(ig)	deft	hefty, coarse	dæfte		Proto-West Germanic *daftī
Delle [f]	dell	dent	dell		*daljō
Drift	drift	drift	*drift	dript	*driftiz
Düne [f]	down	dune	dūn	dúnn	*dūnaz, *dūnǭ
eher	ere	earlier	ǣr	ár	*airiz
Eis [n]	ice	ice	īs	íss	*īsą
Ende [n]	end	end	ende	endi	*andijaz
enden; endete; (ge)endet	end; ended; ended	to end	endian	enda	*andijōną
Ernst [m]	earnest	seriousness, zeal	eornost		*ernustuz
erst	erst	first	ǣrest		Proto-West Germanic *airist(ō)
Esche [f]	ash (tree)	ash (tree)	æsċ		*askaz
euer	your	your (plural)	ēower		*izweraz
fahren; fuhr; (ge)fahren	fare; fore/fared; faren/fared	to drive	faran	fara	*faraną
Fähre [f]	ferry	ferry
fallen; fiel; (ge)fallen	fall; fell; fallen	to fall	feallan	falla	*fallaną
fällen; fällte; (ge)fällt	fell; felled; felled	to fell	fellan	fella	*fallijaną
faul	foul	rotten, lazy	fūl	fúll	*fūlaz
Faust [f]	fist	fist	fȳst
Feind [m]	fiend	enemy	fēond	fjándi	*fijandz
Feld [n]	field	field	feld		*felþą
Fell [n]	fell	fur, pelt, hide	fell	fjall, fell	*fellą
fest	fast	firm	fæst	fastr	*fastuz
Fett [n]	fat	fat	fǣtt		Proto-West Germanic *faitid
finden; fand; (ge)funden	find; found; found	to find	findan		*finþaną
Finger [m]	finger	finger	finger	fingr	*fingraz
Finne [f] [biology]	fin	dorsal fin	finn		*finnō
Fisch [m]	fish	fish	fisċ	fiskr	*fiskaz
fischen; fischte; (ge)fischt	fish; fished; fished	to fish	fiscian		*fiskōną
Fischer [m]	fisher	fisher	fisċere		*fiskārijaz
Fleck [m]	fleck	stain, spot; corner		flekka	*flekka-
Fleisch [n]	flesh	meat	flǣsc		Proto-West Germanic *flaiski
fliehen; floh; (ge)flohen	flee; fled; fled	to flee	flēon	flýja	*fleuhaną
Flocke	flake	flake		flak
Floh [m]	flea	flea	flēah, flēa	fló	*flauhaz
Freund [m]	friend	friend	frēond	frændi	*frijōndz
frisch	fresh	fresh	fersċ		*friskaz
Frost	frost	frost	frost	frost	*frustaz
Fuchs [m]	fox	fox	fox		*fuhsaz
für	for	for	for		*furi
Fürst [m]	first	chief, prince	fyrst		*furistaz
Galle [f]	gall	gall, bile	galla		*gallô
Gast	guest	guest		gestr	*gastiz
Gaume(n)	gum	palate	gōma		*gōmô
Geige	gig	violin		gígja
Geist [m]	ghost	ghost, mind, spirit	gāst, gǣst		*gaistaz
Gift [n]	gift	poison	ġift	gipt	*giftiz
Glas [n]	glass	glass, jar	glæs		*glasą
glimmern; glimmerte; (ge)glimmert	glimmer; glimmered; glimmered	to glimmer
Gold [n]	gold	gold	gold		*gulþą
Gras [n]	grass	grass	græs, gærs	gras	*grasą
grau	gray/grey	gray/grey	grǣġ	grár	*grēwaz
grün	green	green	grēne	grœnn, grǿnn	*grōniz
Grund [m]	ground	ground, reason	grund		*grunduz
Haar [n]	hair	hair	hǣr	hár	*hērą
hacken; hackte; (ge)hackt	hack; hacked; hacked	to chop, to hack, to hoe			*hakkōną
Halle [f]	hall	hall	heall	hǫll	*hallō
Hammer [m]	hammer	hammer	hamor, hamer, homer	hamarr	*hamaraz
Hand [f]	hand	hand	hand	hǫnd	*handuz
hängen; hing; (ge)hangen	hang; hung; hung	to hang (intrans.)	hōn	hanga	*hanhaną
Haus [n]	house	house	hūs	hús	*hūsą
Heft [n]	haft	booklet, notebook, haft	hæft		*haftiją
hehr	hoar	noble, sublime	hār		*hairaz
Heil (nom.)	hail	salvation	hāl	heill	*hailaz
heil (adj.)	hale; whole	intact, safe, whole	hāl	heill	*hailaz
heilen; heilte; (ge)heilt	heal; healed; healed	to heal	hǣlan	heila	*hailijaną
Heim [n]	home	home	hām	heimr	*haimaz
hemmen; hemmte; (ge)hemmt	hem; hemmed; hemmed	to check, to hamper		hemja	*hamjaną
Henne [f]	hen	hen	henn		*hanjō
Herde [f]	herd	herd	heord		*herdō
Herr [m]	hoar	gentleman	hār		*hairaz
Hering [m]	herring	herring	hǣring		Proto-West Germanic *hāring
Heu [n]	hay	hay	hīġ	hey	*hawją
hindern; hinderte; (ge)hindert	hinder; hindered; hindered	to hinder	hinder		*hinder
hohl	hollow	hollow	hol	holr	*hulaz
Höhle [f]	hole	cave	hol	holr	*hulaz
Hölle [f]	hell	hell	hell	hel	*haljō
Holm [m]	holm	small island	holm		*hulmaz
hören; hörte; (ge)hört	hear; heard; heard	to hear	hȳran, hēran, hīeran	heyra	*hauzijaną
Hose [f]	hose	pants	hose, hosa	hosa	*husǭ
Huf [m]	hoof; hooves/hoofs	hoof	hōf	hófr	*hōfaz
Hund [m]	hound	dog	hund	hundr	*hundaz
Hure [f]	whore	whore	hōre	hóra	*hōrǭ
in	in	in	in		*in
Jahr [n]	year	year	ġēar		*jērą
jung	young	young	ġeong		*jungaz
kahl	callow	bald	calu		*kalwaz
Kanne	can	can, tankard, mug	canne	kanna	*kannǭ
klein	clean	little	clǣne	klénn	*klainiz
Kluft [f]	cleft	cleft		kluft	*kluftiz
Knie [n]	knee	knee	cnēo	kné	*knewą
Kohle [f]	coal	coal	col	kol	*kulą
kommen; kam; (ge)kommen	come; came; come	to come	cuman	koma	*kwemaną
Korn [n]	corn	grain	corn	korn	*kurną
Kraft [f]	craft	force, power	cræft	kraptr	*kraftuz
Kran [m]	crane	crane	cran		*kranô
krank	crank(y)	sick	cranc		*krankaz
kühl	cool	cool	cōl		*kōlaz, *kōluz
küssen; küsste; (ge)küsst	kiss; kissed; kissed	to kiss	cyssan	kyssa	*kussijaną
lahm	lame	lame	lama	lami	*lamaz
Land [n]	land	land	land, lond	land	*landą
lang	long	long	lang, long	langr	*langaz
Lasche [f]	lash	tongue
Laus [f]; Läuse [pl.]	louse; lice	louse, lice	lūs	lús	*lūs
lecken; leckte; (ge)leckt	leak; leaked; leaked	to leak		leka	*lekaną
lecken; leckte; (ge)leckt	lick; licked; licked	to lick	liccian		*likkōną
Lehre [f]	lore	science, teaching	lār		*laizō
Leiste	list	ledge; groin; bar (heraldry)	līste		*līstǭ
leisten; leistete; (ge)leistet	last; lasted; lasted	to perform, to afford	lǣstan		*laistijaną
lernen; lernte; (ge)lernt	learn; learnt/learned; learnt/learned	to learn	leornian		*liʀnōn/*liʀnēn
lisp(el)n; lisp(el)te; (ge)lisp(el)t	lisp; lisped; lisped	lisp	wlisp		*wlispaz
Locke	lock (hair)	curl (hair); lock (hair)	locc		*lukkaz
Luft [f]	lift	air	lyft		*luftuz
Luft [f]	loft	air		lopt	*luftuz
lüften; lüftete; (ge)lüftet	lift; lifted; lifted	to lift (a secret, the curtain)		lypta	*luftijaną
Lunge [f]	lung	lung		lunga	*lungô
Lust [f]	lust	pleasure, joy	lust	lyst	*lustuz

[1] The etymology of unruly also mentions un + rule + y.