'm

See also: Appendix:Variations of "m"

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əm/, /m̩/ or, next to a vowel, sometimes /m/

Etymology 1

Contraction of am.

Verb

’m (clitic)

1. Am, used especially in I'm.
   • 2008, Elizabeth George, Playing for the Ashes, Bantam, →ISBN, page 158:

     “So how'm I not good?”

2. (dialect) Various forms of be.
   • 1874, Frances Mary Peard, Thorpe Regis:

     You'm no better than a baby when they've clacketed at ye for an hour or two without a word of sense from beginnin' to end.

   • 1962, John Le Carre, A Murder of Quality:

     "He'm a bad one. Ooh, he'm a bad one, Mister," and she laughed softly. "I seed 'im flying, riding on the wind," she laughed again, "and the moon be'ind 'im, lightin' up the way. They'm close as sisters, moon and Devil."

   • 2016, Alan Moore, Jerusalem, Liveright, page 180:

     “Ah, it's a wonder we’m got two sticks to us name, with all that plunder what youm 'ad already.”

See also

• ’d
• ’ll
• ’re
• ’s (third person)
• ’ve

Etymology 2

Pronoun

'm

1. Alternative form of 'em
   • 1967-1969, Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in 2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors), We Both Laughed In Pleasure

     I picked up two stones and threw ’m in the air, heard ’m drop

Etymology 3

Contraction of madam/ma'am.

Noun

’m

1. Represents the word madam or ma'am when used as a formal address of a female; as in yes'm and no'm.

Bavarian

Etymology

Merged unstressed form of am and em or dem.

Article

'm m or n

1. a (dative)
2. the (dative)

See also

Bavarian articles

		m		n		f		pl
		stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed
definite	nominative	der, da	—	das, es, des	's	de	d'	de	d'
	accusative	en, den	'n
	dative	em, dem	'm	em, dem	'm	der, da	—
	genitive1	des		des		der, da		der, da
indefinite	nominative	a	—	a	—	a	—
	accusative	an	'n
	dative	am	'm	am	'm	a, ana	'na

¹) higher, formal register

Catalan

Pronoun

'm

1. Contraction of me.

Usage notes

• 'm is the reduced (reduïda) form of the pronoun. It is used after verbs ending with a vowel.

  Truca'm. ― Call me.

Declension

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics

	strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
singular		proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic
1st person	jo, mi3	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
1st person majestic1	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
2nd person formal1	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person very formal2	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person masculine	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person feminine	ella	la, l’4	-la	li	-li	seu
3rd person neuter		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
plural
1st person	nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person formal2	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person masculine	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person feminine	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive		en, n’	-ne, ’n
locative		hi	-hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural. 2) Behaves grammatically as third person.			3) Only as object of a preposition. 4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Cornish

Determiner

'm

1. my

Pronoun

'm

1. me

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əm/

• Audio

  (file)

Pronoun

'm

1. Contracted form of hem

   Hij heeft 'm neergeschoten.

   He shot him.

Declension

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive5
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k1	mij	me	mijn	m'n1	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie1	hem	'm1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't1	het	't1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze2	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen3, hun4	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).				5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural.

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /m/

Etymology 1

Determiner

'm

1. (literary) my (triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)

   Synonym: fy

   Rwy'n myned yn ôl adref i’m hannwyl famwlad.

   I am going back home to my dear homeland.

Pronoun

'm

1. (literary) me (used after vowels as the direct object of a verb; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)

   Synonyms: fi, i

   Dywed na’m hadwaenai.

   He/She says that he/she would not recognise me.

   Fe’m ganed i deulu di-Gymraeg.

   I was born (lit. "One gave birth to me") into a non-Welsh-speaking family.

Usage notes

• The determiner can be considered a "contraction" of fy used after mostly functional vowel-final words.
• The pronoun occurs after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as fe, a, ni, na, oni and pe.

Etymology 2

Particle

'm

1. (colloquial) Contraction of ddim (“not”).

   Dwyt ti’m yn cofio Macsen.

   You don’t remember Macsen.

Further reading

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “'m”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies